Eli Lilly and Company

Eli Lilly and Company

Sector	Public
Traded as	NYSE: LLY S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component
ISIN	[https://wiki.tiffa.net/w/index.php?title=Toollabs:isin/&language=en&isin=US5324571083 US5324571083]
Industry	Pharmaceutical
Key people	David A. Ricks (Chair, President, & CEO) Anat Ashkenazi (CFO)
Products	Pharmaceutical drugs
Operating income	US$6.81 billion (2022)
Net income	US$6.24 billion (2022)
Total assets	US$49.49 billion (2022)
Total equity	US$10.65 billion (2022)
Owner	Lilly Endowment (11.3%)
Number of employees	c. 39,000 (2022)
Website	www.lilly.com

イーライリリー・アンド・カンパニー（Eli Lilly and Company）は、アメリカの製薬会社で、インディアナ州のインディアナポリスに本社を置き、18カ国にオフィスを構えている。同社の製品はおよそ125カ国で販売されている。同社は、製薬化学者であり、アメリカ南北戦争の北軍退役軍人であったイーライ・リリー大佐によって1876年に設立され、それにちなんで命名された。

2022年現在、リリーは臨床うつ病治療薬プロザック（フルオキセチン）（1986年）、サインバルタ（デュロキセチン）（2004年）、抗精神病薬ジプレキサ（オランザピン）（1996年）で知られているが、主な収益の柱は糖尿病治療薬ヒューマログ（インスリンリスプロ）（1996年）とトリシティ（デュラグルチド）（2014年）である。リリーの業績には、ジョナス・ソークが開発したポリオワクチンやインスリンを大量生産した最初の企業であることが含まれる。ヒトインスリンを組換えDNAを用いて製造した最初の製薬企業のひとつであり、Humulin（インスリン製剤）、Humalog（インスリンリスプロ）、米国で初めて承認されたバイオシミラーインスリン製剤Basaglar（インスリングラルギン）などがある。

2009年、リリーはジプレキサを違法に販売したとして有罪を認め、14億1,500万ドルの罰金を支払うことで合意した。この罰金には5億1,500万ドルの刑事罰が含まれ、ヘルスケア事件としては過去最大、個人企業としては米国の刑事訴追において過去最大となった。1997年時点では、インディアナ州最大の企業であり、最大の慈善団体であった。

2019年現在、フォーチュン500で123位にランクされている。世界最大の公開企業リストフォーブス・グローバル2000では221位、フォーブスのアメリカ最優秀雇用主リストでは252位にランクされている。現在、インディアナポリスでトップ1の新入社員雇用先として認められている。

リリーは米国研究製薬工業協会と欧州製薬団体連合会（EFPIA）の正会員である。

History

Company founder

詳細は「:en:Eli Lilly」を参照

イーライ・リリー大佐（1838-1898）は北軍の将校で、同社の創業者である。

創業者は製薬化学者であり、アメリカ南北戦争の連合軍の退役軍人であったイーライ・リリー大佐である。リリーは1898年に亡くなるまで社長を務めた。

1869年、インディアナ州のドラッグストアで働いた後、リリーはジェームズ・W・ビンフォードとともにイリノイ州パリのドラッグストアのパートナーとなった。1873年、リリーはビンフォードとの提携を解消し、インディアナポリスに戻る。1874年、リリーはジョン・F・ジョンストンと提携し、ジョンストン・アンド・リリーという医薬品製造業を開業したが、1876年に提携を解消した。リリーは1876年5月、インディアナポリスで自身の製薬会社を開業するため、その資産の一部を使用した。彼の新しい事業はイーライ・リリー・アンド・カンパニー(Eli Lilly and Company)となった。

Early days: 1870–1900

1876年5月10日、リリーはインディアナポリスに自分の研究所を開設し、医薬品の製造を開始した。外の看板には、店のドアの上にこう書かれていた： "イーライ・リリー、化学者" リリーは、リリーの息子Josiah（J.K.）を含む3人の従業員とともに、製造事業を開始した。

1876年末には、売上高は4,470ドルに達した。1879年には48,000ドルにまで成長した。1878年、リリーは弟のジェームスを初の専任営業マンとして雇い、その後の営業チームが同社の医薬品を全国的に販売した。

同社はパール・ストリートからサウス・メリディアン・ストリート36番地のより大きな宿舎に移転した。1881年には、インディアナポリスの南側の工業地帯に本社を移転した。その後、リリーは研究・生産用の施設を追加購入した。

リリーの最初の技術革新は、錠剤やカプセルのゼラチンコーティングであった。リリーの初期の技術革新には、他にも果物の香料や、薬を飲みやすくするための糖衣錠などがある。

1881年、リリーはイーライリリー・アンド・カンパニーとして正式に法人化し、取締役会を選出し、家族や親しい関係者に株式を発行した。リリー大佐の一人息子で製薬化学者のジョサイア（J.K.）は、1882年にPhiladelphia College of Pharmacyを卒業し、大学卒業後は研究所の管理人として家業に加わった。J.K.は1898年に社長に就任した。

1883年、同社はサッカスアルテラン(Succus Alteran)の調合と販売を請け負ったが、この製品は同社にとって初めて広く成功した製品であり、ベストセラーのひとつであった。この製品は「血液浄化剤」として、また梅毒やある種のリウマチ、そして湿疹や乾癬などの皮膚病の治療薬として販売された。この製品の売上は、リリーが製造と研究施設を拡張するための資金となった。1880年代後半までに、リリー大佐はインディアナポリス地区を代表する実業家の一人となり、その会社は100人以上の従業員を抱え、年間売上高は20万ドル（2015年連鎖ドルで${{formatnum:5276296）を記録した。

リリー社が成長するにつれて、他の企業もインディアナポリスの南側近郊にある工場の近くで事業を開始した。この地域は、インディアナポリスの主要なビジネスと産業の中心地のひとつに発展した。インディアナポリスにおけるリリー社の生産、製造、研究、管理業務は、最終的に15ブロックに及ぶ20数棟の複合ビルとケンタッキー通り沿いの生産工場を占めるに至った。

1906年の販売本に掲載されたリリーののど飴の詰め合わせ

1890年頃、リリー大佐は日々の経営を息子のJ.K.に譲り、彼は34年間会社を経営した。1890年代は経済的には激動の10年であったが、会社は繁栄し、かつてないほど強くなった。1894年、リリーはカプセルの製造のみに使用する製造工場を購入した。同社はまた、カプセル製造の自動化など、製造工程におけるいくつかの技術的進歩を遂げた。その後数年間、同社は毎年数千万個のカプセルと錠剤を製造した。

