Chinese cuisine/ja: Difference between revisions

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===Other beverages===

Soy milk, [[almond milk]], walnut milk and coconut milk are also drunk during the meal in different regions. In some parts of China, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] and [[jujube]] juice are preferred.  A small shot of fruit vinegar is served as an appetizer in [[Shanxi]].

==Outside China==

[[File:Billyzhajiang1.jpg|thumb|''[[Zhajiangmian|Zhájiàng Miàn]]'' (noodles with bean paste) is a traditional northern Chinese dish. It has spread to South Korea where it is known as ''[[Jajangmyeon]]''.]]

Where there are historical immigrant Chinese populations, the style of food has evolved and been adapted to local tastes and ingredients, and modified by the local cuisine, to greater or lesser extents. This has resulted in a deep Chinese influence on other national cuisines such as [[Cambodian cuisine]], [[Filipino cuisine]], [[Singaporean cuisine]], [[Thai cuisine]] and [[Vietnamese cuisine]].

[[Chinatown]]s across the world have been instrumental in shaping the national cuisines of their respective countries, such as the introduction of a [[Street food of Thailand|street food culture to Thailand]] in [[Chinatown, Bangkok|Bangkok Chinatown]]. There are also a large number of forms of [[fusion cuisine]], often popular in the country in question. Some, such as [[ramen]] ([[Japanese Chinese cuisine]]), which originated in [[Yokohama Chinatown]], have become popular internationally.

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Deep-fried meat combined with [[sweet and sour]] sauce as a cooking style receives an enormous preference outside of China. Therefore, many similar international Chinese cuisines are invented based on sweet and sour sauce, including Sweet and sour chicken (Europe and North America), Manchurian chicken (India) or ''[[tangsuyuk]]'' (South Korea).

[[File:Mango pancake.jpg|thumb|'''Mango pancake''']]

Apart from the host country, the dishes developed in overseas Chinese cuisines are heavily dependent on the cuisines derived from the origin of the Chinese immigrants. In [[Korean Chinese cuisine]], the dishes derive primarily from [[Shandong cuisine]] while [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]] is strongly influenced by [[Fujian cuisine]]. [[American Chinese cuisine]] has distinctive dishes (such as [[chop suey]]) originally based on [[Cantonese cuisine]], which are more popular among non-Chinese Americans than with [[Chinese Americans]] themselves.

* [[American Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Chop suey]], [[crab rangoon]], [[General Tso's chicken]], [[egg foo young]], [[orange chicken]]

* [[Australian Chinese cuisine]]

** Mango pancake, [[dim sim]], XO sauce pipis

* [[British Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Chicken balls]], Jar jow

* [[Chinese people in Myanmar#Cuisine|Burmese Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Kyay oh]], [[Sigyet khauk swè]]

* [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Ginger beef]]

* [[Caribbean Chinese cuisine]]

** Cha chee kai, bangamary ding

* [[Filipino Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Arroz caldo]], [[Batchoy]], [[Pancit]]

* [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Gobi manchurian]], [[Manchow soup]]

* [[Indonesian Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Bakso]], [[Cap cai]], [[Lumpia]], [[Mie ayam]], [[Mie goreng]], [[Swikee]], [[Siomay]], [[Crab in oyster sauce|Kepiting saus tiram]]

* [[Japanese Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Champon]], [[Ramen]], [[Gyoza]], [[Kakuni]], [[Tenshindon]]

* [[Korean Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Jajangmyeon]], [[jjamppong]], [[hotteok]], [[Tangsuyuk]]

* [[Chinese Latin American cuisine]]

** [[Chifa|Peruvian Chinese cuisine]] (Chifa)

*** [[Arroz chaufa]], [[Lomo saltado]]

** [[Puerto Rican Chinese cuisine]]

*** Carne Ahumada

* [[Malaysian Chinese cuisine]]/[[Singaporean cuisine#Chinese-inspired|Singapore Chinese cuisine]]

*** [[Hainanese chicken rice]], [[Bak kut teh]], [[Heong Peng]], [[Yam ring]], [[Kaya toast]] (often seen in [[kopitiam]])

** [[Peranakan cuisine]]

*** [[Laksa]] (include [[Curry mee]]), [[Ayam buah keluak]], [[Pie tee]]

* [[New Zealand Chinese cuisine]]

* [[Pakistani Chinese cuisine]]

** [[Jalfrezi]]

==Dining etiquette==

{{Main|Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining}}

[[File:Song Dynasty silver chopsticks, cup, and spoon.JPG|thumb|Silverware from the Song dynasty (10th–13th centuries): Chopsticks, bowl and spoon]]

Youths should not begin eating before their elders do. When eating from a bowl, one should not hold it with its bottom part, because it resembles the act of begging. [[Chopsticks]] are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut and pick up food. When someone is taking a break from eating at the table, they should not put the chopstick into the rice vertically, because it resembles the Chinese traditional funeral tribute, which involves putting chopsticks inside a bowl of rice vertically. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table. Chopsticks should not be waved around in the air or played with. Food should first be taken from the plate in front. It is considered impolite to stare at a plate. Watching TV, using mobile phones or doing other activities while eating is considered in poor taste. If an older person puts food in a younger person's bowl, the younger person should thank them.

Chinese culture has guidelines in how and when food are eaten. Chinese people typically eat three meals a day, consisting of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Breakfast is served around 6–9am, lunch is served around 12–2pm, and dinner is served around 6–9pm. A late night, fourth meal of the day is known as [[siu yeh]] and served from 9pm-4am, which is similar to the Western concept of [[supper]]. Within the Chinese culture, families do follow different traditions. In some families, the elderly members and youngsters get their meal first, then the mother and father, and then the children and teenagers. Other families have the male and female eat separately at different seating area. Whatever tradition the family decide to follow, it is intended to show respect to members of the family.

== Relation to Chinese philosophy and religion ==

[[File:Mooncake1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mooncake]], eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival]]

Food plays various roles in social and cultural life. In [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]] is conducted by offering food to ancestors and Chinese festivals involve the consumption and preparation of specific foods which have symbolic meanings attached to them. Specific religions in China have their own cuisines such as the [[Taoist diet]], [[Buddhist cuisine]] and [[Chinese Islamic Cuisine]].

The [[Kaifeng Jews]] in [[Henan]] province once had their own Chinese Jewish cuisine but the community has largely died out in the modern era and not much is known about the specifics of their cuisine but they did influence foods eaten in their region and some of their dishes remain. Chinese dishes with purported Kaifeng Jewish roots include Kaifeng xiao long bao, Mayuxing bucket-shaped chicken, Chrysanthemum hot pot, and Four Treasures.

Depending on whether one chooses to have rice or a meal that is made of wheat flour such as bread or noodles as their main source of food, people within a similar culture or of a different background can make an assumption of the other's country of origin from the south or north of China. Different foods have different symbolic meanings. [[Mooncake]]s and [[dumpling]]s are symbolic of the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Mid-autumn festival]] and the Spring Festival, respectively. [[Pear]] symbolizes bad luck due to its similarity in pronunciation of 'away' in the native language and noodle means living a long life for its length.