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{{Short description|Japanese style of Western-influenced cooking}}
{{Short description|Japanese style of Western-influenced cooking}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Hayashi rice.jpg|thumb|''[[Hayashi rice]]'']]
[[File:Hayashi rice.jpg|thumb|''[[Hayashi rice]]'']]


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In [[Japanese cuisine]], {{nihongo|'''''yōshoku'''''|洋食|western food}} refers to a style of Western-influenced cooking which originated during the [[Meiji Restoration]]. These are primarily Japanized forms of European dishes, often featuring Western names, and usually written in [[katakana]]. It is an example of [[fusion cuisine]].
In [[Japanese cuisine]], {{nihongo|'''''yōshoku'''''|洋食|western food}} refers to a style of Western-influenced cooking which originated during the [[Meiji Restoration]]. These are primarily Japanized forms of European dishes, often featuring Western names, and usually written in [[katakana]]. It is an example of [[fusion cuisine]].


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== History ==
== History ==
At the beginning of the [[Meiji Restoration]] (1868–1912), [[Sakoku|national seclusion]] was eliminated and the [[Meiji Emperor]] declared Western ideas helpful for Japan's future progress. As part of the reforms, the Emperor lifted the ban on [[red meat]] and promoted Western cuisine, which was viewed as the cause of the Westerners' greater physical size. ''Yōshoku'' thus relies on meat as an ingredient, unlike the typical Japanese cuisine at the time. Additionally, many of the Westerners who started to live in Japan at that time refused to touch traditional Japanese food (''[[washoku]]''), so their private Japanese chefs learned how to cook them Western-style cuisine, often with a Japanese spin.
At the beginning of the [[Meiji Restoration]] (1868–1912), [[Sakoku|national seclusion]] was eliminated and the [[Meiji Emperor]] declared Western ideas helpful for Japan's future progress. As part of the reforms, the Emperor lifted the ban on [[red meat]] and promoted Western cuisine, which was viewed as the cause of the Westerners' greater physical size. ''Yōshoku'' thus relies on meat as an ingredient, unlike the typical Japanese cuisine at the time. Additionally, many of the Westerners who started to live in Japan at that time refused to touch traditional Japanese food (''[[washoku]]''), so their private Japanese chefs learned how to cook them Western-style cuisine, often with a Japanese spin.


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The first recorded print appearance of the term "''yōshoku''" dates back to 1872. In the past, the term was for Western cuisine, regardless of the country of origin (as opposed to [[French cuisine|French]], [[English_cuisine|English]], [[Italian_cuisine|Italian]], etc.), but people became aware of differences between European cuisines and ''yōshoku'' in the 1980s, due to the opening of many European restaurants serving more authentically European (non-Japanized) food.
The first recorded print appearance of the term "''yōshoku''" dates back to 1872. In the past, the term was for Western cuisine, regardless of the country of origin (as opposed to [[French cuisine|French]], [[English_cuisine|English]], [[Italian_cuisine|Italian]], etc.), but people became aware of differences between European cuisines and ''yōshoku'' in the 1980s, due to the opening of many European restaurants serving more authentically European (non-Japanized) food.


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In 1872, Japanese writer [[Kanagaki Robun]] {{Nihongo|2=仮名垣魯文}} popularized the related term ''seiyō ryōri'' in his ''Seiyō Ryōritsū'' ('western food handbook'). ''Seiyō ryōri'' mostly refers to French and Italian cooking while ''Yōshoku'' is a generic term for Japanese dishes inspired by Western food that are distinct from the washoku tradition. Another difference is that ''seiyō ryōri'' is eaten using a knife and fork, while ''Yōshoku'' is eaten using chopsticks and a spoon.
In 1872, Japanese writer [[Kanagaki Robun]] {{Nihongo|2=仮名垣魯文}} popularized the related term ''seiyō ryōri'' in his ''Seiyō Ryōritsū'' ('western food handbook'). ''Seiyō ryōri'' mostly refers to French and Italian cooking while ''Yōshoku'' is a generic term for Japanese dishes inspired by Western food that are distinct from the washoku tradition. Another difference is that ''seiyō ryōri'' is eaten using a knife and fork, while ''Yōshoku'' is eaten using chopsticks and a spoon.


