タマリンド
Tamarind/ja
タマリンド | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Detarioideae |
Tribe: | Amherstieae |
Genus: | Tamarindus L. |
Species: | indica
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Binomial name | |
indica L. 1753
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Synonyms | |
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タマリンド(Tamarindus indica)は、熱帯アフリカ原産でアジアに帰化している、食用となる果実をつけるマメ科(Legume)の樹木である。Tamarindus属は単型であり、この種のみを含む。マメ科(Fabaceae)に属する。
タマリンドの木は、甘酸っぱい果肉を含む茶色の莢状の果実をつけ、世界中の料理で使われている。果肉は伝統医学や金属磨きとしても使われる。木の材木は木工に利用でき、タマリンドシード油は種子から抽出できる。タマリンドの柔らかい若葉はインド料理やフィリピン料理で使われる。タマリンドは多目的に利用されるため、世界中の熱帯および亜熱帯地域で栽培されている。
特徴
タマリンドは長寿で成長が中程度の樹木で、最大25mの樹冠高に達する。樹冠は不規則な花瓶のような形をしており、葉が密生している。この木は日当たりの良い場所でよく育つ。粘土質、ローム質、砂質の酸性土壌を好み、干ばつやエアロゾル塩(沿岸地域で見られる風によって運ばれる塩)に対して高い耐性を持つ。
常緑の葉は互生し、偶数羽状複葉である。小葉は鮮やかな緑色で、楕円形から卵形、羽状脈を持ち、長さは5cm未満である。木が成熟するにつれて、枝は一本の中心的な幹から垂れ下がり、樹木の密度と果実の収穫を最適化するために農業ではしばしば剪定される。夜間には小葉が閉じる。
熱帯種であるため、霜に弱い。対生する小葉を持つ羽状葉は、風になびくと波打つような効果を生み出す。タマリンドの木材は、硬い暗赤色の心材と、より柔らかい黄みがかった辺材で構成されている。
タマリンドの花は(目立たないが)咲き、赤と黄色の細長い花をつける。花は幅2.5cmで5弁、小さな総状花序をなし、黄色でオレンジまたは赤の縞模様がある。蕾はピンク色をしており、4枚の萼もピンク色で、花が咲くと落ちる。
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実生
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花
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花
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葉と果実の莢
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キューバ、サンタクララ創設の地にあるタマリンドの木
果実

果実は、長さ12〜15cmの硬い茶色の殻を持つ非裂開性の豆果で、時に莢とも呼ばれる。
果実は肉厚でジューシーな酸味のある果肉を持つ。果肉が茶色または赤褐色になると熟している。アジアのタマリンドは莢が長く(6〜12個の種子を含む)、アフリカおよび西インド諸島の品種は莢が短い(1〜6個の種子を含む)。種子はやや扁平で光沢のある茶色をしている。果実は甘酸っぱい味がする。
歴史
語源
タマリンドという名前は、アラビア語の「تمر هندي」(tamr hindi、意味は「インドのナツメヤシ」)に由来する。中世初期の多くの薬草学者や医師は「tamar indi」と記し、中世ラテン語では「tamarindus」が使われ、マルコ・ポーロは「tamarandi」と記述している。
コロンビア、ニカラグア、コスタリカ、エクアドル、キューバ、ドミニカ共和国、グアテマラ、エルサルバドル、ホンジュラス、メキシコ、ペルー、プエルトリコ、ベネズエラ、イタリア、スペイン、そしてポルトガル語圏全体では、「tamarindo」と呼ばれている。これらの国々では、しばしば同名の飲料(または「agua de tamarindo」)を作るのに使われる。カリブ海地域では、タマリンドは時々「tamón」とも呼ばれる。
インドネシアのような東南アジアの国々では、「asam jawa」(ジャワの酸っぱい果実)または単に「asam」と呼ばれ、ティモールでは「sukaer」と呼ばれる。一方、フィリピンでは、フィリピン語で「sampalok」または「sampaloc」、セブアノ語で「sambag」と呼ばれる。タマリンド(Tamarindus indica)は、「マニラタマリンド」(Pithecellobium dulce)と混同されることがあるが、同じマメ科ではあるものの、マニラタマリンドはメキシコ原産の異なる植物で、現地では「guamúchili」として知られている。
分類
'Tamarindus indicaは、おそらく熱帯アフリカが原産であるが、インド亜大陸で非常に長い間栽培されてきたため、時にそこが原産であると報告されることもある。アフリカでは野生で生育している。アラビアでは、オマーン、特にドファールで野生で生育しており、そこでは海に面した山腹で育っている。数千年前におそらく人の手によって南アジアに運ばれ、栽培されたと考えられている。アフリカから南アジアまで、熱帯地方全体に広く分布している。
16世紀には、スペインとポルトガルの入植者によってメキシコと中央アメリカに、そしてそれほどではないが南アメリカにも導入され、その地域の料理の主要な材料となった。
2006年現在、インドはタマリンドの最大の生産国である。タマリンドの消費は、インド亜大陸、東南アジア、そしてアメリカ大陸、特にメキシコの料理において中心的な役割を担っているため、広く普及している。
用途
