Nutrient/ja: Difference between revisions

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大栄養素はエネルギーを供給する：

~~Macronutrients provide energy:~~

* [[~~Carbohydrate~~]]~~s are compounds made up of types of~~ [[sugar]]~~. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units:~~ [[monosaccharide]]~~s (such as~~ [[~~glucose~~]] ~~and~~ [[fructose]]), [[disaccharide]]~~s (such as~~ [[sucrose]] ~~and~~ [[lactose]]), [[oligosaccharide]]~~s, and~~ [[polysaccharide]]~~s (such as~~ [[starch]], [[glycogen]]~~, and~~ [[cellulose]]).

* [[~~Protein~~]]~~s are~~ [[~~organic compound~~]]~~s that consist of~~ [[~~amino acid~~]]~~s joined by~~ [[~~peptide bond~~]]~~s. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed~~ [[essential amino acid]]~~s), the diet must supply them. Through digestion,~~ [[~~protein~~]]~~s are~~ [[protein catabolism|~~broken down]] by [[protease~~]]~~s back into free amino acids.~~

* [[~~Fat~~]]~~s consist of a~~ [[glycerin]] ~~molecule with three~~ [[fatty acid]]~~s attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched~~ [[hydrocarbon]] ~~chains connected by single bonds alone (~~[[Saturated fat|~~saturated fatty acids~~]]~~) or by both double and single bonds (~~[[Unsaturated fat|~~unsaturated fatty acids~~]]~~). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of~~ [[cell membrane]]~~s, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed~~ [[essential fatty acid]]~~s), they must be obtained through one's diet.~~

* [[Alcoholic drink/ja||エタノール]]は必須栄養素ではないが、カロリーはある。[[:en:United States Department of Agriculture|米国農務省]]は、食品エネルギーの計算にアルコール1グラムあたり{{convert|6.93|kcal|lk=in|}}（[[:en:millilitre|ml]]あたり{{convert|5.47|kcal|disp=or|abbr=on}}）という数値を使っている。[[distilled spirit/ja|蒸留酒]]の場合、アメリカでの標準的な一杯は{{cvt|1.5|USoz|order=flip}}であり、40%エタノール（80[[Alcohol proof/ja|プルーフ]]）では14グラム、98カロリーとなる。

* [[Alcoholic drink|~~Ethanol~~]] ~~is not an essential nutrient, but it does provide calories.The~~ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ~~uses a figure of~~ {{convert|6.93|kcal|lk=in|}} ~~per gram of alcohol (~~{{convert|5.47|kcal|disp=or|abbr=on}} ~~per [[millilitre|ml]]) for calculating food energy. For~~ [[distilled spirit]]~~s, a standard serving in the U.S. is~~ {{cvt|1.5|USoz|order=flip}}~~, which at 40~~% ~~ethanol (80~~ [[Alcohol proof|~~proof~~]]~~) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.~~

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 * [[Calcium/ja|カルシウム]]イオン、[[sodium/ja|ナトリウム]]イオン、[[potassium/ja|カリウム]]イオン、[[magnesium/ja|マグネシウム]]イオン、[[chloride/ja|塩化物]]イオンは、リンや硫黄とともに、[[micronutrient/ja|微量栄養素]]、すなわちビタミンやその他のミネラルと比較して大量に必要とされるため、[[list of macronutrients/ja|大栄養素]]と共に記載されている。
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+大栄養素はエネルギーを供給する：
-Macronutrients provide energy:
+* [[carbohydrate/ja|炭水化物]]は一種の[[sugar/ja|糖]]からなる化合物である。炭水化物は糖単位の数によって分類される： [[monosaccharide/ja|単糖類]]（[[glucoase/ja|グルコース]]や[[fructose/ja|フルクトース]]など）、[[disaccharide/ja|二糖類]]（[[sucrose/ja|スクロース]]や[[lactose/ja|ラクトース]]など）、[[oligosaccharide/ja|オリゴ糖]]、[[polysaccharide/ja|多糖類]]（[[starch/ja|デンプン]]、[[glycogen/ja|グリコーゲン]]、[[cellulose/ja|セルロース]]など）である。
-* [[Carbohydrate]]s are compounds made up of types of [[sugar]]. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units: [[monosaccharide]]s (such as [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]), [[disaccharide]]s (such as [[sucrose]] and [[lactose]]), [[oligosaccharide]]s, and [[polysaccharide]]s (such as [[starch]], [[glycogen]], and [[cellulose]]).
+* [[protein/ja|タンパク質]]は、[[amino acid/ja|アミノ酸]]が[[peptide bond/ja|ペプチド結合]]で結合した[[organic compound/ja|有機化合物]]である。アミノ酸の一部（[[必須アミノ酸]]と呼ばれる）は体内で作ることができないため、食事から補給する必要がある。消化によって[[essential amino acid/ja|タンパク質]]は[[protease/ja|プロテアーゼ]]によって[[protein catabolism/ja|分解]]され、遊離アミノ酸に戻る。
-* [[Protein]]s are [[organic compound]]s that consist of [[amino acid]]s joined by [[peptide bond]]s. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed [[essential amino acid]]s), the diet must supply them. Through digestion, [[protein]]s are [[protein catabolism|broken down]] by [[protease]]s back into free amino acids.
+* [[fat/ja|脂肪]]は[[glycerin/ja|グリセリン]]分子に3つの[[fatty acid/ja|脂肪酸]]が結合したものである。脂肪酸分子は分岐していない[[hydrocarbon/ja|炭化水素]]鎖に-COOH基が単結合のみ（[[Saturated fat/ja|飽和脂肪酸]]）または二重結合と単結合の両方（[[Unsaturated fat/ja|不飽和脂肪酸]]）で結合している。脂肪は[[cell membrane/ja|細胞膜]]の構築と維持、安定した体温の維持、皮膚と毛髪の健康維持に必要である。特定の脂肪酸（[[essential fatty acid/ja|必須脂肪酸]]と呼ばれる）は体内で製造されないため、食事から摂取する必要がある。
-* [[Fat]]s consist of a [[glycerin]] molecule with three [[fatty acid]]s attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched [[hydrocarbon]] chains connected by single bonds alone ([[Saturated fat|saturated fatty acids]]) or by both double and single bonds ([[Unsaturated fat|unsaturated fatty acids]]). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of [[cell membrane]]s, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed [[essential fatty acid]]s), they must be obtained through one's diet.
+* [[Alcoholic drink/ja||エタノール]]は必須栄養素ではないが、カロリーはある。[[:en:United States Department of Agriculture|米国農務省]]は、食品エネルギーの計算にアルコール1グラムあたり{{convert|6.93|kcal|lk=in|}}（[[:en:millilitre|ml]]あたり{{convert|5.47|kcal|disp=or|abbr=on}}）という数値を使っている。[[distilled spirit/ja|蒸留酒]]の場合、アメリカでの標準的な一杯は{{cvt|1.5|USoz|order=flip}}であり、40%エタノール（80[[Alcohol proof/ja|プルーフ]]）では14グラム、98カロリーとなる。
-* [[Alcoholic drink|Ethanol]] is not an essential nutrient, but it does provide calories.The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] uses a figure of {{convert|6.93|kcal|lk=in|}} per gram of alcohol ({{convert|5.47|kcal|disp=or|abbr=on}} per [[millilitre|ml]]) for calculating food energy. For [[distilled spirit]]s, a standard serving in the U.S. is {{cvt|1.5|USoz|order=flip}}, which at 40% ethanol (80 [[Alcohol proof|proof]]) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.
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