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Earlier dishes of European origin – notably those [[List of Japanese dishes#Foods imported from Portugal in the 16th century|imported from Portugal in the 16th century]] such as [[tempura]] (inspired by the fritter-cooking techniques of the Portuguese residing in Nagasaki in the 16th century), are not, strictly speaking, part of ''yoshoku'', which refers only to Meiji-era food. However, some ''yōshoku'' restaurants serve tempura.   
Earlier dishes of European origin – notably those [[List of Japanese dishes#Foods imported from Portugal in the 16th century|imported from Portugal in the 16th century]] such as [[tempura]] (inspired by the fritter-cooking techniques of the Portuguese residing in Nagasaki in the 16th century), are not, strictly speaking, part of ''yoshoku'', which refers only to Meiji-era food. However, some ''yōshoku'' restaurants serve tempura.   


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''Yōshoku'' varies in how Japanized it is: while ''yōshoku'' may be eaten with a spoon (as in {{Lang|ja|カレー}}, ''karē'', curry), paired with bread or a plate of rice (called {{Lang|ja|ライス}}, ''raisu'') and written in [[katakana]] to reflect that they are foreign words, some have become sufficiently Japanized that they are often treated as normal Japanese food (''washoku''), served alongside rice and [[miso soup]], and eaten with [[chopsticks]]. An example of the latter is [[tonkatsu|katsu]], which is eaten with chopsticks and a bowl of white rice {{Nihongo|2=ご飯|4=''gohan''}}, and may even be served with traditional Japanese sauces such as [[ponzu]] or grated [[daikon]], rather than katsu sauce. Reflecting this, katsu is often written in [[hiragana]] as {{Lang|ja|かつ}}, as a native Japanese word, rather than as {{Lang|ja|カツ}} (from {{Lang|ja|カツレツ}}, ''katsuretsu'', 'cutlet').
''Yōshoku'' varies in how Japanized it is: while ''yōshoku'' may be eaten with a spoon (as in {{Lang|ja|カレー}}, ''karē'', curry), paired with bread or a plate of rice (called {{Lang|ja|ライス}}, ''raisu'') and written in [[katakana]] to reflect that they are foreign words, some have become sufficiently Japanized that they are often treated as normal Japanese food (''washoku''), served alongside rice and [[miso soup]], and eaten with [[chopsticks]]. An example of the latter is [[tonkatsu|katsu]], which is eaten with chopsticks and a bowl of white rice {{Nihongo|2=ご飯|4=''gohan''}}, and may even be served with traditional Japanese sauces such as [[ponzu]] or grated [[daikon]], rather than katsu sauce. Reflecting this, katsu is often written in [[hiragana]] as {{Lang|ja|かつ}}, as a native Japanese word, rather than as {{Lang|ja|カツ}} (from {{Lang|ja|カツレツ}}, ''katsuretsu'', 'cutlet').


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Another more contemporary term for Western food is ''mukokuseki'' ("no-nationality" cuisine).
Another more contemporary term for Western food is ''mukokuseki'' ("no-nationality" cuisine).


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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
[[Jihei Ishii]], author of the 1898 ''[[The Japanese Complete Cookbook]]'' {{Nihongo|2=日本料理法大全}}, states that: "Yōshoku is Japanese food."{{cn|date=December 2012}}
[[Jihei Ishii]], author of the 1898 ''[[The Japanese Complete Cookbook]]'' {{Nihongo|2=日本料理法大全}}, states that: "Yōshoku is Japanese food."


Created in the [[Meiji era]], it may not have as long a history as ''[[washoku]]'' (Japanese traditional dishes), yet there are ''yōshoku'' dishes which have themselves become traditional Japanese fare.{{cn|date=December 2012}} ''Yōshoku'' is considered a field of Japanese cuisine, including such typical adapted meals as ''[[tonkatsu|katsu]]'', beefsteak, ''[[korokke]]'', ''[[naporitan]]'', [[Hayashi rice]] and curry rice ([[Japanese curry]]). Many of these meals are even assumed to be ''washoku''.
<!--T:10-->
Created in the [[Meiji era]], it may not have as long a history as ''[[washoku]]'' (Japanese traditional dishes), yet there are ''yōshoku'' dishes which have themselves become traditional Japanese fare. ''Yōshoku'' is considered a field of Japanese cuisine, including such typical adapted meals as ''[[tonkatsu|katsu]]'', beefsteak, ''[[korokke]]'', ''[[naporitan]]'', [[Hayashi rice]] and curry rice ([[Japanese curry]]). Many of these meals are even assumed to be ''washoku''.


