Turmeric/ja: Difference between revisions

'''ターメリック'''（{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɜːr|m|ər|ɪ|k|,_|ˈ|tj|uː|-}}、学名：'''''Curcuma longa'''''（{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɜːr|k|j|ʊ|m|ə|_|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}））は、[[ginger/ja|ショウガ]]科[[Zingiberaceae/ja|ショウガ(Zingiberaceae)科]]の[[flowering plant/ja|顕花植物]]である。[[:en:Indian subcontinent|インド亜大陸]]および[[:en:Southeast Asia|東南アジア]]原産の[[perennial/ja|多年生]]の[[rhizomatous/ja|根茎性]][[herbaceous plant/ja|草本植物]]で、生育には{{cvt|20|から|30|C}}の気温と高い[[:en:Annual rainfall in india|年間降水量]]を必要とします。毎年[[rhizome/ja|根茎]]を収穫し、一部は翌シーズンの繁殖用、一部は食用または[[:en:dye|染色]]用に用いられる。

==Phytochemistry==

[[File:curcuminKeto.svg|right|frame|Curcumin [[Ketone|keto]] form]]

[[File:curcumin.svg|right|frame|Curcumin [[enol]] form]]

Turmeric powder is about 60–70% [[carbohydrates]], 6–13% water, 6–8% [[protein]], 5–10% [[fat]], 3–7% [[dietary minerals]], 3–7% [[essential oil]]s, 2–7% [[dietary fiber]], and 1–6% [[curcuminoid]]s. The golden yellow color of turmeric is due to curcumin.

[[Phytochemistry|Phytochemical]] components of turmeric include [[diarylheptanoid]]s, a class including numerous curcuminoids, such as [[curcumin]], [[demethoxycurcumin]], and [[bisdemethoxycurcumin]]. Curcumin constitutes up to 3.14% of assayed commercial samples of turmeric powder (the average was 1.51%); curry powder contains much less (an average of 0.29%). Some 34 essential oils are present in turmeric, among which [[turmerone]], [[germacrone]], atlantone, and [[zingiberene]] are major constituents.

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==Uses==

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===Culinary===

Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes, imparting a mustard-like, earthy aroma and pungent, slightly bitter flavor to foods. It is used mostly in savory dishes, but also is used in some sweet dishes, such as the Lebanese cake ''[[sfouf]]''. In India, turmeric leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, ''[[patoleo]]'', by layering rice flour and [[coconut]]-[[jaggery]] mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special utensil (''chondrõ''). Most turmeric is used in the form of [[rhizome]] powder to impart a golden yellow color. It is used in many products such as canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn, cereals and sauces. It is a principal ingredient in curry powders. Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric also is used fresh, like ginger.

Turmeric is used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Various [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]] ''[[khoresh]]'' recipes begin with onions [[Caramelization|caramelized]] in oil and turmeric. The [[Moroccan cuisine|Moroccan]] spice mix [[ras el hanout]] typically includes turmeric. In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden color, known as ''geelrys'' (yellow rice) traditionally served with [[bobotie]]. In [[Vietnamese cuisine]], turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as ''[[bánh xèo]]'', ''bánh khọt'', and ''[[mì Quảng]]''. The staple [[Cambodian cuisine|Cambodian]] curry paste, ''[[kroeung]]'', used in many dishes, including [[fish amok]], typically contains fresh turmeric. In [[Indonesia]], turmeric leaves are used for [[Minangkabau people|Minang]] or [[Padang cuisine|Padang]] curry base of [[Sumatra]], such as ''[[rendang]]'', ''[[sate padang]]'', and many other varieties. In the [[Philippines]], turmeric is used in the preparation and cooking of ''[[kuning]]'', [[Satay|''satti'']], and some variants of [[Philippine adobo|''adobo'']]. In [[Thailand]], fresh turmeric rhizomes are used widely in many dishes, in particular in the southern [[Thai cuisine]], such as yellow curry and turmeric soup. Turmeric is used in a hot drink called "turmeric [[latte]]" or "golden milk" that is made with milk, frequently [[coconut milk]]. The turmeric milk drink known as ''haldī dūdh'' (''haldī'' [{{lang|hi|हलदी}}] means turmeric in [[Hindi]]) is a traditional Indian recipe. Sold in the US and UK, the drink known as "golden milk" uses nondairy milk and sweetener, and sometimes black pepper after the traditional recipe (which may also use ghee).

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Turmeric is approved for use as a [[food color]], assigned the code [[E number|E100]]. The [[oleoresin]] is used for oil-containing products.

