Created page with "==野菜料理と豆料理{{Anchor|Vegetable and legume dishes}}== パキスタンでは、ベジタリアン向けの野菜料理や豆料理が豊富に人気を集めています。これらはしばしば、唐辛子、ターメリック、ニンニク、ショウガ、クミン、クローブ、シナモン、フェンネルシードといった伝統的なスパイスや香料を使って調理される。..."
(30 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 4:
Line 4:
{{Culture of Pakistan}}
{{Culture of Pakistan}}
'''パキスタン料理'''({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستانی پکوان}}}}、[[:en:Roman Urdu|<small>ローマ字表記</small>]]: ''pākistānī pakwān'')は、[[:en:South Asia|南アジア]]、[[:en:Central Asia|中央アジア]]、[[:en:West Asia|西アジア]]全域の地方料理のスタイルと風味を融合したものである。イラン、インド、アラブの料理の伝統が集大成されている。パキスタン料理は、特にドライフルーツやナッツの使用など、[:en:[Mughal Empire|ムガル帝国]]の影響をレシピや調理法の中に維持している。パキスタンの[[:en:Ethnic groups in Pakistan|民族的]]・[[:en:Culture of Pakistan|文化的]]多様性、多様な気候、地理的環境、様々な農産物の入手可能性が、多様な地域料理につながっている。
'''パキスタン料理'''({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستانی پکوان}}}}、[[:en:Roman Urdu|<small>ローマ字表記</small>]]: ''pākistānī pakwān'')は、[[:en:South Asia|南アジア]]、[[:en:Central Asia|中央アジア]]、[[:en:West Asia|西アジア]]全域の地方料理のスタイルと風味を融合したものである。イラン、インド、アラブの料理の伝統が集大成されている。パキスタン料理は、特にドライフルーツやナッツの使用など、[[:en:Mughal Empire|ムガル帝国]]の影響をレシピや調理法の中に維持している。パキスタンの[[:en:Ethnic groups in Pakistan|民族的]]・[[:en:Culture of Pakistan|文化的]]多様性、多様な気候、地理的環境、様々な農産物の入手可能性が、多様な地域料理につながっている。
パキスタンでは、ベジタリアン向けの[[vegetable/ja|野菜]]料理や[[legume/ja|豆]]料理が豊富に人気を集めています。これらはしばしば、唐辛子、ターメリック、ニンニク、ショウガ、クミン、クローブ、シナモン、フェンネルシードといった[[List of Indian spices/ja|伝統的なスパイス]]や香料を使って調理される。[[baingan bartha/ja|バインガン・バルタ]]や[[sarson da saag/ja|サルソン・ダ・サグ]]のような料理は、ほとんどの家庭で食べられる典型的な例である。[[Aloo mutter/ja|アールー・マタル]]はジャガイモとエンドウ豆で作られる。
パキスタンでは、ベジタリアン向けの[[vegetable/ja|野菜]]料理や[[legume/ja|豆]]料理が豊富に人気を集めています。これらはしばしば、唐辛子、ターメリック、ニンニク、ショウガ、クミン、クローブ、シナモン、フェンネルシードといった[[List of Indian spices/ja|伝統的なスパイス]]や香料を使って調理される。[[baingan bartha/ja|バインガン・バルタ]]や[[sarson da saag/ja|サルソン・ダ・サグ]]のような料理は、ほとんどの家庭で食べられる典型的な例である。[[Aloo mutter/ja|アールー・マタル]]はジャガイモとエンドウ豆で作られる。
There are plenty of vegetables which are grown seasonally in Pakistan, which are cooked into curries which are eaten for lunch or dinner. Some vegetable dishes, such as [[aloo paratha]] and channa puri, are also consumed for breakfast.