<!--T:11-->
Yōshoku began by altering Western recipes for lack of information about foreign countries' cuisine, or adaptions to suit local tastes, but over time, ''yōshoku'' also evolved dishes that were not at all based on European foods, such as chicken rice and ''[[omurice]]'' (omelette rice). Elaborate sauces were largely eliminated, replaced with tomato ketchup, [[demi-glace|demi-glace sauce]] and [[Worcestershire sauce]].
Yōshoku began by altering Western recipes for lack of information about foreign countries' cuisine, or adaptions to suit local tastes, but over time, ''yōshoku'' also evolved dishes that were not at all based on European foods, such as chicken rice and ''[[omurice]]'' (omelette rice). Elaborate sauces were largely eliminated, replaced with tomato ketchup, [[demi-glace|demi-glace sauce]] and [[Worcestershire sauce]].


<!--T:12-->
During Japan's modernization, yōshoku was often too expensive for the common man. But after World War II, ingredients for ''yōshoku'' became more widely available and its popularity grew.
During Japan's modernization, yōshoku was often too expensive for the common man. But after World War II, ingredients for ''yōshoku'' became more widely available and its popularity grew.


<!--T:13-->
A {{Nihongo|''yōshokuya''|洋食屋}} is a restaurant where ''yōshoku'' dishes are served. During Japan's rapid economic growth people began eating ''yōshoku'' in department store restaurants, but now family restaurants such as [[Denny's]] and [[Saizeriya]] are considered essential ''yōshoku'' establishments. In addition, there are also a number of upscale ''yōshoku'' restaurants in Japan, such as Shiseido Parlor in Ginza and Taimeiken in Nihonbashi (two areas of [[Tokyo]]).
A {{Nihongo|''yōshokuya''|洋食屋}} is a restaurant where ''yōshoku'' dishes are served. During Japan's rapid economic growth people began eating ''yōshoku'' in department store restaurants, but now family restaurants such as [[Denny's]] and [[Saizeriya]] are considered essential ''yōshoku'' establishments. In addition, there are also a number of upscale ''yōshoku'' restaurants in Japan, such as Shiseido Parlor in Ginza and Taimeiken in Nihonbashi (two areas of [[Tokyo]]).


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==Typical ''yōshoku'' dishes==
==Typical ''yōshoku'' dishes==
[[File:Potato_croquettes_001.jpg|thumb|''[[Korokke]]'']]
[[File:Potato_croquettes_001.jpg|thumb|''[[Korokke]]'']]
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[[File:Tonkatsu_of_Kimukatsu.jpg|thumb|''Tonkatsu'']]
[[File:Tonkatsu_of_Kimukatsu.jpg|thumb|''Tonkatsu'']]


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*[[Castella]]
*[[Castella]]
*[[Japanese curry|Curry]]
*[[Japanese curry|Curry]]
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*[[Pilaf]]
*[[Pilaf]]


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==See also==
==See also==
* [[List_of_Japanese_dishes#Y.C5.8Dshoku|List of common yōshoku dishes]]
* [[List_of_Japanese_dishes#Y.C5.8Dshoku|List of common yōshoku dishes]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoshoku}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoshoku}}


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[[Category:Japanese fusion cuisine]]
[[Category:Japanese fusion cuisine]]
[[Category:Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Western cuisine]]
[[Category:Western cuisine]]
{{二次利用|date=25 January 2025, at 05:31}}
{{二次利用|date=25 January 2025, at 05:31}}
</translate>

Latest revision as of 08:32, 17 June 2025

Other languages:
Hayashi rice

In Japanese cuisine, yōshoku (洋食, western food) refers to a style of Western-influenced cooking which originated during the Meiji Restoration. These are primarily Japanized forms of European dishes, often featuring Western names, and usually written in katakana. It is an example of fusion cuisine.

