Nutrient/ja: Difference between revisions

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=== Conditionally essential ===

Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include [[Preterm birth|premature birth]], limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states. [[Inositol]], [[taurine]], [[arginine]], [[glutamine]] and [[nucleotides]] are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.

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=== Non-essential ===

Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health. Insoluble [[dietary fiber]] is not absorbed in the human digestive tract, but is important in maintaining the bulk of a [[bowel movement]] to avoid [[constipation]]. [[Soluble fiber]] can be metabolized by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a [[Prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]] function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria. Bacterial metabolism of soluble fiber also produces [[short-chain fatty acid]]s like [[butyric acid]], which may be absorbed into intestinal cells as a source of [[food energy]].

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===Non-nutrients===

[[Ethanol]] (C₂H₅OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately {{convert|7|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=off}} of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.) a standard serving in the United States is {{convert|1+1/2|USfloz|ml|order=flip|abbr=off}}, which at 40%{{nbsp}}ethanol (80{{nbsp}}proof) would be 14 grams and {{convert|98|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}. At 50%{{nbsp}}alcohol, 17.5&nbsp;g and {{convert|122.5|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of {{convert|5|and|12|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}}, respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A {{convert|5|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}} serving of wine contains {{convert|100|to|130|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}. A {{convert|12|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}} serving of beer contains {{convert|95|to|200|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on [[NHANES]] 2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8{{nbsp}}grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are {{convert|48|and|108|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}, respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered [[empty calorie]] foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients.

By definition, [[phytochemical]]s include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional constituents are [[provitamin]] A [[carotenoid]]s, whereas those without nutrient status are diverse [[polyphenol]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[resveratrol]], and [[lignan]]s – often claimed to have [[antioxidant]] effects – that are present in numerous plant foods. A number of phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health. However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties ''[[in vivo]]'' is that they must first be defined with a [[Dietary Reference Intake]] level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to be antioxidant nutrients.

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==Deficiencies and toxicity==

''See [[Vitamin]], [[Mineral (nutrient)]], [[Protein (nutrient)]]''

In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the [[World Health Organization]] and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".

In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for [[vitamin C]], recommended intakes range from 40&nbsp;mg/day in India to 155&nbsp;mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish [[tolerable upper intake levels]], also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date from 1997 to 2004.

! rowspan="2"|Nutrient !! rowspan="2"|U.S. EAR !! rowspan="2"|Highest U.S.<br>RDA or AI !! rowspan="2"|Highest EU<br>PRI or AI!! colspan="3"|Upper limit !! rowspan="2"|Unit

| [[Vitamin A]] || 625 || 900 || 1300 || 3000 || 3000 || 2700 || µg

| [[Vitamin C]] || 75 || 90 || 155 || 2000 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Vitamin D]] || 10 || 15 || 15 || 100 || 100 || 100 || µg

| [[Vitamin K]] || NE || 120 || 70 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Tocopherol|α-tocopherol]] (Vit E) || 12 || 15 || 13 || 1000 || 300 || 650-900 || mg

| [[Thiamin]] (Vit B₁) || 1.0 || 1.2 || 0.1&nbsp;mg/MJ || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Riboflavin]] (Vit B₂) || 1.1 || 1.3 || 2.0 || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Niacin (nutrient)|Niacin]]* (Vit B₃) || 12 || 16 || 1.6&nbsp;mg/MJ || 35 || 10 || 60-85 || mg

| [[Pantothenic acid]] (Vit B₅) || NE || 5 || 7 || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B₆]] || 1.1 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 100 || 25 || 40-60 || mg

| [[Biotin]] (Vit B₇) || NE || 30 || 45 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Folate]] (Vit B₉) || 320 || 400 || 600 || 1000 || 1000 || 900-1000 || µg

| [[Cobalamin]] (Vit B₁₂) || 2.0 || 2.4 || 5.0 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Choline]] || NE || 550 || 520 || 3500 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Calcium]] || 800 || 1000 || 1000 || 2500 || 2500 || 2500 || mg

| [[Chloride]] || NE || 2300 || NE || 3600 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Chromium]] || NE || 35 || NE || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Copper]] || 700 || 900 || 1600 || 10000 || 5000 || 10000 || µg

| [[Fluoride]] || NE || 4 || 3.4 || 10 || 7 || ____ || mg

| [[Iodine]] || 95 || 150 || 200 || 1100 || 600 || 3000 || µg

| [[Iron]] || 6 || 18 <small>(females)</small><br>8<small> (males)</small> || 16 <small>(females)</small><br>11<small> (males)</small> || 45 || ND || 40-45 || mg

| [[Magnesium]]* || 350 ||  420 || 350 || 350 || 250 || 350 || mg

| [[Manganese]] || NE || 2.3 || 3.0 || 11 || ND || 11 || mg

| [[Molybdenum]] || 34 || 45 || 65 || 2000 || 600 || 450-550 || µg

| [[Phosphorus]] || 580 || 700 || 640 || 4000 || ND || 3000 || mg

| [[Potassium]] || NE || 4700 || 4000 || ND || ND || 2700-3000 || mg

| [[Selenium]] || 45 || 55 || 70 || 400 || 300 || 330-460 || µg

| [[Sodium]] || NE || 1500 || NE || 2300 || ND || 3000-3600 || mg

| [[Zinc]] || 9.4 || 11 || 16.3 || 40 || 25 || 35-45 || mg

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source.

'''EAR''' U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.

'''RDA''' U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.

'''AI''' U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.

'''PRI''' Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed.

'''Upper Limit''' Tolerable upper intake levels.

'''ND''' ULs have not been determined.

'''NE''' EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).

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==Plant==

{{Main|Plant nutrition|Fertilizer}}

Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and soil in the form of [[carbon dioxide]] and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients; iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]], and [[sulfur]] are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, the "Big Six" are the elemental '''macronutrients''' for all [[biological life|organisms]].

They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example, [[carbon dioxide]], [[water]], [[nitrate]]s, [[phosphate]]s, [[sulfate]]s, and [[diatomic molecule]]s of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic matter ([[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[protein]]s).