今世紀に入るまで、リリーはインディアナポリスとその周辺地域で、他の多くの製薬会社と同じように、「砂糖でコーティングした錠剤、液体エキス、万能薬、シロップ」を製造・販売していた。同社は原材料に植物を使用し、手作業で製品を製造していた。ある歴史家は、「インディアナポリス社は、当時のパテント製薬会社よりも薬の製造と販売に慎重であったが、科学的研究に対してはあいまいな態度をとり続けた」と述べている。

リリー大佐、弟のジェームズ、息子のジョサイア（J.K.）に加え、成長中の会社は他のリリー一族を雇用した。リリー大佐のいとこ、エヴァン・リリーは簿記係として雇われた。少年時代、リリーの孫であるエリとジョサイア・ジュニア（ジョー）は、使い走りやその他の雑用をこなした。イーライとジョーは大学卒業後、家業に加わった。最終的には、それぞれの孫が会社の社長や取締役会長を務めた。

リリー大佐の息子であり、イーライとジョーの父親であるジョサイア（J.K.）は、リリー大佐の死後会社を継承し、1898年に社長に就任した。リリー大佐が亡くなった時点で、同社は2,005品目の製品を揃え、年間売上高は30万ドル以上（2015年連鎖ドルで${{formatnum:8547600}）であった。） リリー大佐は近代製薬業界のパイオニアであり、彼の初期の革新的技術の多くは後に標準的な慣行となった。奇跡の薬という奇想天外な主張が目立っていた医薬品業界において、彼の倫理的改革が医薬品開発の急速な進歩の時代を始めた。J.K.リリーは、医薬品に関する連邦規制を提唱し続けた。J.K.のリーダーシップの下、同社は科学的管理概念を導入し、研究部門を組織化し、販売力を増強し、製品の国際的流通を開始した。さらに、J.K.は会社の大幅な拡大を監督した。1905年には売上高100万ドル（2015年連鎖ドルで${{formatnum:26381481}）を達成した。）

Josiah K. Lilly Sr. (1861–1948)、2代目社長

Modernization: 1900–1940

イーライリリー・アンド・カンパニー本社、インディアナポリス、c. 1919年

第一次世界大戦の直前と直後、イーライリリー・アンド・カンパニーは急速な変化を経験した。マッカーティー通り工場のリリー製造施設の拡張は、1911年に開設された新しい科学棟（14号棟）と1913年の新しいカプセル工場（15号棟）によって生産能力を向上させた。また、1913年にはインディアナ州グリーンフィールド近郊の150エーカーに研究・製造工場であるリリー・バイオロジカル・ラボラトリーズの建設を開始した。

新薬の開発に加え、生産設備の自動化など、いくつかの技術的進歩を成し遂げた。リリーは錠剤カプセル製造の革新者でもあった。同社は、空のゼラチンカプセルに薬剤を挿入し、より正確な投与量を実現した最初のメーカーのひとつである。リリーは自社で必要な分だけカプセルを製造し、余剰分を他社に販売していた。1917年のScientific Americanの記事では、インディアナポリスにあるリリーの事業は「世界最大のカプセル工場」であり、「1日に250万カプセルを生産できる」と主張されている。リリーの技術革新のひとつは、薬にフルーツフレーバーをつけたり、薬を飲みやすくするために砂糖でコーティングしたりすることだった。その後数年間で、同社は年間数千万個のカプセルと錠剤を製造するようになった。

ベラドンナ栽培、イーライリリー社、1919年

その他の進歩により、工場の効率が向上し、製造ミスがなくなった。創業者の孫であるイーライ・リリーは、1909年に製造チケットを青写真化する方法を導入した。製剤のコピーを複数作成するこのプロセスは、製造ミスや転記ミスをなくすのに役立った。1920年代、イーライは同社の製造工程に、施設の一方の端から原料が入り、もう一方の端から完成品が出てくるという、直線生産という新しい概念を導入した。イーライの監督の下、1926年にインディアナポリスにオープンした5階建ての新工場の22号棟の設計では、生産効率の向上と生産コストの削減を目的に、直線生産のコンセプトが導入された。ある歴史家は、"おそらくアメリカの製薬業界で最も洗練された生産システムだった "と述べている。この効率的な製造工程により、同社は正規雇用も可能になった。ピーク時に労働者を呼び戻し、生産需要が落ちると解雇する代わりに、リリーの正規労働者は同じ製造設備を使って、ピーク時以外の時間帯にコストの低い医薬品を生産した。

医薬品のカプセルを準備する男女従業員（イーライリリー社、1919年）

1920年代には、新製品の投入も会社に経済的成功をもたらした。1919年、ジョサイアは生化学者ジョージ・ヘンリー・アレクサンダー・クロウズを生化学研究部長として雇った。

1921年、3人のトロント大学の科学者、John Macleod、Frederick Banting、Charles Bestが糖尿病治療のためのインスリンの開発に取り組んでいた。クロウズは1921年12月に研究者たちとの共同研究を提案し、1922年3月と5月にも再度提案した。研究者たちは、営利を目的としないコノート研究所の設備が手元にあったため、特に営利を目的とする製薬会社との共同研究を躊躇した。それにもかかわらず、コノート研究所がインスリンを製造できる規模が限界に達したため、クロウズとイーライリリーは1922年に研究者たちと会い、インスリンを大量生産するためのトロント大学の科学者たちとの契約を交渉した。

1923年、リリー社は糖尿病治療薬として米国で初めて市販されたインスリン製剤の商品名「イレチン」（Insulin, Lilly）の販売を開始した。トロント大学のインスリン委員会は、リリー社が「イレチン」という名称を使用したことに関して多くの異議を申し立てたが、この名称での生産は継続され、後に「譲歩として」異議は取り下げられた。

バンティングとマクレオドは、1923年にその研究でノーベル賞を受賞し、その後、共同発見者のチャールズ・ベストとジェームズ・コリップと共有した。インスリンはリリー社の歴史の中で「最も重要な医薬品」であり、リリー社を「世界有数の製薬メーカー」に押し上げた。

インスリンの成功により、同社は高名な科学者たちを惹きつけることができ、彼らとともに医学の進歩をさらに進めることができた。1926年の創業50周年までに、売上高は900万ドルに達し、2,800種類以上の製品を製造した。