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100 g (3.5 oz)あたりの栄養価 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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エネルギー | 1,000 kJ (240 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
62.5 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
砂糖 | 57.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
食物繊維 | 5.1 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.6 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
飽和 | 0.272 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
一価不飽和 | 0.181 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
多価不飽和 | 0.059 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.8 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
トリプロファン | 0.018 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
リシン | 0.139 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
メチオニン | 0.014 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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その他の成分 | 量 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
水 | 31.40 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†割合は、カリウムを除き、成人に対する米国 推奨値を使用して推定された。カリウムは、全米科学・工学・医学アカデミーの専門家による推奨に基づき推定された。 |
タマリンドの木のほとんどの部分(木材、樹皮、花、葉、果肉、種子を含む)は、様々な商業的、料理的、薬用目的で使用されている。タマリンドの木は、日陰を作る木や観賞用樹木(高速道路沿いや公園でよく見られる)として利用されている。
栄養価
生のタマリンドは、63%が炭水化物、31%が水分、3%がタンパク質、1%が脂肪である(表)。100gの摂取量あたり、生のタマリンドは240カロリーの食物エネルギーを供給し、1日の摂取量の20%以上を占めるチアミン(36% DV)とミネラル(マグネシウムが22% DV、カリウムが21% DVなど)が豊富に含まれている(表)。
料理
果実は、房から莢を引っ張って収穫される。成熟した木は年間最大175kgの果実を生産することができる。台木接ぎ、盾状芽接ぎ(T字または逆T字)、取り木は、好ましい栽培品種を繁殖させるために使用されることがある。これらの木は、最適な生育条件が与えられれば、通常3〜4年以内に結実する。
The fruit pulp is edible. The hard green pulp of a young fruit is considered by many to be too sour, but is often used as a component of savory dishes, as a pickling agent or as a means of making certain poisonous yams in Ghana safe for human consumption. As the fruit matures it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) and the ripened fruit is considered more palatable. The sourness varies between cultivars and some sweet tamarind ones have almost no acidity when ripe. In Western cuisine, tamarind pulp is found in Worcestershire sauce, HP Sauce, and some brands of barbecue sauce).
Tamarind paste has many culinary uses including as a flavoring for chutneys, curries, and the traditional sharbat syrup drink. Tamarind sweet chutney is popular in India and Pakistan as a dressing for many snacks and often served with samosa. Tamarind pulp is a key ingredient in flavoring curries and rice in south Indian cuisine, in the Chigali lollipop, in rasam, Koddel and in certain varieties of masala chai.
Across the Middle East, from the Levant to Iran, tamarind is used in savory dishes, notably meat-based stews, and often combined with dried fruits to achieve a sweet-sour tang.
