Portuguese cuisine/ja: Difference between revisions

[[:en:House of Aviz|アヴィス朝]]と[[:en:Jerónimos Monastery|ジェロニモス修道院]]がそれに続き、修道院は最終的に[[:en:Hieronymite|ヒエロニムス]]修道士によって占有されました。1820年の自由主義革命後、すべての修道会が閉鎖される事態となりました。''パステル・デ・ベレン''は、そこで職を失った人々によって、ジェロニモス修道院のすぐ外で初めて商業化されました。修道院に隣接するオリジナルの菓子店は、今日でも営業しています。このペストリーは現在、世界中で見られ、英国では元の名前、または''Portuguese custard tart''としても知られています。2011年、ポルトガル国民は70以上の国民料理のリストに投票し、最終的にパステル・デ・ナタをポルトガル美食の七不思議の1つとしました。

Rabanadas, Christmas cakes (2135990222).jpg|Rabanadas and filhós, typical Christmas dessert

Crème brûlée à la vanille.jpg|''Leite-creme'' (Portuguese [[Crème brûlée]])

ArrozDoce.jpg|Arroz Doce ([[Rice pudding]])

Bola de Berlim 1 by wax115.jpg|Bola de Berlim (a type of [[Berliner (doughnut)|Berliner]])

Salame de chocolate - Chocolat Salami.jpg|Salame de Chocolate ([[Chocolate salami]])

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==Influences on world cuisine==

[[File:Vindalho.jpg|thumb|right|Goan pork ''[[Vindaloo|vindalho]]'' served alongside other Portuguese-Goan dishes]]

[[File:Castella,made in nagasaki-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''Pão de Castela'' (''[[Kasutera]]''), a specialty of [[Nagasaki]], Japan]]

Portugal formerly had [[Portuguese Empire|a large empire]] and the cuisine has been influenced in both directions. Other Portuguese influences reside in the Chinese territory of [[Macau]] ([[Macanese cuisine]]) and territories who were part of the [[Portuguese India]], such as [[Goa]] or [[Kerala]], where ''[[Vindaloo|vindalho]]'' (a spicy [[curry]]), shows the pairing of vinegar, chilli pepper and garlic.

The Persian orange, grown widely in [[southern Europe]] since the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges were brought from [[India]] to Europe in the 15th century by Portuguese traders. Some Southeast Indo-European languages name the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] after Portugal, which was formerly its main source of imports.

Examples are [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ''portokall'', [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ''portokal'' [портокал], [[Modern Greek|Greek]] ''portokali'' [πορτοκάλι], [[Persian language|Persian]] ''porteghal'' [پرتقال], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ''portocală''. In [[Regional Italian|South Italian dialects]] ([[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]), the orange is named ''portogallo'' or ''purtualle'', literally "the Portuguese ones". Related names can also be found in other languages: [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Portakal'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''al-burtuqal'' [البرتقال], [[Amharic]] ''birtukan'’ [ብርቱካን], and [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ''phortokhali'' [ფორთოხალი].

The Portuguese imported spices, such as cinnamon (''[[Cinnamomum verum]]'') now liberally used in its traditional desserts and savoury dishes, from Asia.

The Portuguese ''"[[Canja de galinha|canja]]"'', [[chicken soup]] made with pasta or rice, is a popular food therapy for the sick, which shares similarities with the Asian ''[[congee]]'', used in the same way, indicating it may have come from the East.

In 1543, Portuguese trade ships reached [[Japan]] and introduced refined sugar, valued there as a luxury good.

[[Daimyō|Japanese lords]] enjoyed Portuguese confectionery so much it was remodelled in the now traditional Japanese ''[[konpeitō]]'' (candy), ''[[kasutera]]'' ([[sponge cake]]), and ''[[Fios de ovos|keiran somen]]'' (the Japanese version of Portuguese "[[fios de ovos]]", also popular in [[Thai cuisine]] under the name of "kanom foy tong"), creating the ''Nanban-gashi'', or "New-Style [[Wagashi]]". During this [[Nanban trade]] period, ''[[tempura]]'' (resembling Portuguese ''[[peixinhos da horta]]'') was introduced to Japan by early Portuguese missionaries.

