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| さらに『[[:en:materia medica|本草]]''[[:en:Bencao Gangmu|綱目]]』には、骨、爪、毛、フケ、耳垢、歯の不純物、糞、尿、汗、臓器など、[[:en:traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body/ja|人体に由来]]する35種類の伝統的な漢方薬の使用が記されているが、そのほとんどはすでに使用されていない。 | | さらに『[[:en:materia medica|本草]]''[[:en:Bencao Gangmu|綱目]]』には、骨、爪、毛、フケ、耳垢、歯の不純物、糞、尿、汗、臓器など、[[:en:traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body/ja|人体に由来]]する35種類の伝統的な漢方薬の使用が記されているが、そのほとんどはすでに使用されていない。 |
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| | ==調整法== |
| ==Preparation==
| | {{Anchor|Preparation}} |
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| | ===煎じ薬=== |
| ===Decoction===
| | 一般的に、一回分の薬草は約9～18種類の物質の[[decoction/ja|煎じ薬]]として調製される。その中には主薬となるものもあれば、副薬となるものもある。副薬の中でも、最大で3つのカテゴリーに分けることができる。いくつかの成分は、主成分の毒性や副作用を打ち消すために加えられる。その上、薬によっては[[catalysts/ja|触媒]]として他の物質の使用を必要とする。 |
| Typically, one batch of medicinals is prepared as a [[decoction]] of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary herbs; within the ancillary herbs, up to three categories can be distinguished. Some ingredients are added in order to cancel out toxicity or side-effects of the main ingredients; on top of that, some medicinals require the use of other substances as [[catalysts]].
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| | ===中国特許薬=== |
| ===Chinese patent medicine===
| | {{main/ja|Chinese patent medicine/ja}} |
| {{main|Chinese patent medicine}} | | '''中国特許薬'''(中成药；中成藥；zhōngchéng yào)は、[[traditional Chinese medicine/ja|伝統的な漢方薬]]の一種である。標準化された[[Herbalism/ja|ハーブ]]処方である。古来、丸薬は数種類の薬草やその他の成分を組み合わせて作られ、それらを乾燥させて粉にしたものであった。その後、結合剤と混ぜ合わせ、手作業で丸薬にした。[[Binder (material)/ja|結合剤]]は伝統的に蜂蜜だった。しかし、現代のティーピルは、ステンレス製の抽出器で抽出され、使用するハーブによって水煎じか水-アルコール煎じになる。必要な成分を保つため、低温（摂氏100度以下）で抽出される。抽出された液体はさらに濃縮され、ハーブの原料の1つである生のハーブパウダーが混合され、ハーブの生地が形成される。この生地を機械で細かく裁断し、滑らかで安定した外観にするために少量の賦形剤を加え、紡いで錠剤にする。 |
| '''Chinese patent medicine''' ({{zh|t=中成藥|s=中成药|p=zhōngchéng yào|labels=no}}) is a kind of [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. They are standardized [[Herbalism|herbal]] formulas. From ancient times, pills were formed by combining several herbs and other ingredients, which were dried and ground into a powder. They were then mixed with a binder and formed into pills by hand. The [[Binder (material)|binder]] was traditionally honey. Modern teapills, however, are extracted in stainless steel extractors to create either a water decoction or water-alcohol decoction, depending on the herbs used. They are extracted at a low temperature (below 100 degrees Celsius) to preserve essential ingredients. The extracted liquid is then further condensed, and some raw herb powder from one of the herbal ingredients is mixed in to form an herbal dough. This dough is then machine cut into tiny pieces, a small amount of excipients are added for a smooth and consistent exterior, and they are spun into pills. | |
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| | これらの医薬品は、伝統的な意味での[[:ja:特許|特許]]は取得していない。処方の独占権は誰にもない。その代わり、「特許」は処方の[[:ja:標準化|標準化]]を意味する。中国では、同じ名前の中国特許薬はすべて同じ成分比率で、法律で定められた中国薬局方に従って製造される。しかし、欧米諸国では、同じ名称の特許医薬品の成分比率にばらつきがあったり、まったく異なる成分であったりすることもある。 |
| These medicines are not [[patent]]ed in the traditional sense of the word. No one has [[exclusive right]]s to the formula. Instead, "patent" refers to the [[standardization]] of the formula. In China, all Chinese patent medicines of the same name will have the same proportions of ingredients, and manufactured in accordance with the PRC Pharmacopoeia, which is mandated by law. However, in western countries there may be variations in the proportions of ingredients in patent medicines of the same name, and even different ingredients altogether.
