Translations:Medical specialty/11/ja: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "==北米の診療科一覧 ほか== {{Anchor|List of North American medical specialties and others}} この表では、多くの医療分野と同様に、診療科を以下のグループに分類している： * 外科専門分野は、病気を治療するための手作業による手術や器具を使った技術に重点を置いている。 * 医学の専門分野であり、病気の診断と非外科的治療に重点を置いて..."
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Message definition (Medical specialty)
==List of North American medical specialties and others==
In this table, as in many healthcare arenas, medical specialties are organized into the following groups:
* [[Surgery|Surgical]] specialties focus on manually operative and instrumental techniques to treat disease.
* [[Medicine|Medical]] specialties that focus on the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of disease.
* [[Diagnostic specialty|Diagnostic]] specialties focus more purely on diagnosis of disorders.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Specialty
! Code
! Group
! Sub-specialties
! Focus
|-
| [[Allergy]] and [[immunology]]
|
|
|
| Allergic reactions, asthma, and the immune system.
|-
| [[Anesthesiology]]
| AN, PAN
| Surgery
|
*[[Pediatric anesthesia]]
*[[Pain management]]
*[[Intensive care]]
*[[intensive-care medicine|Critical care]]
*[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]
*[[Cardiothoracic anesthesiology]]
*Trauma care
*Pre- and Post-Operative Assessment and Care
*Generalist (covers all the sub-specialties)
| [[Anesthesia]]
|-
| [[Bariatrics]] 
|
|
|
| Deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of [[obesity]].
|-
| [[Cardiology]]
|
| [[Medicine]]
|
* [[Interventional cardiology]]
* [[Echocardiography]]
* [[Electrocardiography]]
* [[Sports cardiology]]
* [[Cardiogeriatrics]]
* Preventive cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation
* Pediatric cardiology
| Disease of the [[cardiovascular system]].
|-
| [[Cardiovascular surgery]]
|
| [[Surgery]]
|
| The operation of [[heart]] and major [[blood vessel]]s of the [[chest]].
|-
| [[Clinical laboratory]] sciences
|
| Diagnostic
|
*[[Transfusion medicine]] is concerned with the transfusion of [[blood]] and [[blood component]], including the maintenance of a "[[blood bank]]".
*[[Cellular pathology]] is concerned with diagnosis using samples from patients taken as tissues and cells using [[histology]] and [[cytopathology|cytology]].
*[[Clinical chemistry]] is concerned with diagnosis by making biochemical analysis of blood, body fluids, and tissues.
*[[Hematology]] is concerned with diagnosis by looking at changes in the cellular composition of the [[blood]] and [[bone marrow]] as well as the [[coagulation system]] in the blood.
*[[Clinical microbiology]] is concerned with the ''[[in vitro]]'' diagnosis of diseases caused by [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es, [[fungus|fungi]], and [[parasite]]s.
*[[Clinical immunology]] is concerned with disorders of the [[immune system]] and related body defenses. It also deals with diagnosis of [[allergy]].
| Application of diagnostic techniques in [[medical laboratories]] such as [[assay]]s, [[microscope]] analysis.
|-
| [[Dermatology]]
| D, DS
| Medicine
| Dermatology, [[Mohs surgery]]
| [[Skin]] and its appendages ([[hair]], [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s, [[sweat gland]]s etc.).
|-
| [[Dietetics]]
| RD
|
|
|Food and nutrition
|-
| [[Emergency medicine]]
| EM
| Medicine
|
*[[Disaster medicine]]
*Emergency medical services
*Hospice and palliative medicine
*International Emergency Medicine and Global Health
*Medical toxicology
*[[Pediatric emergency medicine]]
*Research
*Simulation
*Sports medicine
*Toxicology
*Ultrasound
*Undersea and hyperbaric medicine
*[[Wilderness medicine (practice)|Wilderness medicine]]
| The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital [[emergency room|emergency departments]] or the field.