The meat dishes in [[Pakistan]] include [[bovine]], [[ovine]], [[poultry]] and [[seafood]] dishes. [[Chicken karahi]] is a famous poultry dish. The meat is usually cut in 3 [[Centimeter|cm]] [[cube]]s and cooked in a [[stew]]. [[Ground meat|Minced meat]] is used for [[kebab]]s, [[qeema]], and other dishes. Meat dishes may also be cooked with [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[legume]]s and [[rice]]. In [[Sindh]] poultry, beef and mutton meat are also consumed. The camel, rabbit, many birds like [[Eurasian coot|Aari]] (Fulica atra), [[Demoiselle crane|Kunj]] (Demoiselle crane), [[Grey francolin|Titar]] (Grey francolin), Jhirkri (Sparrow), Duck meat is also consumed.
Further important points declare precisely how animals are to be slaughtered; it must be done quickly and with minimal suffering, with the animal's awareness of the situation being extremely brief (preferably nonexistent, as stress releases [[cortisol]] and [[adrenaline]], potentially spoiling meat quality). The animals must also be healthy as halal principles forbid the consumption of sick, abused, cancerous or otherwise unhealthy animals. Additionally, animals that are killed inadvertently, or during accidents are forbidden, as the intention was not slaughter in those cases.
Meat and grilled meat have played an important role in Pakistan for centuries. [[Kebab]]s are a staple item in Pakistani cuisine today, and one can find countless varieties all over the country. Each region has its own varieties, but some, like [[seekh kebab]], [[chicken tikka]], and [[shami kebab]] are especially popular throughout the country and in some other parts of South Asia.
Various kinds of [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]] or [[legume]]s make up an important part of Pakistani cuisine. While [[lentil]]s (called [[Dal|daal]]) and [[chickpea]]s (called channa/chanay ki daal) are popular ingredients in homestyle cooking, they are traditionally considered to be inexpensive food sources. As such, they are typically not served to guests who are invited for dinner or during special occasions. Meat may be combined with lentils and pulses, whether in simple preparations or in elaborate dishes such as [[haleem]].
Chickpeas, red kidney beans, and other legumes are also popular in Pakistani cooking. They are usually cooked in a spicy gravy and served with rice or traditional flatbread ([[roti]]). Chickpeas, known as channa, are also a common breakfast food when served with puri. Channa chaat is another favorite street food and iftaar dish; it is made of chickpeas, chopped onions, tomatoes, and chillies, and seasoned with spices ([[chaat masala]]) and tamarind paste.
A wide variety of lentils is consumed in Pakistan and frequently with rice. Daal chawaal (lentils and rice) is known as a popular [[comfort food]] in many Pakistani households.
* [[Bannu Pulao]] – A classic dish from [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], combines beef, spices, and rice. The beef is slow-cooked with bones for a rich, flavorful taste, while the rice is prepared separately with ghee and aromatic spices.
* [[Kabuli Palaw]] – is an Afghan dish, which is popular in [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] dominated regions in Pakistan such as the Tribal Areas, [[FATA]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province in North-West Pakistan, and [[Balochistan]] in the South-West Pakistan. It is a variety of pilaf, consisting of steamed rice mixed with raisins, carrots, and lamb
[[Biryani]] is a very popular dish in Pakistan, and has many varieties, such as Lahori and [[Sindhi biryani]]. Tahiri, which is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] form of biryani, is also popular. All of the main dishes (except those made with rice) are eaten alongside [[bread]]. To eat, a small fragment of bread is torn off with the right hand and used to scoop and hold small portions of the main dish. [[Pakistani pickle|Pickles]] made out of [[mango]]es, [[carrot]]s, [[lemon]], etc. are also commonly used to further spice up the food.
In the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, feasts using mountains of spiced rice combined with pieces of slowly roasted lamb are often served for guests of honour. These kind of pulaos often contain dried fruit, nuts, and whole spices such as [[clove]]s, [[saffron]] and [[cardamom]], [[Bannu pulao]] are also popular in the province, particularly in the southern region.
