Created page with "== つわり/妊娠悪阻 == 妊娠悪阻 (HG) は、妊娠中の重度の悪心と嘔吐、栄養失調、体重減少を特徴とする衰弱性の病気であり、地球規模で妊婦の1~2%に発生する。これは、現代の医療機関にとって不可解な女性の謎である。この不満は、主にHGの生存者である女性が感じて..."
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The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in female fertility has long been suspected and studied. Most studies through 2013 linking development of the fetus and cannabis show effects of consumption during the gestational period, but abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system during the phase of placental development are also linked with problems in pregnancy. According to Sun and Dey (2012), endocannabinoid signaling plays a role in "female reproductive events, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition". Karusu ''et al'' (2011) said that a "clear correlation ... in the actual reproductive tissues of miscarrying versus healthy women has yet to be established. However, the adverse effects of marijuana smoke and THC on reproductive functions point to processes that are modulated by ECS.".
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近年のデータによれば、マリファナを吸引する母親においては、子宮内膜におけるカンナビノイド受容体の発現が非喫煙者よりも高いことが示されている。Keimpemaら(2011年)は、「出生前のカンナビス曝露は、神経系の形成過程において成長障害を引き起こす可能性がある」と述べている。また「カンナビスは、カンナビノイド受容体を標的とすることで神経回路の形成および機能に影響を与える。受容体の“オン”の状態を無差別に延長することで、カンナビスは内因性カンナビノイドのシグナルを乗っ取り、分子レベルでの再構成を引き起こし、神経ネットワークの誤った配線につながる可能性がある」と述べている。[[:en:Australian National Council on Drugs|オーストラリア薬物国家評議会]]のために作成された報告書では、カンナビスおよびその他の[[cannabinoid/ja|カンナビノイド]]は、内因性カンナビノイド系と相互作用する可能性があるため、妊娠中には禁忌であると結論づけられている。
Recent data indicates that endometrial expression of cannabinoid receptors in marijuana smoking mothers is higher than non-smokers. Keimpema and colleagues (2011) said, "Prenatal cannabis exposure can lead to growth defects during formation of the nervous system"; "[c]annabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors ... By indiscriminately prolonging the "switched-on" period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks". A report prepared for the [[Australian National Council on Drugs]] concluded cannabis and other [[cannabinoid]]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as they may interact with the endocannabinoid system.
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==Evidence==
==エビデンス==
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2023年現在、妊娠中の大麻使用の増加と大麻の効力の上昇は、重要な[[public health issue|公衆衛生上の問題]]である。研究により、大麻使用と、認知発達、精神的健康、身体的健康、授乳に関して有害な転帰のリスクとの間に、可能性のある、または確実な関連性が発見されている。
{{asof|2023}} the rising use of cannabis during pregnancy, and the rise in cannabis potency, has become an important [[public health issue]]. Research has found possible or likely associations between cannabis use and a risk of adverse outcomes in respect of cognitive development, mental health, physical health, and lactation.
Cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the [[mental health]] and [[cognitive deficit|cognitive performance]] of offspring. The THC exposure resulting from cannabis use interferes with fetal brain development and the male offspring of users are more susceptible to psychotic illness.
THC exposure in rats during the prenatal developmental phase may cause [[epigenetic]] changes in gene expression, but there is limited knowledge about the risk for psychiatric disorders because of ethical barriers to studying the developing human brain. A 2015 review found that cannabis use by pregnant mothers corresponded to impaired brain maturation in their children, and that those children were more predisposed to [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s; these results do not demonstrate causality.
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=== Confounding factors ===
=== 交絡因子 ===
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[[:en:National Institute on Drug Abuse|アメリカ国立薬物乱用研究所]]は2018年に、大麻使用の影響を母親の併用薬物の使用や他の環境要因から「解きほぐす」ためには、さらなる研究が必要であると述べた。
The [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] stated in 2018 that further research is required to "disentangle" effects of cannabis use from a mother's concomitant drug use and other environmental factors.
Developmental observations suggest that CB1 receptors develop only gradually during the [[Postpartum period|postnatal period]], which block for the [[Psychoactive effect|psychoactive]] effects of cannabinoid treatment in the young organism. Therefore, it is suggested that children may respond positively to medicinal applications of cannabinoids without undesirable central effects. Clinical results have been reported in [[pediatric oncology]] and in case studies of children with severe [[Neurological disorder|neurological disease]] or [[Traumatic brain injury|brain trauma]], and [[cystic fibrosis]] (CF) suggesting cannabinoid treatment for [[Child|children]] or [[Young adult|young adults]], in order to achieve an improvement of their health condition including improved food intake and reduced [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] exacerbations.
[[Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis Gravidarum]] (HG), is a debilitating ailment characterized by severe [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[malnutrition]], and [[weight loss]] during pregnancy, and occurs to 1-2% of pregnant women [[Earth|globally]]. It is a perplexing female mystery for the present-day medical establishment. The frustration is mostly felt by women who are survivors of HG, desperately searching for a cure and increased understanding of this disease. Several pregnant women have revealed their personal experience with cannabis, having used it to relieve symptoms of HG, who would otherwise have become severely [[Emaciation|emaciated]], [[Dehydration|dehydrated]], and malnourished due to persistent, uncontrollable vomiting and the inability to eat and [[drink]] in their pregnancy.
It is a common misconception that cannabis use in pregnancy is low risk; a 2015 study found that 70% of women in the [[United States]] assume that using cannabis 1-2 times a week while pregnant is safe.