|-
| [[Endocrinology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The [[endocrine system]] (i.e., [[endocrine gland]]s and [[hormone]]s) and its diseases, including [[diabetes]] and [[thyroid]] diseases.
|-
| [[Family medicine]]
| FM
| Medicine
|
*Addiction medicine
*Adolescent medicine
*Anesthesia
*[[Emergency medicine]]
*Care of the elderly (geriatric medicine)
*Clinical environmental health
*Global health
*HIV care
*Hospital medicine
*Indigenous health
*Low-risk obstetrics
*Medical education
*Medical oncology
*Medical simulation
*Pain medicine
*Palliative care
*Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
*Research
*Sleep medicine
*Sports and exercise medicine
*Women's health
| Continuing, comprehensive healthcare for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases.
|-
| [[Forensic medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Gastroenterology]]
| GI
| Medicine
|
| The [[alimentary tract]]
|-
| [[General surgery]]
| GS
| Surgery
|
*Colorectal surgery
*Gastrointestinal surgery
*Transplant surgery
*Trauma surgery
|
|-
| [[Geriatrics]]
| IMG
| Medicine
|
| Elderly patients
|-
| [[Gynecology]]
|
|
|
|Female reproductive health
|-
| [[Hepatology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The [[liver]] and [[biliary tract]], usually a part of gastroenterology.
|-
|[[Hospital medicine]]
|
|Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Infectious disease]]
| ID
| Medicine
|
| Diseases caused by biological agents.
|-
| [[Intensive care medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
| [[Life support]] and management of critically ill patients, often in an [[intensive care unit|ICU]].
|-
| [[Internal medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Medical research]]
|
|
|[[Anatomy]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Embryology]], [[Genetics]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Toxicology]]
|Care of hospitalized patients
|-
| [[Nephrology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| Kidney diseases
|-
| [[Neurology]]
| N
| Medicine
|
*[[Behavioral neurology]]
*[[Clinical neurophysiology]]
*[[Geriatric neurology]]
*Headache medicine
*[[Neuromuscular medicine]]
*[[Neurodevelopmental disorder|Neurodevelopmental disabilities]]
*Neuro-oncology
*[[Neuroradiology]]
*Vascular neurology
*[[Hospice and palliative medicine]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
*[[Sleep medicine]]
| Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
|-
| [[Neurosurgery]]
| NS
| Surgery
|
*[[Cerebrovascular]]
*[[Neurosurgical oncology]]
*[[Stereotactic surgery|Stereotactic]] and functional
*[[Vertebral column|Spine]]
*[[Neurotrauma]]
*[[Skull base]]
*[[Peripheral neuropathy|Peripheral nerve]]
*[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]
| Disease of the [[central nervous system]], [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[spinal column]].
|-
| [[Obstetrics and gynecology]]
| OB/GYN
| Surgery
|
*[[Maternal-fetal medicine]]
*[[Reproductive medicine]]
*[[Fertility medicine]]
*[[Gynecologic oncology]]
|
|-
| [[Oncology]]
| ON
| Medicine
|
*[[Radiation oncology]] – pertains to the use of [[radiation therapy]] (the [[medicine|medical]] use of [[ionizing radiation]]) as part of [[cancer]] treatment to control [[malignant]] cells (not to be confused with [[radiology]]).
| [[Cancer]] and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology.
|-
| [[Ophthalmology]]
| OPH
| Surgery
|
* Anterior segment surgery
* Cornea
* [[Glaucoma]]
* [[Neuro-ophthalmology]]
* [[Ocular oncology]]
* [[Oculoplastics|Oculoplastics and Orbital surgery]]
* [[Ophthalmic pathology]]
* [[Pediatric ophthalmology|Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus]]
* [[Refractive surgery]]
* [[Retina|Medical retina]]
* [[Uveitis]]
* [[Vitreoretinal surgery|Vitreo-retinal surgery]]
| Diseases of the visual pathways, including the eyes, brain, etc.