[[Image:Peshawari Roti, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Peshwari naans freshly made in the tandoor (open oven)]]{{Main|List of Pakistani breads}}
{{Main/ja|List of Pakistani breads/ja}}
Pakistanis eat breads made of wheat flour as a [[Staple food|staple part]] of their diet. Pakistan has a wide variety of breads, often prepared in a [[tandoor]]. The tandoori style of cooking is common throughout rural and urban Pakistan, and also has strong roots in neighboring India, Iran and Afghanistan. Some of these are:
* [[Chapati]] – Most common bread made in urban homes, where a tandoor is not available. Chapatis are cooked over a flat or slightly convex dark colored pan known as 'tava'. Chapatis are made of [[whole-wheat flour]] and are thin and unleavened. [[Tortilla]]s are probably the most common analogue to chapatis, though chapatis are slightly thicker. A variant, known as 'romali roti' ({{lit|Handkerchief bread}}), is very thin and very large.
* [[Makki ki roti/ja|マカイ・キ・ロティ]] – 純粋な砕いたトウモロコシで作られた、黄色がかった黄金色のチャパティである。主に「[[saag/ja|サーグ]]」と呼ばれる伝統的な冬のカレーと一緒に供される。
* [[Makki ki roti|Makkai ki roti]], a yellowish golden colour chapati which is made with pure crushed corns.It is mostly served with traditional winter curry that is called "[[saag]]".
* [[Naan]] – In [[Urdu]], the national language of [[Pakistan]], the word [[Naan]] means bread. Unlike chapatis, naans are slightly thicker, typically leavened with [[yeast]] and mainly made with white [[flour]]. Some varieties like Roghani and Peshwari naan may also be sprinkled with [[Sesame|sesame seeds]]. Naans are seldom, if ever, made at home since they require tandoor-based cooking and require prep work. Numerous varieties of plain, as well as stuffed naans are available throughout [[Pakistan]] and each region or city can have its own specialty. Naan is a versatile bread and is eaten with almost anything. For instance, 'saada naan' or 'plain naan' is often served with [[Paya (food)|Siri-Payay]] (cow's head and trotters) or [[Nihari]] (slow cooked beef stew) for breakfast in many parts of the country.
* [[Paratha]] – A flat, layered bread made with [[ghee]] or cooking oil and generally cooked on a 'tava'. However, a 'tandoor'-based version is also common in rural areas. Parathas are very similar to pastry dough. Parathas most likely originated in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], where a heavy breakfast of parathas with freshly churned butter and buttermilk was commonly consumed by the farmers to prepare themselves for the hard day of work ahead. However, parathas are now a common breakfast element across the country. Along with the plain layered version, many stuffed versions, such as 'Aloo ka Paratha' (Potato stuffed paratha), 'Mooli ka Paratha' (Radish stuffed paratha), and 'Qeemah ka Paratha' (Ground meat stuffed paratha) are popular.
* [[Puri (food)|Puri]] – This is a breakfast bread made of white flour and fried. Typically eaten with sweet semolina [[Halva|halwa]] or gravy (made out of [[chickpea]]s and [[potato]]es). Puri is a fairly urban concept, not part of rural cuisine anywhere in [[Pakistan]]. However, Halwa Puri has now become a favored weekend or holiday breakfast in urban Pakistan, where it is sometimes sold in shift carts or in specialty breakfast shops.
* [[File:Triangular Ophrato.jpg|thumb|Sindhi trikundo (triangular) ofrato.]]Ofrata: Sindhi paratha made with a lot of oil and ghee, a four corner Ofrato is called Chokundo, and three corner Ofrato is called Trikundo.
* Busri: a special Sindhi and Saraiki sweet bread made of two Ofratas, crushed jaggery powder or sugar filled in, cooked with desi ghee and Makhan (butter).
* Bajray ki Roti or Bajhar Mani: pearl millet bread made in rural areas, particularly in Punjab and [[Sindh]] in winters.
* [[File:Maani Lasi Saag.jpg|thumb|シンドのチャワラン・ジ・マニ、サグ、ラッシー。]]チャワラン・ジ・マニ:シンドで作られる米粉パンで、シンド北部(上部)で一般的である。
* [[File:Maani Lasi Saag.jpg|thumb|Sindhi Chawran ji mani, Sagg and Lasi.]]Chawaran ji Mani: rice flour bread made in Sindh, it is common in upper (north) Sindh.