1928年、リリーは2人のハーバード大学の科学者、ジョージ・R・マイノットとウィリアム・P・マーフィーとの共同事業で、血液疾患である悪性貧血の治療のために肝臓エキス343を発表した。1930年、リリーはロチェスター大学の科学者であるジョージ・ウィップルと共同で肝臓エキスNo.55を発表した。ミノ、マーフィー、ウィップルはその研究で1934年のノーベル医学賞を受賞した。

大恐慌の経済的困難にもかかわらず、リリーの売上高は1932年には1300万ドルにまで増加した。同年、リリー大佐の長孫であるEli Lillyが父の後を継いで社長に就任し、1948年まで会長を務めた。イーライは1909年に家業に加わった。入社間もない頃、イーライは特に生産効率の改善に関心を持ち、多くの省力化装置を導入した。また、科学的管理原則を導入し、会社の近代化につながるコスト削減策を実施した。さらにイーライは、会社の研究活動の拡大や大学の研究者との共同研究にも携わった。

1934年、リリーはマッカーティー通りの複合施設に、1876年にリリーが建設した研究所のレプリカと、「世界で最も設備の整った施設のひとつ」である新しいリリー研究所の2つの新施設を開設した。1930年代、同社は海外でも拡大を続けた。1934年、リリー初の海外子会社であるイーライリリー・アンド・カンパニー・リミテッドがイギリスに設立され、ロンドンに本社、イギリスのベイジングストークに製造工場を構えた。

Expansion: 1940–1970

World War II brought production at Lilly to a new high with the manufacturing of Merthiolate and penicillin. During the war Lilly also cooperated with the American Red Cross to process blood plasma and by war's end the company had dried over two million pints of blood, "about 20 percent of the United States' total".

International operations expanded even further during World War II. Eli Lilly International Corp. was formed in 1943 as a subsidiary to encourage business trade abroad. By 1948 Lilly employees worked in thirty-five countries, most of them as sales representatives in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

At the end of World War II the company continued to grow. In 1945, Lilly began a major expansion effort that would include two manufacturing operations in Indianapolis. The company purchased the massive Curtiss-Wright propeller plant on South Kentucky Avenue, west of the company's McCarty Street operation. When renovation was completed in mid-1947, the Kentucky Avenue location manufactured antibiotics and capsules and housed the company's shipping department. By 1948 Lilly employed nearly 7,000 people.

Eli Lilly, who had served as the company's president since 1932, retired from active management of the company in 1948, became chairman of the board, and relinquished the presidency to his brother, Josiah K. Lilly Jr. (Joe). During Eli's sixteen-year presidency sales rose from $13 million in 1932 to $117 million in 1948. Joe joined the company in 1914 and concentrated on the company's personnel and marketing efforts. He served as company president from 1948 to 1953, then became chairman of the board and remained in that capacity until his death in 1966.

In 1952 the company offered its first public shares of stock. In 1953, Eugene N. Beesley was named the company's new president, the first non-family member to run the company.

Over the next several decades Lilly continued to develop and introduce new drugs to the marketplace. In the 1950s, Lilly introduced two new antibiotics: vancomycin and erythromycin. In addition Lilly was heavily involved in production and distribution of Jonas Salk's poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine.

In 1954, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) contracted with five pharmaceutical companies to produce Salk's polio vaccine for clinical trials. These included Lilly as well as Parke, Davis and Company, Cutter Laboratories, Wyeth Laboratories, and Pitman-Moore Company. Lilly's selection to produce the vaccine was, in part, due to its previous experience in collaborations with university researchers. Lilly manufactured 60 percent of the Salk vaccine in 1955.

During the mid-twentieth century Lilly continued to expand its production facilities outside of Indianapolis. In 1950, Lilly began Tippecanoe Laboratories in Lafayette, Indiana, and increased antibiotic production with its patent on erythromycin. In 1954, Lilly formed Elanco Products Company, named after its parent company, for the production of veterinary pharmaceuticals.

In 1969, the company opened a new plant in Clinton, Indiana.

After a company reorganization and transition to non-family management in 1953, Lilly continued to expand its global presence. In the 1960s Lilly operated thirteen affiliate companies outside the United States. In 1962, with an acquisition from Distillers Company, the company established a major factory in Liverpool, England. In 1968, Lilly built its first research facility, the Lilly Research Centre Limited, outside the United States near London, England in Surrey.

1970–present

Eli Lilly and Company's Corporate Center in Indianapolis, Indiana in 2019

During the 1970s and 1980s, Eli Lilly and Company saw a flurry of drug production: an antibiotic, Keflex, in 1971; a heart drug, Dobutrex, in 1977; Ceclor, which would become the world's top selling oral antibiotic, in 1979; a leukemia drug, Eldisine; an antiarthritic, Oraflex; and an analgesic, Darvon. When generic drugs flooded the marketplace after the expiration of patents for drugs discovered in the 1950s and 1960s, Lilly diversified into other areas, most notably agricultural chemicals, animal-health products, cosmetics, and medical instruments.

In 1971, the company became a component of the S&P 500 Index.

To further diversify its product line, Lilly made an uncharacteristic, but ultimately profitable move in 1971, when it bought cosmetic manufacturer Elizabeth Arden, Inc. for $38 million. Although the subsidiary continued to lose money for five years after Lilly acquired it, executive management changes at Arden helped turn it into a financial success. By 1982 the subsidiary's "sales were up 90 percent from 1978, with profits doubling to nearly $30 million." Sixteen years after its acquisition, Lilly sold Arden to Fabergé in 1987 for $657 million.

In 1977, Lilly ventured into medical instruments with the acquisition of IVAC Corporation, which manufactures vital signs and intravenous fluid infusion monitoring systems. Lilly also purchased Cardiac Pacemakers Incorporated, a manufacturer of heart pacemakers in 1977. In 1980, Lilly acquired Physio-Control Corporation. Other acquisitions included Advance Cardiovasular Systems Incorporated in 1984, Hybritech in 1986, and Devices for Vascular Intervention, Incorporated in 1989. Lilly acquired Pacific Biotech in 1990 and Origin Medsystems and Heart Rhythm Technologies, Incorporated in 1992. In the early 1990s, Lilly combined these medical equipment companies into a Medical Devices and Diagnostics Division that "contributed about 20 percent" of Lilly's annual revenues.

In 1989, a joint agri-chemical venture between Elanco Products Company and Dow Chemical created DowElanco. In 1997, Lilly sold its 40% share in the company to Dow Chemical for $1.2 billion and the name was changed to Dow AgroSciences.

