Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine
Clinical data
Other names	vitamin B6, pyridoxol pyridoxine hydrochloride
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	US DailyMed: Pyridoxine
Pregnancy category	AU: Exempt
Routes of administration	By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous
ATC code	A11HA02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	UK: P (Pharmacy medicines) US: OTC / Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life	several weeks (see #Metabolism for details)
Identifiers
IUPAC name 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
CAS Number	65-23-6
PubChem CID	1054
DrugBank	DB00165
ChemSpider	1025
UNII	KV2JZ1BI6Z
KEGG	D08454
ChEBI	CHEBI:16709
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1364
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C8H11NO3
Molar mass	169.180 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Melting point	159 to 162 °C (318 to 324 °F)
SMILES OCc1cnc(C)c(O)c1CO
InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 Y Key:LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Pyridoxine, is a form of vitamin B₆ found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning. It is used by mouth or by injection.

It is usually well tolerated. Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins. It is required by the body to metabolise amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.

Medical uses

As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects of isoniazid treatment and certain types of mushroom poisoning. Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Common side effect include numbness in the hands and feet. Co-treatment with vitamin B₆ alleviates the numbness. Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare infant epilepsy that does not improve with typical anti-seizure medications.

Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women.

Side effects

It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible. Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness. Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration. Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1–21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Mechanism

Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins. It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain. It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.

Metabolism

The half-life of pyridoxine varies according to different sources: one source suggests that the half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days, while another source indicates half-life of vitamin B₆ is in range of 25 to 33 days. After considering the different sources, it can be concluded that the half-life of pyridoxine is typically measured in several weeks.

History

Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product. Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.

External links

• Media related to Pyridoxine at Wikimedia Commons
• "Pyridoxine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• Pyridoxine mass spectrum