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| | いくつかの漢方薬の製造業者は、米国や欧州の市場で自社製品を薬物として販売するため、FDAの臨床試験を進めている。 |
| Several producers of Chinese herbal medicines are pursuing FDA clinical trials to market their products as drugs in U.S. and European markets.
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| | ===漢方エキス=== |
| ===Chinese herbal extracts===
| | 漢方エキスは、薬草の煎じ薬を粒状または粉末状に凝縮したものである。漢方エキスは特許薬と同様、患者にとって服用しやすく便利である。業界の抽出基準は5:1であり、これは原料5ポンドに対して1ポンドの漢方エキスが得られることを意味する。 |
| Chinese herbal extracts are herbal decoctions that have been condensed into a granular or powdered form. Herbal extracts, similar to patent medicines, are easier and more convenient for patients to take. The industry extraction standard is 5:1, meaning for every five pounds of raw materials, one pound of herbal extract is derived.
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| | ==分類== |
| ==Categorization==
| | {{Anchor|Categorization}} |
| There are several different methods to classify traditional Chinese medicinals:
| | 伝統的な漢方薬を分類する方法はいくつかある： |
| * The Four Natures ({{zh|labels=no|t=四氣|s=四气|p=sìqì}}) | | * {{zh|labels=no|t=四氣|s=四气|p=sìqì}} |
| * The Five Flavors ({{zh|labels=no|t=五味|s=五味|p=wǔwèi}}) | | * {{zh|labels=no|t=五味|s=五味|p=wǔwèi}} |
| * The [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridians]] ({{zh|labels=no|t=經絡|s=经络|p=jīngluò}}) | | * [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)/ja|经络; 經絡; jīngluò]] |
| * The specific function. | | * 具体的な機能。 |
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| | ===四気=== |
| ===Four Natures=== | | 四気とは、熱性、温性、涼性、寒性、中性である。熱性・温性の薬草は[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Eight principles of diagnosis|寒性]]の病気に、涼性・寒性の薬草は熱性の病気に用いられる。 |
| The Four Natures are: hot ({{zh|labels=no|t=熱|s=热}}), warm ({{zh|labels=no|t=溫|s=温}}), cool ({{lang|zh|凉}}), cold ({{lang|zh|寒}}) or neutral ({{lang|zh|平}}). Hot and warm herbs are used to treat [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|cold]] diseases, while cool and cold herbs are used to treat hot diseases.
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| | ===五味=== |
| ===Five Flavors===
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| {{anchor|Five Tastes}} | | {{anchor|Five Tastes}} |
| [[File:Wuxing en.svg|thumb|right|200px|The Five Phases, which correspond to the Five Flavors]] | | [[File:Wuxing en.svg|thumb|right|200px|五味に対応する五つの相]] |
| The Five Flavors, sometimes also translated as ''Five Tastes'', are: acrid/pungent ({{lang|zh|辛}}), sweet ({{lang|zh|甘}}), bitter ({{lang|zh|苦}}), sour ({{lang|zh|酸}}), and salty ({{zh|labels=no|t=鹹|s=咸}}). Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (i.e., a bland ({{lang|zh|淡}}) flavor). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Zang-fu|zàng organs]], which in turn corresponds to one of the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Five Phases theory|Five Phases]]: A flavor implies certain properties and presumed therapeutic "actions" of a substance: saltiness "drains downward and softens hard masses"; sweetness is "supplementing, harmonizing, and moistening"; pungent substances are thought to induce sweat and act on [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]] and [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]; sourness tends to be astringent ({{zh|labels=no|t=澀|s=涩}}) in nature; bitterness "drains [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|heat]], purges the bowels, and eliminates [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|dampness]]".