In 1994, Lilly acquired PCS Systems, a drug delivery business for Health Maintenance Organizations, and later added two similar organizations to its holdings. Lilly purchased PCS, which was the largest U.S. prescription drug benefits manager at the time, for $4 billion.

In 1991, Vaughn Bryson was named CEO of Eli Lilly and Company. During his 20-month tenure, the company reported its first quarterly loss as a publicly traded company. In 1993, Randall L. Tobias, a vice-chairman of AT&T Corporation and Lilly board member, was named Lilly's chairman, president, and CEO after "product and competitive pressures" had "steadily eroded Lilly's stock price since early 1992." Tobias was the first president and CEO recruited from outside of the company. Under Tobias's leadership the company "cut costs and narrowed its mission". Lilly sold companies in its Medical Device and Diagnostics Division, expanded international sales, made new acquisitions, and funded additional research and product development. Sidney Taurel, former chief operating officer of Lilly, was named CEO in 1998, replacing Tobias. Taurel was named chairman in January 1999. In 2000, Lilly reported $10.86 billion in net sales.

Eli Lilly's present day global manufacturing plants

In 1998, Lilly formed a joint venture with Icos Corporation (ICOS), a Bothell, Washington-based biotechnology company, to develop and commercialize Cialis, a product for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In October 2006, Lilly announced its intention to acquire Icos for $2.1 billion, or $32 per share. After its initial attempt to acquire Icos failed under pressure from large institutional shareholders, Lilly revised its offer to $34 per share. Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), a proxy advisory firm, advised Icos shareholders to reject the proposal as undervalued, but the buyout was approved by Icos shareholders and Lilly completed its acquisition of the company on 29 January 2007. Lilly closed Icos manufacturing operations, terminated nearly 500 Icos employees, and left 127 employees working at the biologics facility. In December 2007, CMC Biopharmaceuticals A/S (CMC), a Copenhagen, Denmark-based provider of contract biomanufacturing services, bought the Bothell-based biologics facility from Lilly and retained the existing 127 employees.

In January 2009, the largest criminal fine in U.S. history, totaling $1.415 billion was imposed on Lilly for illegal marketing of its best-selling product, the atypical antipsychotic medication, Zyprexa.

In January 2011, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company announced their global agreement for the joint development and marketing of new APIs for diabetes therapy. Lilly could receive more than $1 billion for their work on the project, while Boehringer Ingelheim could receive more than $800 million from development of the new drugs. Oral anti-diabetic of Boehringer Ingelheim–Linagliptin and BI 10773–and two insulin analogs of Lilly–LY2605541 and LY2963016–were in phase II and III of clinical developmentat that time.

In April 2014, Lilly announced plans to buy Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG's animal health business for $5.4 billion in cash to strengthen and diversify its Elanco unit. Lilly said it planned to fund the deal with about $3.4 billion of cash on hand and $2 billion of loans. As a condition of the acquisition, the Sentinel heartworm treatment would be divested to Virbac in order to avoid a monopoly in a subsector of the heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) treatment market.

In March 2015, the company announced it would join Hanmi Pharmaceutical in developing and commercialising Hanmi's phase I Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor HM71224 in a deal which could yield $690 million. A day later the company announced another deal with China's Innovent Biologics to co-develop and commercialize at least three of Innovent's treatments over the next decade, in a deal which could generate up to $456 million; the collaboration was subsequently expanded in 2022, according to Innovent. As part of the deal the company will contribute its c-Met monoclonal antibody whilst Innovent will contribute a monoclonal antibody which targets CD-20. The second compound from Innovent is a preclinical immuno-oncology molecule. The following week the company announced it would restart its collaboration with Pfizer surrounding the Phase III trial of Tanezumab. Pfizer is expected to receive an upfront sum of $200 million from the company. In April 2015, the company engaged CBRE Group to sell its biomanufacturing facility in Vacaville, California. The facility resides on a 52 acres (0.21 km²) campus and is one of the largest biopharmaceutical manufacturing centers in the United States.

In January 2017, Elanco Animal Health, a subsidiary of the company completed the acquisition of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc's (a subsidiary of Boehringer Ingelheim) US feline, canine and rabies vaccines portfolio.

In March 2017, the company acquired CoLucid Pharmaceuticals for $960 million, specifically gaining the late clinical-stage migraine therapy candidate, lasmiditan.

In August 2017, Lilly and Shionogi jointly licensed their product varespladib to Ophirex for the latter's novel snakebite treatment program.

In May 2018, the company acquired Armo Biosciences for $1.6 billion. Days later the company announced it would acquire Aurora kinase A inhibitor developer - AurKa Pharma - and control over the lead compound, AK-01, for up to $575 million.

In January 2019, Lilly announced it would acquire Loxo Oncology for $235 per share—valuing the business at around $8 billion—significantly expanding the business's oncology offerings. The deal would give Lilly Loxo's oral TRK inhibitor, Vitrakvi (larotrectinib), LOXO-292, an oral proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitor, LOXO-305, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor and LOXO-195, a follow-on TRK inhibitor. In August 2019, Elanco acquired the Bayer animal health business for $7.6 billion.

In January 2020, the company announced its acquisition of Dermira for $1.1 billion, gaining control of two key assets, among others; lebrikizumab and glycopyrronium cloth used to treat hyperhidrosis. In June 2020, the company announced it had begun the world's first study of a potential monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19, with a Phase 1 trial of LY-CoV555, in collaboration with Vancouver-based company AbCellera. By August 2020, the challenging aspects of running a clinical trial in a long-term care facility during a pandemic prompted Lilly to create the first of many customized recreational vehicles into mobile research units (MRU) to meet people were they were and support mobile labs and clinical trial material preparation. A trailer truck could escort the MRU with supplies to create an on-site infusion clinic. Lilly deployed the mobile research unit fleet in response to outbreaks of the virus at long-term care facilities across the U.S. In September 2020, Amgen announced that they had partnered with Eli Lilly to manufacture their COVID-19 antibody therapies.

On 7 October 2020, Lilly announced that its cocktail was effective and that it had filed with the Food and Drug Administration for an emergency use authorization (EUA). This was the same day that rival company Regeneron also filed for an EUA for its own monoclonal antibody treatment. In October 2020, Lilly announced it would acquire Disarm Therapeutics and its experimental treatments for axonal degeneration, via SARM1 inhibitors, for $135 million (plus a further $1.225 billion based on regulatory and commercial milestones). In October 2020, Lilly announced that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ACTIV-3 clinical trial evaluating its monoclonal antibody, bamlanivimab (LYCoV555), found that bamlanivimab was not effective in treating people hospitalized with COVID-19, however data showed bamlanivimab might have been effective in treating COVID-19 by reducing viral load, symptoms and the risk of hospitalization in outpatients. Other studies, including the NIH ACTIV-2 trial and its own BLAZE-1 trial, continued to evaluate bamlanivimab. In November 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adult and pediatric patients. In December 2020, Lilly announced it would acquire Prevail Therapeutics Inc for $1 billion, boosting its pipeline in neurodegenerative disease gene therapies.