History

At the beginning of the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912), national seclusion was eliminated and the Meiji Emperor declared Western ideas helpful for Japan's future progress. As part of the reforms, the Emperor lifted the ban on red meat and promoted Western cuisine, which was viewed as the cause of the Westerners' greater physical size. Yōshoku thus relies on meat as an ingredient, unlike the typical Japanese cuisine at the time. Additionally, many of the Westerners who started to live in Japan at that time refused to touch traditional Japanese food (washoku), so their private Japanese chefs learned how to cook them Western-style cuisine, often with a Japanese spin.

The first recorded print appearance of the term "yōshoku" dates back to 1872. In the past, the term was for Western cuisine, regardless of the country of origin (as opposed to French, English, Italian, etc.), but people became aware of differences between European cuisines and yōshoku in the 1980s, due to the opening of many European restaurants serving more authentically European (non-Japanized) food.

In 1872, Japanese writer Kanagaki Robun (仮名垣魯文) popularized the related term seiyō ryōri in his Seiyō Ryōritsū ('western food handbook'). Seiyō ryōri mostly refers to French and Italian cooking while Yōshoku is a generic term for Japanese dishes inspired by Western food that are distinct from the washoku tradition. Another difference is that seiyō ryōri is eaten using a knife and fork, while Yōshoku is eaten using chopsticks and a spoon.

Earlier dishes of European origin – notably those imported from Portugal in the 16th century such as tempura (inspired by the fritter-cooking techniques of the Portuguese residing in Nagasaki in the 16th century), are not, strictly speaking, part of yoshoku, which refers only to Meiji-era food. However, some yōshoku restaurants serve tempura.

Yōshoku varies in how Japanized it is: while yōshoku may be eaten with a spoon (as in カレー, karē, curry), paired with bread or a plate of rice (called ライス, raisu) and written in katakana to reflect that they are foreign words, some have become sufficiently Japanized that they are often treated as normal Japanese food (washoku), served alongside rice and miso soup, and eaten with chopsticks. An example of the latter is katsu, which is eaten with chopsticks and a bowl of white rice (ご飯, gohan), and may even be served with traditional Japanese sauces such as ponzu or grated daikon, rather than katsu sauce. Reflecting this, katsu is often written in hiragana as かつ, as a native Japanese word, rather than as カツ (from カツレツ, katsuretsu, 'cutlet').

Another more contemporary term for Western food is mukokuseki ("no-nationality" cuisine).

Overview

Jihei Ishii, author of the 1898 The Japanese Complete Cookbook (日本料理法大全), states that: "Yōshoku is Japanese food."

Created in the Meiji era, it may not have as long a history as washoku (Japanese traditional dishes), yet there are yōshoku dishes which have themselves become traditional Japanese fare. Yōshoku is considered a field of Japanese cuisine, including such typical adapted meals as katsu, beefsteak, korokke, naporitan, Hayashi rice and curry rice (Japanese curry). Many of these meals are even assumed to be washoku.

Yōshoku began by altering Western recipes for lack of information about foreign countries' cuisine, or adaptions to suit local tastes, but over time, yōshoku also evolved dishes that were not at all based on European foods, such as chicken rice and omurice (omelette rice). Elaborate sauces were largely eliminated, replaced with tomato ketchup, demi-glace sauce and Worcestershire sauce.

During Japan's modernization, yōshoku was often too expensive for the common man. But after World War II, ingredients for yōshoku became more widely available and its popularity grew.

A yōshokuya (洋食屋) is a restaurant where yōshoku dishes are served. During Japan's rapid economic growth people began eating yōshoku in department store restaurants, but now family restaurants such as Denny's and Saizeriya are considered essential yōshoku establishments. In addition, there are also a number of upscale yōshoku restaurants in Japan, such as Shiseido Parlor in Ginza and Taimeiken in Nihonbashi (two areas of Tokyo).

Typical yōshoku dishes

Korokke
Cream stew
Tarako spaghetti
Tonkatsu

See also

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