During Ramadan, tamarind is used to prepare a traditional beverage known as "tamr-hindi," which is particularly popular in the Levant region. The drink is made by boiling tamarind paste in water, sweetening it with sugar, and then straining the mixture. In some variations, rosewater and lemon juice are added to enhance its flavor. Street vendors play a significant role in distributing this beverage, carrying large copper pots filled with the juice on their backs. They typically arrange numerous cups around their waist to conveniently serve the drink to passersby in the streets.
In the Philippines, the whole fruit is used as one of the souring agents of the sour soup sinigang (which can also use other sour fruits), as well as another type of soup called sinampalukan (which also uses tamarind leaves). The fruit pulp are also cooked in sugar and/or salt to make champóy na sampalok (or simply "sampalok candy"), a traditional tamarind candy. Indonesia also has a similarly sour, tamarind-based soup dish called sayur asem. Tamarind pulp mixed with liquid is also used in beverage as tamarind juice. In Java, Indonesia, tamarind juice is known as es asem or gula asem, tamarind juice served with palm sugar and ice as a fresh sour and sweet beverage.
In Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, the pulp is diluted with water and sugared to make an agua fresca drink. It is widely used throughout all of Mexico for candy making, including tamarind mixed with chilli powder candy.
In Sokoto, Nigeria, tamarind pulp is used to fix the color in dyed leather products by neutralizing the alkali substances used in tanning.
Tamarind pulp is the most common part of the tamarind plant utilised for culinary purposes, being used in a range of chutneys, curries, sauces (such as Worcestershire sauce and barbecue sauce) and beverages (such as tamarindo). In Sri Lanka tamarind pulp has been used as a lime alternative and in Senegal the pulp is mixed with sugar to produce sweet meats known as ‘bengal’ In India tamarind pulp is made into a juice used in the preservation of fish and in many countries of East Africa the pulp is used in the making of a dish called ‘ugali’ (a type of maize flour porridge). Tamarind fruits have been utilized in the production of tamarind syrup in Puerto Rico which is used by street vendors to flavor shaved ice.
The seeds of the tamarind plant are also used for culinary purposes but the whole seed cannot be directly consumed and need to be soaked and boiled in water before they are edible. The seeds are commonly used in jellies, marmalades and jams because they contain pectin which gives them ‘jelly forming properties’ and have also been used as a stabilizer in the production of cheese, ice cream and mayonnaise. In Indonesia, after the seeds have been roasted, they are consumed as a snack accompanied with salt and grated coconut and in Thailand tamarind seeds are used as a coffee alternative.
The leaves and bark are also edible, and the seeds can be cooked to make safe for consumption. Blanched, tender tamarind leaves are used in a Burmese salad called magyi ywet thoke (မန်ကျည်းရွက်သုပ်; lit. 'tamarind leaf salad'), a salad from Upper Myanmar that features tender blanched tamarind leaves, garlic, onions, roasted peanuts, and pounded dried shrimp. Tamarind seeds contain high levels of protein (26.9 grams per 100 grams) and oil (10.9 grams per 100 grams) and in some countries, tamarind seeds are used as an emergency food because of their high protein levels. The leaves of the tamarind plant are high in calcium and protein and have been consumed by domestic animals and wild animals, including elephants, as a fodder.
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Vietnamese tamarind paste
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Tamarind balls from Trinidad and Tobago
Seed oil and kernel powder
Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds. The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or testa). It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to make paint or varnish.
Tamarind kernel powder is used as sizing material for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It is de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.
Tamarind seeds are used in the production of tamarind kernel powder which is used as a sizing agent in the textile industry because of its ability to absorb water and swell up, in India, tamarind kernel powder has also been used as a sizing agent in the production of cotton. In Bengal, tamarind seeds are used in the production of an oil used in varnishes. leaves and flowers are used as a setting agent for dyes.