On 16 April 2021, the FDA revoked the emergency use authorization (EUA) that allowed and signaled FDA agreement for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab, when administered alone, to be used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and certain pediatric patients. 18 May 2021, the FDA had accepted Lilly's application for Tyvyt (sintilimab), in combination with Lilly's own Alimta (pemetrexed) and platinum chemotherapy for newly diagnosed nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. In July 2021, the company announced it would acquire Protomer Technologies for more than $1 billion.

In 2022, distribution of Lilly's COVID-19 antibody drug was paused due to lack of efficacy against the emerging omicron variant. A second COVID-19 monoclonal antibody therapy (bebtelovimab) developed with AbCellera was given Emergency Use Authorization in February 2022, with the U.S. Government committing to a $720 million purchase of up to 600,000 doses. In October, the business announced it would acquire Akouos Inc. for $487 million upfront (a further $123 million deferred).

Also in 2022, in response to the reversal of Roe v. Wade brought on by the Dobbs decision, the state of Indiana went on to pass a near total ban on abortion. Eli Lilly said that this move would make it difficult to attract talent to the state and that it would be forced to look for "more employment growth" elsewhere.

As a result of public pressure and increased competition from entities like Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug, the state of California, and the Inflation Reduction Act capping out-of-pocket insulin costs at $35/month for Medicare patients, Eli Lilly was forced to take measures to make insulin more affordable, capping costs and reducing prices to regain trust and market share.

Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) is a prescription medication that can help adults with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels that was approved by the FDA in May 2022. It is also being studied for the treatment of obesity.

On 9 January 2023, Eli Lilly and TRexBio announced a collaboration and license agreement for three assets to treat immune-mediated diseases. TRexBio received an upfront payment of $55 million as part of this deal. In June the company announced it would acquire startup Emergence Therapeutics for an undisclosed sum and Sigilon Therapeutics for $300 million.

The company's 2023 research and development focus has been reported to be on drugs in the obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's and autoimmune areas.

In July 2023, Eli Lilly announced it would acquire Versanis for $1.93 billion.

In October 2023, Eli Lilly acquired Point Biopharma for $1.4 billion.

Acquisition history

Eli Lilly and Company acquisitions

• Eli Lilly and Company (Founded 1876)
  • Eli Lilly and Company
    • Distillers Company (Acq 1962)
    • Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (Acq 1971, Sold Fabergé in 1987)
    • IVAC Corporation (Acq 1977)
    • Cardiac Pacemakers Inc. (Acq 1977)
    • Physio-Control Inc (Acq 1980)
    • Advance Cardiovasular Systems Inc. (Acq 1984)
    • Hybritech (Acq 1986)
    • Devices for Vascular Intervention Inc. (Acq 1986)
    • Pacific Biotech (Acq 1990)
    • Origin Medsystems (Acq 1992)
    • Heart Rhythm Technologies, Inc. (Acq 1992)
    • PCS System (Acq 1994)
    • Icos Corporation (Acq 2007)
    • Hypnion, Inc (Acq 2007)
    • ImClone Systems (Acq 2008)
    • SGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Acq 2008)
    • Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (Acq 2010)
    • Alnara Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2010)
    • CoLucid Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2017)
    • Armo Biosciences (Acq 2018)
    • AurKa Pharma (Acq 2018)
    • Loxo Oncology (Acq 2019)
    • Disarm Therapeutics (Acq 2020)
    • Prevail Therapeutics Inc (Acq 2020)
  • Elanco Products Company (Established 1954 as a division of Eli Lilly and Company)
    • DowElanco (Established 1989 as joint venture with Dow Chemical, Sold stake 1999 to Dow)
    • Ivy Animal Health (Acq 2007)
    • Pfizer Animal Health (Acq 2010)
    • Janssen Pharmaceutica Animal Health (Acq 2011)
    • ChemGen Corp (Acq 2012)
    • Lohmann SE (Acq 2014)
    • Novartis Animal Health (Acq 2014)
    • Bayer Animal Health (Acq 2019)
  • Protomer Technologies (Acq 2021)
  • Akouos Inc (Acq 2022)
  • Dice Therapeutics (Acq pending)
  • Emergence Therapeutics(Acq pending)
  • Sigilon Therapeutics(Acq pending)
  • Versanis Bio (Acq 2023)
  • Point Biopharma (Acq pending)

Collaborative research

Eli Lilly and Company has a long history of collaboration with research scientists. In 1886 Ernest G. Eberhardt, a chemist, joined the company as its first full-time research scientist. Lilly also hired two botanists, Walter H. Evans and John S. Wright, to join its early research efforts. After World War I the company's expanded production facilities and introduction of new management methods set the stage for Lilly's next crucial phase—its "aggressive entry into scientific research and development." The first big step came in 1919 when Josiah Lilly hired biochemist George Henry Alexander Clowes as director of biochemical research. Clowes had extensive medical research expertise and links to the scientific research community, which led to the company's collaborations with researchers in the U.S. and elsewhere. Clowes's first major collaboration with researchers who developed insulin at the University of Toronto significantly impacted the company's future. Lilly's success with insulin production secured the company's position as a leading research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer, allowing it to attract and hire more research scientists and to collaborate with other universities in additional medical research. In 1934 the company built a new research laboratory in Indianapolis. As part of its research and product development process Lilly also conducted clinical studies at Indianapolis City Hospital (Wishard Memorial Hospital). Lilly continues to conduct clinical studies to test medications before their introduction to the market. In 1949 Eli Lilly actually went into partnership with the United States Army Reserve setting up a local Strategic Intelligence Research and Analysis (SIRA)Unit to allow employees to research company data for the Scientific Logistics and Eurasian fields of study (source: declassified Defense Intelligence Agency document MDR -0191-2008 dated 17 September 2012). In 1998 the company dedicated new laboratories for clinical research at the Indiana University Medical Center in Indianapolis.