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| | ''五味''とは、辛味、甘味、苦味、酸味、塩味のことである。また、物質は複数の味を持つこともあれば、何も持たない（すなわち淡白な味）こともある。五味はそれぞれ[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Zang-fu|臓腑]]のひとつに対応し、臓腑は[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Five Phases theory|五相]]のひとつに対応する： |
| | 塩味は「下方に排出し、硬い塊を軟らかくする」、甘味は「補い、調和し、潤す」、辛味は「発汗を促し、[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Qi|気]][[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Xue|血]]に作用する」、酸味は「収斂({{zh|labels=no|t=澀|s=涩}})の性質がある」、苦味は「[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|熱]]を排出し、腸を浄化し、[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|湿]]を除去する」と考えられている。 |
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| | ===特定の機能=== |
| ===Specific function===
| | これらのカテゴリーには主に以下が含まれる： |
| These categories mainly include:
| | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Eight principles of diagnosis|体の表面]]の邪気の解放と解消 |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|exterior]]-releasing or exterior-resolving | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|熱]]を取り除く |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|heat]]-clearing | | * 排水または沈殿 |
| * downward-draining or precipitating | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|風]]による湿気の発散 |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|wind-damp]]-dispelling | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|湿気]]を変える |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|dampness]]-transforming | | * 水の移動を促進し、湿気を浸透させる。 |
| * promoting the movement of water and percolating dampness or dampness-percolating | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Eight principles of diagnosis|体内]]を暖める |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Eight principles of diagnosis|interior]]-warming | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Qi|気]]を整える。 |
| * [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]]-regulating or qi-rectifying | | * 食品を拡散させる。 |
| * dispersing food accumulation or food-dispersing | | * 虫を出す。 |
| * worm-expelling | | * 止血する。 |
| * stopping bleeding or blood-stanching | | * [[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Xue|血]]を速め、[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja|#Xueうっ血]]を取り除く。 |
| * quickening the [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|Blood]] and dispelling stasis or [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]-quickening or Blood-moving. | | * 痰を化し、咳を止め、喘鳴を静める。 |
| * transforming phlegm, stopping coughing and calming wheezing or phlegm-transforming and cough- and panting-suppressing | | * [[Heart (Chinese medicine)/ja|心]]を鎮める。 |
| * Spirit-quieting or [[Heart (Chinese medicine)|Shen]]-calming. | | * [[Liver (Chinese medicine)/ja|肝]]を静めて[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Six Excesses|風]]を除く、または肝を静めて風を除く。 |
| * calming the [[Liver (Chinese medicine)|Liver]] and expelling [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Six Excesses|wind]] or Liver-calming and wind-extinguishing | | * 開口 |
| * orifice-opening | | * 補気：補[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Qi|気]]、補[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Xue|血]]、補[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Yin and yang|陰]]、補[[Traditional Chinese medicine/ja#Yin and yang|陽]]を含む。 |
| * supplementing or tonifying: this includes [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Qi|qi]]-supplementing, [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Xue|blood]]-nourishing, [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Yin and yang|yin]]-enriching, and [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Yin and yang|yang]]-fortifying. | | * 収縮を促す、または固定し、収縮させる。 |
| * astriction-promoting or securing and astringing | | * 嘔吐を誘発する。 |
| * vomiting-inducing | | * 外用物質 |
| * substances for external application | |
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| | ==命名法== |
| ==Nomenclature==
| | {{Anchor|Nomenclature}} |
| Many herbs earn their names from their unique physical appearance. Examples of such names include ''Niu Xi'' (Radix cyathulae seu achyranthis), "cow's knees," which has big joints that might look like cow knees; ''Bai Mu Er'' (Fructificatio tremellae fuciformis), white wood ear,' which is white and resembles an ear; ''Gou Ji'' (Rhizoma cibotii), 'dog spine,' which resembles the spine of a dog.
| | 多くのハーブは、その独特な外観から名前を得ている。そのような名前の例には、''ニウシ''（牛膝、Radix cyathulae seu achyranthis）があり、「牛の膝」とも呼ばれ、大きな関節が牛の膝に似ているかのようである。また、''白木耳''（雲耳、Fructificatio tremellae fuciformis）は「白い木耳」とも呼ばれ、白くて耳のような形状をしている。''グウジ''（狗脊、Rhizoma cibotii）は「犬の背骨」とも呼ばれ、犬の背骨に似ている。 |
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| {{Medicinal herbs & fungi/ja}} | | {{Medicinal herbs & fungi/ja}} |
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Herbology}} | | {{DEFAULTSORT:かんほうやく}} |
| [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] | | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] |
| [[Category:Pseudoscience]] | | [[Category:Pseudoscience]] |
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| [[Category:Chinese traditions]] | | [[Category:Chinese traditions]] |
| [[Category:Pharmacognosy]] | | [[Category:Pharmacognosy]] |
| | [[Category:漢方薬]] |