In combination with [[annatto]] (E160b), turmeric has been used to color numerous food products. Turmeric is used to give a yellow color to some prepared [[Mustard (condiment)|mustards]], canned chicken [[broth]]s, and other foods{{mdash}}often as a much cheaper replacement for [[saffron]].

  |Cleaning turmeric [[rhizome]]s with boiling water

  |Drying turmeric rhizomes

  |Turmeric powder

  |Cooked vegetables with turmeric as one of its key ingredients, referred to as ''Sabzi'', a dish from India

  |''Ganghwang-[[bap (food)|bap]]'' (turmeric rice)

  |''[[Patoleo]]'' – sweet [[rice cake]]s steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and coconut palm sugar prepared in [[Goan Catholic]] style

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===Traditional uses===

[[File:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg|thumb|[[Khandoba]]'s newer temple in [[Jejuri]], where devotees shower turmeric powder (''bhandara'') on each other]]

In 2019, the [[European Medicines Agency]] concluded that turmeric herbal teas, or other forms taken by mouth, on the basis of their long-standing traditional use, could be used to relieve mild digestive problems, such as feelings of fullness and [[flatulence]].

Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia, where it is collected for use in classical Indian medicine (Siddha or Ayurveda). In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of {{Transliteration|sa|nabapatrika}} along with young [[plantain (cooking)|plantain]] or banana plant, [[taro]] leaves, [[barley]] ({{Transliteration|sa|jayanti}}), [[Aegle marmelos|wood apple]] ({{Transliteration|sa|bilva}}), [[pomegranate]] ({{Transliteration|sa|darimba}}), ''[[Saraca indica]]'', {{Transliteration|sa|manaka}} (''[[Arum]]''), or {{Transliteration|sa|manakochu}}, and rice paddy. The Haldi ceremony called {{Transliteration|bn|[[gaye holud]]}} in Bengal (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed during wedding celebrations of people of Indian culture all throughout the Indian subcontinent.

In [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], as a part of the Tamil–Telugu marriage ritual, a dried turmeric tuber tied with a string is used to create a [[Thali necklace]]. In western and coastal India, during weddings of the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people]], [[Kannada people|Kannada]] [[Brahmins]], turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony, ''Kankana Bandhana''. In many Hindu communities, turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom as part of pre-wedding festivities known as the haldi ceremony.

Turmeric makes a poor fabric [[dye]], as it is not [[Colour fastness|light fast]], but is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as [[sari]]s and [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]]. During the late [[Edo period]] (1603–1867), turmeric was used to dilute or substitute more expensive [[safflower]] dyestuff in the production of {{Transliteration|ja|[[shibori#Beni itajime|beni itajime shibori]]}}. [[Friedrich Ratzel]] reported in ''The History of Mankind'' during 1896, that in Micronesia, turmeric powder was applied for embellishment of body, clothing, utensils, and ceremonial uses. [[Native Hawaiians]] who introduced it to [[Hawaii]] ({{langx|haw|{{okina}}ōlena}}) make a bright yellow dye out of it.

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===Indicator===

[[File:TurmericAcidBase.jpg|thumb|Turmeric dispersed in water is yellow under acid and red under alkaline conditions]]

Turmeric paper, also called curcuma paper or in German literature, ''Curcumapapier'', is paper steeped in a [[tincture]] of turmeric and allowed to dry. It is used in [[chemical analysis]] as an [[pH indicator|indicator]] for [[acidity]] and [[alkalinity]]. The paper is yellow in acidic and [[neutral solution]]s and turns brown to reddish-brown in alkaline solutions, with transition between pH of 7.4 and 9.2.

==Adulteration==

As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with a similar color to be added, such as [[lead(II,IV) oxide]] ("red lead"). These additives give turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow, and such conditions led the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to issue import alerts from 2013 to 2019 on turmeric originating in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Imported into the United States in 2014 were approximately {{convert|12|e6lb|e6kg|abbr=off|order=flip}} of turmeric, some of which was used for [[food coloring]], [[traditional medicine]], or [[dietary supplement]]. Lead detection in turmeric products led to [[product recall|recalls]] across the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and the United Kingdom through 2016.

[[Lead chromate]], a bright yellow chemical compound, was found as an adulterant of turmeric in Bangladesh, where turmeric is used commonly in foods and the contamination levels were up to 500 times higher than the national limit. Researchers identified a chain of sources adulterating the turmeric with lead chromate: from farmers to merchants selling low-grade turmeric roots to "polishers" who added lead chromate for yellow color enhancement, to [[wholesale]]rs for market distribution, all unaware of the potential consequences of lead toxicity.

Another common adulterant in turmeric, [[metanil yellow]] (also known as acid yellow 36), is considered by the [[Great Britain|British]] [[Food Standards Agency]] as an illegal [[dye]] for use in foods.

==Medical research==

{{see also|Curcumin|label 1=Curcumin}}

Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in numerous [[clinical trial]]s for various human diseases and conditions, with no high-quality evidence of any anti-disease effect or health benefit. There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces [[inflammation]], {{as of | 2020| lc=yes}}. There is weak evidence that turmeric extracts may be beneficial for relieving symptoms of knee [[osteoarthritis]], as well as for reducing pain and muscle damage following physical exercise. There is good evidence that turmeric is an allergen.

Although turmeric is of low [[bioavailability]], some supplements boost potency via a variety of preparation techniques. Turmeric supplements are hepatotoxic and have caused a recorded rise in incidence of [[herb-induced liver injury]]. In Italy, the government has banned any claims of turmeric health benefits and mandated warning for turmeric-based supplements.