Publicly funded research

In addition to internal research and development activities, Lilly is also involved in publicly funded research projects with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox, a collaboration with pharmaceutical companies, research organizations, and the European Commission to improve the safety of drugs. In 2008 this consortium, which included Lilly S.A. (Switzerland), secured an €8 million budget for a 40-month project that was coordinated by the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), an organization who represents the research-based pharmaceutical industry and biotech companies operating in Europe. In 2008 Lilly's activities included research projects within the framework of the Innovative Medicines Initiative, a public-private research initiative in Europe that is a joint effort of the EFPIA and the European Commission.

Public-private engagement

Academia

• Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) - Donor.
• Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) at McMaster University - Partner.
• University of Toronto - Donor to the Boundless Campaign, and member of the President's Circle.
• University of Washington - Member of the Honor Roll of Donors, having contributed between $10 million and $50 million to funding the school as of 2020.

Conferences and summits

• World Neuroscience Innovation Forum – stakeholder sponsor

Media

• National Press Foundation – donor

Medical societies

• American Society of Hematology – sponsor
• Arthritis Society - National partner
• Endocrine Society - Corporate Liaison Board member
• European Society of Cardiology - Sponsor of the EURObservational Research Programme

Non-governmental organizations

• HOPE Worldwide - Partner

Political lobbying

• Alliance for Competitive Taxation - Member
• BIOTECanada - Member company. BIOTECanada lobbies the Canadian government for policies favourable to the pharmaceutical industry.
• Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) - Donor. Eli Lilly has given between $5,000,000 and $9,999,999 to the between 1997 and 2020, contributing to funding the activities of the National Institutes of Health.
• Innovative Medicines Canada - Member. IMC is an association of pharmaceutical companies doing business in Canada. The group lobbies the Government of Ontario and House of Commons of Canada through Rubicon Strategy, a firm owned by Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario campaign manager Kory Teneycke.
• International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations - Member.
• National Health Council (NHC) - Member organization. NHC is a non-profit organization that lobbies the U.S. Government on issues related to healthcare reform.
• National Pharmaceutical Council (NPC) - Member company. NPC is a non-profit that advocates for expanded research funding and innovation.
• Personalized Medicine Coalition (PMC) - Member. PMC is a lobbying group with ties to members of the United States Congress.
• Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) - Member company. PhRMA is a trade association that lobbies the U.S. Government on behalf of the pharmaceutical industry.
• Research!America - Member organization. Research!America is a medical research advocacy group.

Professional associations

• AdvaMed - Member.
• Canadian Rheumatology Association - Sponsor.
• Canadian Urological Association - Sponsor.
• Mood Disorders Association of Ontario (MDAO) - Donor.

Public health

• Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) - Donor.
• Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) - Donor to the SickKids Foundation.
• Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PMCC) - Conference sponsor, and donor to the Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation.
• Scarborough Health Network (SHN) - Donor to the SHN Foundation.
• Sinai Health Foundation - Donor. The foundation funds Mount Sinai Hospital, Bridgepoint Active Healthcare, and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute in Toronto, Ontario.
• Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre - Donor.

Research and development

• Arthritis Australia - Sponsor.
• BioFIT - Sponsor. BioFIT holds events to connect academia, pharmaceutical companies, and investors in the field of life sciences and biotechnology.
• Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration and Aging - Partner organization.
• Colorectal Cancer Canada - Sponsor.
• COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator - Collaborator.
• Diabetes Canada - Corporate partner.
• GIANT Health - Event sponsor.
• Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) - Corporate partner.
• New Brunswick Health Research Foundation (NBHRF) - Sponsor.
• Pinnacle Research Group - Sponsor.
• Radcliffe Cardiology - Industry partner.

Pharmaceutical brands

The company's most important products introduced prior to World War II included insulin, which Lilly marketed as Iletin (Insulin, Lilly), Amytal, Merthiolate, ephedrine, and liver extracts. Introduced in 1923, Iletin (Insulin, Lilly) was Lilly's first commercial insulin product.

During World War II Lilly produced penicillins and other antibiotics. In addition to penicillin, other wartime production included "antimalarials," blood plasma, encephalitis vaccine, typhus and influenza vaccine, gas gangrene antitoxin, Merthiolate, and Iletin (Insulin, Lilly).

Among the company's more recent pharmaceutical developments are cephalosporin, erythromycin, and Prozac (fluoxetine), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of clinical depression. Ceclor, introduced in the 1970s, was an oral cephalosporin antibiotic. Prozac, introduced in the 1980s, quickly became the company's best-selling product for treatment of depression, but Lilly lost its U.S. patent protection for this product in 2001. Among other distinctions, Lilly is the world's largest manufacturer and distributor of medications used in a broad range of psychiatric and mental health-related conditions, including clinical depression, generalized anxiety disorder, narcotic addiction, insomnia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and others.

In March 2023, Eli Lilly announced a $35 cap on the price of monthly insulin to be put in place immediately in order to be in line with the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.

Historical

Eli Lilly has focused on patent-protected medicines, with generic manufacturers taking over production of earlier drugs whose patents have expired.

Cialis

Main article: Tadalafil

In 2003, Eli Lilly introduced Cialis (tadalafil), a competitor to Pfizer's blockbuster Viagra for erectile dysfunction. Cialis maintains an active period of 36 hours, causing it sometimes to be dubbed the "weekend pill". Cialis was developed in a partnership with biotechnology company Icos Corporation. On 18 December 2006, Lilly bought Icos in order to gain full control of the product.

Cymbalta

Main article: Duloxetine

Another Lilly manufactured anti-depressant, Cymbalta, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used predominantly in the treatment of major depressive disorders and generalized anxiety disorder, ranks with Prozac as one of the most financially successful pharmaceuticals in industry history. It is also used in the treatment of fibromyalgia, neuropathy, chronic pain and osteoarthritis.

Gemzar

Main article: Gemcitabine

In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Gemzar for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Gemzar is commonly used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, usually in coordination with 5-FU chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Gemzar also is routinely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Methadone

Main article: Methadone

Eli Lilly was the first distributor of methadone in the United States, an analgesic used frequently in the treatment of heroin, opium and other opioid and narcotic drug addictions. Eli Lilly was able to acquire the right to produce the drug commercially for just $1 because the patent rights of the original patent holders, IG Farben and Farbwerke Hoechst, were not protected after the Allies of World War II seized all German patents, research records and trade names. Eli Lilly introduced the drug to the United States in 1947, marketed under the trade name "Dolophine".