Composition | Original | De-oiled |
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Oil | 7.6% | 0.6% |
Protein | 7.6% | 19.0% |
Polysaccharide | 51.0% | 55.0% |
Crude fiber | 1.2% | 1.1% |
Total ash | 3.9% | 3.4% |
Acid insoluble ash | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Moisture | 7.1% | |
The fatty acid composition of the oil is linoleic 46.5%, oleic 27.2%, and saturated fatty acids 26.4%. The oil is usually bleached after refining. |
Fatty acid | (%) Range reported |
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Lauric acid (C12:0) | tr-0.3 |
Myristic acid (C14:0) | tr-0.4 |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 8.7–14.8 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 4.4–6.6 |
Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 3.7–12.2 |
Lignoceric acid (C24:0) | 4.0–22.3 |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 19.6–27.0 |
Linoleic acid (18:2) | 7.5–55.4 |
Linolenic acid (C18:3) | 2.8–5.6 |
Folk medicine
In Southeast Asia, tamarind fruit is used as a poultice applied to the foreheads of people with fevers. The fruit exhibits laxative effects for relief of constipation. Extracts of steamed and sun-dried old tamarind pulp (asem kawa) in Java are used to treat skin problems, like rashes and irritation; one traditional practice indicated tamarind could be ingested after dilution for use as an abortifacient.
Different parts of the tamarind plant have been used globally for other purposes in folk medicine. In the northern parts of Nigeria, the roots of the tamarind plant are used to treat leprosy and in America tamarind pulp has been utilised as a laxative and to treat a range of ailments such as alleviating sunstroke and sore throats. In Thailand the pulp has been transformed into a tablet to reduce excess weight and in Brazil the pulp is used for its moisturising effects. The pulp has also been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, diarrhoea and to reduce inflammation. Tamarind seeds have been used in powdered form to aid dysentery in India and Cambodia and in Ethiopia softened tamarind seeds are used to rid parasitic worms. The bark of the tamarind tree is used to treat malaria in Uganda and has been made into lotions in the Philippines to treat ulcers and boils.
Woodworking
Tamarind wood is used to make furniture, boats (as per Rumphius) carvings, turned objects such as mortars and pestles, chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like krises. Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and fungi as well as spalting. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.
Metal polish
In homes and temples, especially in Buddhist Asian countries including Myanmar, the fruit pulp is used to polish brass shrine statues and lamps, and copper, brass, and bronze utensils. Tamarind contains tartaric acid, a weak acid that can remove tarnish. Lime, another acidic fruit, is used similarly.
Research
Lupeol, catechins, epicatechin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin are present in the leaf extract. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that tamarind seeds contained catechin, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chloramphenicol, myricetin, morin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol.
Cultivation
Seeds can be scarified or briefly boiled to enhance germination. They retain their germination capability for several months if kept dry.
The tamarind has long been naturalized in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, the Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. Thailand has the largest plantations of the ASEAN nations, followed by Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines. In parts of Southeast Asia, tamarind is called asam. It is cultivated all over India, especially in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Extensive tamarind orchards in India produce 250,000 tonnes (280,000 short tons) annually.
In the United States, it is a large-scale crop introduced for commercial use (second in net production quantity only to India), mainly in southern states, notably south Florida, and as a shade tree, along roadsides, in dooryards and in parks.
A traditional food plant in Africa, tamarind has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare. In Madagascar, its fruit and leaves are a well-known favorite of the ring-tailed lemur, providing as much as 50 percent of their food resources during the year if available.
Horticulture
Throughout South Asia and the tropical world, tamarind trees are used as ornamental, garden, and cash crop plantings. Commonly used as a bonsai species in many Asian countries, it is also grown as an indoor bonsai in temperate parts of the world.
犬に対して
タマリンドは犬にとって有毒である。症状(摂取後6〜12時間以内に嘔吐や下痢、嗜眠、脱水、または急性腎障害など)と提案されているメカニズム(酒石酸を介する)は、ブドウ中毒と同じである。タマリンドは重量ベースでブドウの数倍の酒石酸を含んでいる。
外部リンク
Media related to Tamarindus indica at Wikimedia Commons
- SEA Hand Book-2009: Published by The Solvent Extractors' Association of India
- Tamarindus indica in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thiombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants – A Photo Guide.
![]() | この記事は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ・表示・継承ライセンス3.0のもとで公表されたウィキペディアの項目Tamarind(3 June 2025, at 14:59編集記事参照)を翻訳して二次利用しています。 |