[[File:Catarina de Bragança - Peter Lely 1665.jpg|thumb|right|[[Catherine of Braganza]] was responsible for the introduction of [[tea]] to the English court]]

[[Tea]] was made fashionable in England in the 1660s after the marriage of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] to the Portuguese princess [[Catherine of Braganza]] (''Catarina De Bragança''), who brought her liking for tea, originally from the colony of [[Macanese cuisine|Macau]], to the court. When Catherine relocated up north to join King Charles, she is said to have packed loose-leaf tea as part of her personal belongings; it would also have likely been part of her dowry.

Queen Catherine also introduced [[marmalade]] to the English and made the habit of eating with a fork a part of the court's table etiquette.

All over the world, Portuguese immigrants influenced the cuisine of their new "homelands", such as [[Cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaii]] and parts of [[Cuisine of New England|New England]]. ''Pão doce'' ([[Portuguese sweet bread]]), ''[[malassada]]s'', ''sopa de feijão'' (bean soup), and Portuguese sausages (such as ''[[linguiça]]'' and ''[[chouriço]]'') are eaten regularly in the Hawaiian islands by families of all ethnicities. Similarly, the "[[papo-seco]]" is a Portuguese bread roll with an open texture, which has become a staple of cafés in [[Jersey]], where there is a substantial Portuguese community.

In [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], variants of "Portuguese-style" chicken, sold principally in [[fast food]] outlets, have become extremely popular in the last two decades. Offerings include conventional chicken dishes and a variety of chicken and beef burgers. In some cases, such as "Portuguese chicken sandwiches", the dishes offered bear only a loose connection to Portuguese cuisine, usually only the use of "piri-piri sauce" (a Portuguese sauce made with ''[[piri piri]]'').

The Portuguese had a major influence on [[African cuisine]] and vice versa. They are responsible for introducing [[Maize|corn]] in the African continent. In turn, the [[South Africa]]n restaurant chain [[Nando's]], among others, have helped diffusing Portuguese cuisine worldwide, in Asia for example, where the [[Cuisine of East Timor|East Timorese cuisine]] also received influence.

[[File:Funchal D Oliveiras inside 2016 3.jpg|thumb|right|The indoors of a wine house in [[Funchal]], Madeira, dedicated to the production and selling of Madeira wine]]

In the 18th century [[Madeira wine]] became extremely popular in [[British America]]. Barrel-aged Madeira especially was a luxury product consumed by wealthy European colonists. The price continued to rise from £5 at the start of the 18th century to £43 by the early 19th century. It was even served as a toast during the [[First Continental Congress]] in 1775.

Madeira was an important wine in the history of the United States of America. No wine-quality grapes could be grown among the 13 colonies, so imports were needed, with a great focus on Madeira. One of the major events on the road to revolution in which Madeira played a key role was the seizure of [[John Hancock]]'s sloop the ''[[HMS Liberty (1768)|Liberty]]'' on 9 May 1768 by British customs officials. Hancock's boat was seized after he had unloaded a cargo of 25 casks (3,150 gallons) of Madeira wine, and a dispute arose over import duties. The seizure of the ''Liberty'' caused riots to erupt among the people of [[Boston]].

Madeira wine was a favorite of Thomas Jefferson after [[George Wythe]] introduced him to it. It was used to toast The Declaration of Independence and [[George Washington]], [[Betsy Ross]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], and [[John Adams]] are also said to have appreciated the qualities of Madeira. The wine was mentioned in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography. On one occasion, Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail, of the great quantities of Madeira he consumed while a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress. A bottle of Madeira was used by visiting Captain James Server to christen the USS ''Constitution'' in 1797. Chief Justice John Marshall was also known to appreciate Madeira, as did his fellow justices on the early U.S. Supreme Court.