|-
| [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
| Maxfacs, OMS
| Surgery
|
*Oral and Craniofacial surgery (Head and neck)
*Facial cosmetic surgery
*Craniomaxillofacial trauma
| Disease of the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.
|-
| [[Orthopedic surgery]]
| ORS
| Surgery
| [[Hand surgery]], [[surgical sports medicine]], adult reconstruction, spine surgery, foot and ankle, musculoskeletal oncology, orthopedic trauma surgery, pediatric orthopedic surgery
| Injury and disease of the [[musculoskeletal system]].
|-
| [[Otorhinolaryngology]], or ENT
| ORL, ENT
| Surgery
| Head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, [[Neurotology]], Laryngology
| Treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders. The term [[head and neck surgery]] defines a closely related specialty that is concerned mainly with [[surgical oncology|the surgical management of cancer]] of the same anatomical structures.
|-
| [[Palliative care]]
| PLM
| Medicine
|
| A relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with [[terminal illness]]es including [[cancer]] and [[heart failure]].
|-
| [[Pathology as a medical specialty|Pathology]]
| PTH
| Diagnostic
|
| Understanding [[disease]] through examination of [[molecule]]s, [[Cell (biology)|cells]], [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s and [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s. The term encompasses both the medical specialty that uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information and the related [[science|scientific]] study of disease processes.
|-
| [[Pediatrics]]
| PD
| Medicine
| Children. Like internal medicine, pediatrics has many sub-specialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Most sub-specialties of adult medicine have a pediatric equivalent such as [[pediatric cardiology]], [[pediatric emergency medicine]], [[pediatric endocrinology]], [[pediatric gastroenterology]], [[pediatric hematology]], [[pediatric oncology]], [[pediatric ophthalmology]], and [[neonatology]].
| Deals with the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child]]ren, and [[adolescent]]s (from [[newborn]] to age 16–21, depending on the country).
|-
| [[Pediatric surgery]]
|
| Surgery
| Treats a wide variety of [[chest|thoracic]] and [[abdominal]] (and sometimes [[urology|urologic]]) diseases of childhood.
|
|-
| [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]] Or Physiatry
| PM&R
| Medicine
|
*Cancer Rehabilitation
*Pain Management
*Traumatic Brain Injury
*Spinal Cord Injury
*Sports Medicine
*Pediatrics
*Hospice & Palliative Medicine
| Concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or [[congenital disorder]]s.
|-
| [[Plastic surgery]]
| PS
| Surgery
|
*Cosmetic surgery
*Burn
*Microsurgery
*Hand surgery
*Craniofacial surgery
| Elective cosmetic surgery as well as reconstructive surgery after traumatic or operative mutilation.
|-
| [[Podiatry]]
| POD
| Surgery
|
*Forefoot surgery
*Midfoot surgery
*Rearfoot surgery
*Ankle surgery
*Soft tissue leg surgery
|Elective podiatric surgery of the foot and ankle, lower limb diabetic wound and salvation, [[peripheral vascular disease]] limb preservation, lower limb [[mononeuropathy]] conditions. Reconstructive [[foot & ankle surgery]].
|-
| [[Proctology]]
| PRO
| Medicine
|
| (or [[Colorectal Surgery]]) Treats disease in the [[rectum]], [[anus]], and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].
|-
| [[Psychiatry]]
| P
| Medicine
|
*[[Addiction psychiatry]] focuses on substance abuse and its treatment.
*[[Child psychiatry|Child and adolescent psychiatry]] focuses on the care of children and adolescents with mental, emotional, and learning problems including [[ADHD]], [[autism]], and family conflicts.
*[[Liaison psychiatry|Consultation-Liaison psychiatry]] focuses on the interface between general medicine and psychiatry. 
*[[Forensic psychiatry]] focuses on the interface of psychiatry and law.
*[[Geriatric psychiatry]] focuses on the care of elderly people with mental illnesses including [[dementia]]s, post-stroke cognitive changes, and depression.
*[[Neuropsychiatry]] focuses on affective, cognitive and behavioral disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system
*[[Sleep medicine]] focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders.