Prozac

Main article: Fluoxetine

Prozac was one of the first therapies in its class to treat clinical depression by blocking the uptake of serotonin within the human brain. Prozac was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1987 for use in treating depression, with generic versions appearing after 2002.

Secobarbital

Main article: Secobarbital

Eli Lilly has manufactured Secobarbital, a barbiturate derivative with anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties. Lilly marketed Secobarbital under the brand name Seconal. Secobarbital is indicated for the treatment of epilepsy, temporary insomnia and as a pre-operative medication to produce anaesthesia and anxiolysis in short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful. With the onset of new therapies for the treatment of these conditions, Secobarbital has been less utilized, and Lilly ceased manufacturing it in 1999.

Secobarbital overdoses

Secobarbital gained considerable attention during the 1970s, when it gained wide popularity as a recreational drug. On 18 September 1970, rock guitarist legend Jimi Hendrix died from a secobarbital overdose. On 22 June 1969, secobarbital overdose was the cause of death of actress Judy Garland. The drug was a central part of the plot of the hugely popular novel Valley of the Dolls (1966) by Jacqueline Susann in which three highly successful Hollywood women each fall victim, in various ways, to the drug. The novel was later released as a film by the same name.

Thiomersal

Main article: Thiomersal

Eli Lilly has developed the vaccine preservative thiomersal (also called merthiolate and thimerosal). Thiomersal is effective by causing susceptible bacteria to autolyze. Launched in 1930, merthiolate was a mercury-based antiseptic and germicide that "had been formulated at the University of Maryland with support of a Lilly research fellowship." In November 2002, congressional Republicans inserted a provision into a domestic security bill that President George W. Bush signed into a law, protecting Eli Lilly from all suits in the federal courts, alleging that the drug, Thiomersal caused autism and other neurological disorders in children, such that all such matters be heard by a special master appointed for the purpose, rather than regular federal courts. Its toxicology was that it metabolized into ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+) and thiosalicylate, in the body, which was immensely hazardous to developing countries like India.

Zyprexa

Zyprexa (Olanzapine) (for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as off-label uses) Released in 1996, (see Illegal marketing of Zyprexa) it was the company's best selling drug through 2010, when the patent expired.

Leadership

David Ricks, Lilly CEO since 2016

After three generations of Lilly family leadership under company founder, Col. Eli Lilly, his son, Josiah K. Lilly Sr., and two grandsons, Eli Lilly Jr. and Josiah K. Lilly Jr., the company announced a reorganization in 1944 that prepared the way for future expansion and the eventual separation of company management from its ownership. The large, complex corporation was divided into smaller groups headed by vice presidents and in 1953 Eugene N. Beesley was named the first non-family member to become the company's president.

Although Lilly family members continued to serve as chairman of the board until 1969, Beesley's appointment began the transition to non-family management. In 1972 Richard Donald Wood became Lilly's president and CEO after the retirement of Burton E. Beck. In 1991 Vaughn Bryson became president and CEO and Wood became board chairman. During Bryson's 20-month tenure as Lilly's president and CEO, the company reported its first quarterly loss as a publicly traded company.

Randall L. Tobias, a vice chairman of AT&T Corporation, was named chairman, president, and CEO in June 1993. Tobias, a Lilly board member since 1986, was recruited from outside the company's executive ranks first to replace Lilly's president and CEO, Vaughn Bryson, at Bryson's predecessor and then board chairman Richard Wood's urging and then, in short order, also Wood. Tobias later became the U.S. director of Foreign Assistance and administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), with the rank of ambassador.

Sidney Taurel, former chief operating officer of Lilly, was named CEO in July 1998 to replace Tobias, who retired. Taurel became chairman of the board in January 1999. Taurel retired as CEO on 31 March 2008, but remained as chairman of the board until 31 December 2008. John C. Lechleiter was elected as Lilly's CEO and president, effective 1 April 2008. Lechleiter had served as Lilly's president and chief operating officer since October 2005.

Community service

The Lilly family as well as Eli Lilly and Company has a long history of community service. Around 1890 Col. Lilly turned over operation of the family business to his son, Josiah, who ran the company for the next several decades. Col. Lilly remained active in civic affairs and assisted a number of local organizations, including the Commercial Club of Indianapolis, which later became the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, and the Charity Organization Society, a forerunner to the Family Services Association of Central Indiana, an organization supported by United Way. Josiah's sons, Eli and Joe, were also philanthropists who supported numerous cultural and educational organizations.

Josiah Sr. continued his father's civic mindedness and began the company tradition of sending aid to disaster victims. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the company sent much needed medicine to support recovery efforts and provided relief after the 1936 Johnstown Flood.

In 1917, Lilly Field Hospital 32, named in Josiah's honor, was equipped in Indianapolis and moved overseas to Contrexville, France, during World War I, where it remained in operation until 1919. Throughout World War II, Lilly manufactured more than two hundred products for military use, including aviator survival kits and seasickness medications for the D-Day invasion. In addition Lilly dried more than two million pints of blood plasma by the war's end.

Lilly Endowment

Main article: Lilly Endowment

In 1937, Josiah K. Lilly Sr. and his two sons, Eli and Joe, founded the Lilly Endowment, a private charitable foundation, with gifts of Lilly stock.Madison, Eli Lilly, p. 205–6.</ref> The endowment still owns 11.3% of the company.

Eli Lilly and Company Foundation

The Eli Lilly and Company Foundation, which is separate from the Lilly Endowment, operates as a tax-exempt private charitable foundation that the company established in 1968. The Foundation is funded through Lilly's corporate profits.

Controversies

BGH

Main article: bovine growth hormone

In August 2008, Eli Lilly purchased the right to manufacture bovine growth hormone, used to increase milk production in dairy cattle, from Monsanto. Use of the supplement has become controversial due to the animal ethics and human health concerns.

340B

Main article: 340B Drug Pricing Program

In 2021 Eli Lilly filed a court motion against in response to an advisory opinion of the Department of Health and Human Services indicating that Eli Lilly and other drug manufacturers must continue to offer reduced pricing to covered outpatient drugs through pharmacies contracted to hospitals rather than only to the hospitals themselves.

Prozac

Main articles: Standard Gravure shooting and Fluoxetine

On 14 September 1989, Joseph T. Wesbecker killed eight people and injured twelve before committing suicide. His relatives and victims blamed his actions on the Prozac medication he had begun taking a month prior. The incident set off a chain of lawsuits and public outcries. Lawyers began using Prozac to justify the abnormal behaviors of their clients. Eli Lilly was accused of not doing enough to warn patients and doctors about the adverse effects, which it had described as "activation", years prior to the incident. The link between suicide and antidepressants remains a subject of public and academic dispute.