* [[Roti]] – This bread is extremely popular all over Pakistan. Tandoori rotis are baked in a [[tandoor]], and are consumed with just about anything. In rural [[Pakistan]], many houses have their own tandoors, while the ones without it use a communal one. In urban [[Pakistan]], bread shops or "nanbai"/"tandoor" shops are fairly common and supply fresh, tandoor baked breads to household customers.
* [[Sheermal]] – Saffron-flavored traditional flatbread. It is a festive bread prepared with [[milk]] ('sheer') and [[butter]] with added candied fruits. Sheermal is often a vital part of food served in marriages, along with [[Taftan (bread)|taftan]]. It is often sweetened.
* [[Taftan (bread)|Taftan]] – This is a leavened flour bread with saffron and a small amount of cardamom powder, baked in a tandoor. The taftan made in Pakistan is slightly sweeter and richer than the one made in neighboring Iran.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==デザート{{Anchor|Deserts}}==
==Desserts==
[[File:Bowl of Gulab Jamuns.jpg|thumb|[[Gulab jamun/ja|グラブジャムン]]]]
{{Main|List of Pakistani desserts|Pakistani sweets}}
[[File:Bowl of Gulab Jamuns.jpg|thumb|[[Gulab jamun]]]]
Popular desserts include [[Peshawari ice cream]], [[sheer khurma]], [[Kulfi|qulfi]], [[falooda]], [[kheer]], [[Firni]], [[Zarda (food)|zarda]], [[shahi tukray]] and [[rabri]]. Sweetmeats are consumed on various festive occasions in Pakistan. Some of the most popular are [[gulab jamun]], [[barfi]], [[ras malai]], [[kalakand]], [[jalebi]] and [[panjiri]]. Pakistani desserts also include a long list of [[halva]], such as [[Sohan halwa|Multani Halwa]], hubshee, [[Gajar ka halwa]], [[Sohan Halwa|sohan halvah]], [[Sindhi cuisine|Ugham Halwo]], Sindhi Halwo, [[Sindhi cuisine|Seero]].
Kheer made of roasted ''seviyaan'' ([[vermicelli]]) instead of rice is popular during [[Eid ul-Fitr]]. Gajraila is a sweet made from grated carrots, boiled in milk, sugar, cream and green cardamom, topped with nuts and dried fruit. It is popular in Pakistan, as well as in other parts of South Asia, including Afghanistan.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
南アジアの他の地域と同様に、パキスタンでも[[Bakarkhani/ja|バカルカーニ]]、[[Chomchom/ja|チャムチャム]]、[[Rasmalai/ja|ラスマライ]]、[[Roshogolla/ja|ラスグッレ]]、[[Gulab Jamun/ja|カラジャムン]]、[[Curd of Bogra/ja|ミーサー・ダヒ]]、[[Malpua/ja|マルプア]]、[[Chhanamukhi/ja|チェンナ・ムルキ]]、[[Shemai/ja|セヴィヤーン・キ・キール]]など、様々な[[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts/ja|ベンガル地方の甘いお菓子]]が食生活に取り入れられている。
Like other parts of South Asia, Pakistan also has adopted various [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|Bengali sweets]] in their diet such as [[Bakarkhani]], [[Chomchom|Cham Cham]], [[Rasmalai]], [[Roshogolla|Rasgulle]], [[Gulab Jamun|Kala Jamun]], [[Curd of Bogra|Meetha Dahi]], [[Malpua]], [[Chhanamukhi|Chenna Murki]], [[Shemai|Seviyaan ki kheer]], etc.
Pakistanis drink a great deal of [[tea]], locally called "[[Masala chai|chai]]". Both black (with milk) and green teas are popular and there are different varieties common in different parts of Pakistan.
* In Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral, as well as areas near the Chinese border, salty Tibetan-style [[butter tea]] is consumed.
* [[Doodh pati chai/ja|ドゥード・パティ・チャイ]]は、茶葉を牛乳と砂糖で煮込んで作られ、時には香付けにカルダモンが加えられる。非常に甘く、「[[builder's tea/ja|ビルダーズティー]]」の地域版である。
* [[Doodh pati chai]] is made by cooking tea leaves with milk and sugar, sometimes served with cardamom for fragrance. Extremely sweet, this is a local variation of a [[builder's tea]].