In October 2004, the FDA added a black box warning to all antidepressant drugs regarding use in children. In 2006, the FDA included adults aged 25 or younger. In February 2018, the FDA ordered an update to the warnings based on statistical evidence from twenty-four trials in which the risk of such events increased from two percent to four percent relative to the placebo trials.

Illegal marketing of Zyprexa

See also: Olanzapine § Controversy, lawsuits and settlements; and James Gottstein § Eli Lilly memos

Eli Lilly has faced many lawsuits from people who claimed they developed diabetes or other diseases after taking olanzapine (branded Zyprexa), an antipsychotic medication, as well as by various governmental entities, insurance companies, and others. Internal documents provided to The New York Times revealed that Lilly had downplayed the risks of Zyprexa. According to the documents, 16 percent of people taking Zyprexa gained more than 66 pounds in their first year, a much larger figure than Eli Lilly had shared with doctors.

In 2006, Lilly paid $700 million to settle around 8,000 of these lawsuits, and in early 2007, Lilly settled around 18,000 suits for $500 million, which brought the total Lilly had paid to settle suits related to the drug to $1.2 billion.

In March 2008, Lilly settled a suit with the state of Alaska, and in October 2008, Lilly agreed to pay $62 million to 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle suits brought under state consumer protection laws. In 2009, four sales representatives for Eli Lilly filed separate qui tam lawsuits against the company for illegally marketing Zyprexa for uses not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Eli Lilly pleaded guilty to a US federal criminal misdemeanor charge of illegally marketing Zyprexa, actively promoting the drug for off-label uses, particularly for the treatment of dementia in the elderly. The $1.415 billion penalty included an $800 million civil settlement, a $515 million criminal fine, and forfeit assets of $100 million. The US Justice Department said the criminal fine of $515 million was the largest ever in a healthcare case and the largest criminal fine for an individual corporation ever imposed in a US criminal prosecution of any kind. "That was a blemish for us," John C. Lechleiter, CEO of Lilly, said. "We don't ever want that to happen again. We put measures in place to assure that not only do we have the right intentions in integrity and compliance, but we have systems in place to support that." In an internal email, Lechleiter had stated "we must seize the opportunity to expand our work with Zyprexa in this same child-adolescent population" for off-label use.

In January 2020, lawyer James Gottstein published a book titled The Zyprexa Papers summarizing the legal activities surrounding Zyprexa, and their impact on the political landscape of psychiatry and antipsychiatry in the US. The book details of how he obtained the Zyprexa papers, including how Will Hall and a small group of "psychiatric survivors" untraceably spread the Zyprexa Papers on the Internet and his battles on behalf of Bill Bigley, the psychiatric patient whose ordeal made possible the exposure of the Zyprexa Papers.

Discrimination

In March 2021, Eli Lilly and Company was accused of sex discrimination by a former lobbyist who claimed she was forced to work in a sexually hostile work environment. The parties involved settled for an undisclosed amount in June 2021.

In September 2021, Eli Lilly and Company was accused in a federal court lawsuit of discriminating against older applicants for sales positions based on their implementation of hiring quotas for millennials.

Canada patent lawsuit

In September 2013, Eli Lilly sued Canada for violating its obligations to foreign investors under the North American Free Trade Agreement by allowing its courts to invalidate patents for Strattera and Zyprexa. Canadian courts found Strattera's seven-week long study of twenty-two patients, too short and too narrow in scope to qualify for the patent. The Zyprexa patent was invalidated because it had not achieved its promised utility. The company sought damages in the amount of $500 million for lost profits. They ultimately lost the case in 2017.

Illegal marketing of Evista

See also: Evista

Evista is a medication typically used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

In December 2005, Eli Lilly and Company agreed to plead guilty and pay $36 million in connection with the illegal promotion of the drug. Sales representatives were trained to promote Evista for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, to prompt or bait questions by doctors, and to send them unsolicited letters promoting Evista for unapproved use. The company distributed a videotape in which a sales representative declared that "Evista truly is the best drug for the prevention of all these diseases." Some sales representatives had also been instructed to conceal the disclosure page which stated that the effectiveness of the drug in reducing breast cancer risks had not yet been established.

Insulin pricing

In January 2019, lawmakers from the United States House of Representatives sent letters to Eli Lilly and other insulin manufacturers asking for explanations for their rapidly raising insulin prices. The annual cost of insulin for people with type 1 diabetes in the U.S. almost doubled from $2,900 to $5,700 over the period from 2012 to 2016.

Renewed attention was brought to Eli Lilly's pricing of insulin on November 10, 2022, after a verified Twitter account impersonating Eli Lilly posted on Twitter that insulin would now be free. The following year, the company announced that it would be reducing the out-of-pocket price of insulin to $35 a month. The company also stated that it would lower the price of Humalog from $275 a month to $66 and that it would offer insulin glargine at a 78% discount compared to rival company Sanofi. Despite this, the reduced costs will not apply to Eli Lilly's newer brands of insulin, and the company's pricing is still significantly higher than it was several decades prior.

Bibliography

• Bodenhamer, David J; Barrows, Robert G, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-31222-8.
• "Eli Lilly & Company" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
• Kahn, E. J. (1975). All In A Century: The First 100 Years of Eli Lilly and Company. West Cornwall, CT. OCLC 5288809.
• Madison, James H. (1989). Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885–1977. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87195-047-5.
• Madison, James H. (1989). "Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals: Eli Lilly and Company, 1876–1948" (PDF). Business and Economic History. Business History Conference. 18: 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
• Podczeck, Fridrun; Brian E. Jones (2004). Pharmaceutical Capsules. Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-568-4.
• Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers From Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman. Indianapolis: Guild Press of Indiana. ISBN 978-1-57860-006-9.
• Taylor Jr., Robert M.; Errol Wayne Stevens; Mary Ann Ponder; Paul Brockman (1989). Indiana: A New Historical Guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-87195-048-2.
• Tobias, Randall; Tobias, Todd (2003). Put the Moose on the Table: Lessons in Leadership from a CEO's Journey through Business and Life. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11011-4.
• Weintraut, Linda; Jane R. Nolan. "The Secret Life of Building 314". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 8 (3): 16–27.

External links

• Official website
• Hand book of pharmacy and therapeutics (c. 1919) from Science History Institute Digital Collections
• Business data for Eli Lilly and Company:
  • Google
  • SEC filings
  • Yahoo!