* "Kashmiri chai" or "[[Noon Chai|noon chai]]", a pink, milky tea with [[pistachio]]s and [[cardamom]], is consumed primarily at special occasions, weddings, and during the winter, when it is sold in many kiosks.
* "Sabz chai" or "[[kahwah]]", a [[green tea]] often served after every meal in [[Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] belt of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], served with saffron and nuts.
* スレイマニ・チャイは、レモンを添えた[[black tea/ja|紅茶]]である。
* Sulaimani chai is [[black tea]] served with lemon.
Besides tea, there are other drinks that may be included as part of the Pakistani cuisine. All of them are non-alcoholic as the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by Islam. During the 20th century, beverages such as [[coffee]] and [[soft drink]]s have also become popular in Pakistan. It is very common to have soft drinks nowadays with Pakistani meals.
Observant Muslims follow the [[Sharia|Islamic law]] that lists foods and drinks that are [[halal]], permissible to consume. The criteria specify both what foods are allowed and how the food must be prepared. The foods addressed are mostly types of meat.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==外国の影響{{Anchor|Foreign influences}}==
==Foreign influences==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
File:McDonald's Sargodha.jpg|[[McDonald's]] outlet at Queens Road, [[Sargodha]]
In addition to the traditional food, fast food is also very popular across the country. In big cities, there are many international fast food restaurants, such as [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], [[Domino's]], [[Burger King]], [[Hardee's]], [[Papa John's Pizza]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]] and [[Baskin-Robbins]].
Occasionally, people in [[Pakistan]] dine out at restaurants with foreign-influenced food, such as Western, Arab and Chinese dishes. There are many westernized, Chinese restaurants and fast food outlets in urban parts of Pakistan. In the Punjab and Sindh provinces, the majority of urban chains of many American, European and British restaurants have opened in many metropolitan cities, such as [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Islamabad-Rawalpindi]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Quetta]], [[Sargodha]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Sialkot]], [[Sukkur]], [[Larkana]] and many others. Marketing and advertisements have attracted Pakistanis to try them out.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
パキスタン国外では、パキスタン料理はパキスタン系住民が多い国で広まっている。
Outside Pakistan, Pakistani cuisine is prevalent in countries where there are large Pakistani communities present.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
パキスタン料理では、新鮮な、手で挽いた[[Spice mix/ja|マサラ]]を使用する。[[Ghee/ja|ギー]]も使用されるが、食事や料理の主要な要素は[[meat/ja|肉]]([[beef/ja|牛肉]]、[[Lamb and mutton/ja|羊肉]]、[[Chicken (food)/ja|鶏肉]]、[[Goat meat/ja|ヤギ肉]]、または[[Fish as food/ja|魚]])であり、[[vegetable/ja|野菜]]は控えめに使用される。驚くべきことに、パキスタン料理では[[olive oil/ja|オリーブオイル]]も広範囲に使用されます。控えめに使用される野菜だからといって、[[Vegetarian cuisine/ja|ベジタリアン料理]]がメニューにないわけではない。この料理は[[Punjabi cuisine/ja|パンジャーブ料理]]と非常によく似ているため、[[Tikka (food)/ja|ティッカ]]、煮込んだ[[dal/ja|ダール]]、タワ・サブジ、[[chaat/ja|チャット]]などが特徴である。
Pakistani food makes use of fresh, hand-pounded [[Spice mix|masalas]]. [[Ghee]] is used, but the main component of the meal or a dish is [[meat]] ([[beef]], [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], [[Goat meat|goat]], or [[Fish as food|fish]]), and [[vegetable]]s are sparingly used. Surprisingly, Pakistani food also makes extensive use of [[olive oil]]. Sparingly used vegetables does not mean there is no [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian food]] on the menu. Since the cuisine is very similar to [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi-style of cooking]], [[Tikka (food)|tikka]], simmered [[dal]]s, tawa sabzi, and [[chaat]] feature here.