*[[Hospice and Palliative Medicine]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
| The [[biopsychosocial|bio-psycho-social]] study of the [[etiology]], [[diagnosis]], treatment and [[Preventive medicine|prevention]] of [[cognitive]], [[perceptual]], [[emotional]] and [[behavioral]] disorders. Related fields include [[psychotherapy]] and [[clinical psychology]].
|-
| [[Pulmonology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The lungs and [[respiratory system]]. ''Pulmonology'' is generally considered a branch of [[internal medicine]], although it is closely related to [[intensive care medicine]] when dealing with patients requiring [[mechanical ventilation]].
|-
| [[Public health|Public Health]]
|
|
|
| Public health focuses on the health of populations. Physicians employed in this field work in policy, research or [[health promotion]], taking a broad view of health that encompasses the [[social determinants of health]]. 
|-
| [[Radiology]]
| R, DR
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic
|
*[[Interventional radiology]] is concerned with using expert imaging of the human body, usually via CT, ultrasound, [[fluoroscopy]], or MRI to perform a breadth of intravascular procedures (angioplasty, arterial stenting, thrombolysis, uterine fibroid embolization), [[biopsy|biopsies]] and minimally invasive oncologic procedures (radiofrequency and cryoablation of tumors & transarterial chemoembolization)
*[[Nuclear medicine]] uses [[radioactive decay|radioactive]] substances for ''[[in vivo]]'' and ''[[in vitro]]'' diagnosis either using imaging of the location of radioactive substances placed into a patient or using ''in vitro'' diagnostic tests utilizing [[radioactivity|radioactive]] substances.
| The use of expertise in radiation in the context of [[medical imaging]] for [[diagnosis]] or image guided minimally invasive therapy. [[Radiography|X-rays]], etc.
|-
| [[Rheumatology]]
| RHU
| Medicine
|
| [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]] and inflammatory diseases of the [[joint]]s and other organ systems, such as [[arthritis]] and other [[rheumatic diseases]].
|-
| [[Surgical oncology]]
| SO
| Surgery
|
| Curative and palliative surgical approaches to [[cancer]] treatment.
|-
| [[Thoracic surgery]]
| TS
| Surgery
|
| Surgery of the organs of the [[thoracic cavity]]: the heart, lungs, and great vessels.
|-
| [[Organ transplantation|Transplant surgery]]
| TTS
| Surgery
|
|Transplantation of [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] from one body to another.
|-
|Toxicology
|
|Diagnostic and Therapeutic
|
* Environmental
* Forensic
* Occupational
* Pediatric
|Poisonings, Overdoses; Environmental, and Occupational Exposures 
|-
| Urgent Care Medicine
| UCM
| Medicine
|
| Immediate medical care offering outpatient care for the treatment of acute and chronic illness and injury.
|-
| [[Urology]]
| U
| Surgery
|
| [[Urinary tract]]s of males and females, and the [[male reproductive system]]. It is often practiced together with [[andrology]] ("men's health").
|-
| [[Vascular surgery]]
| VS
| Surgery
|
| The peripheral blood vessels – those outside the [[chest]] (usually operated on by [[cardiovascular surgery|cardiovascular surgeons]]) and outside the [[central nervous system]] (treated by [[neurosurgery]]).
|-
|}

北米の診療科一覧 ほか

この表では、多くの医療分野と同様に、診療科を以下のグループに分類している：

  • 外科専門分野は、病気を治療するための手作業による手術や器具を使った技術に重点を置いている。
  • 医学の専門分野であり、病気の診断と非外科的治療に重点を置いている。
  • 診断専門は、より純粋に障害の診断に重点を置いている。
専門分野 コード グループ 副専門分野 フォーカス
Allergy/jaとimmunology/ja アレルギー反応、喘息、免疫システム
Anesthesiology/ja AN, PAN 外科 Anesthesia/ja
Bariatrics/ja 肥満の原因、予防、治療を扱う
循環器学 医学 循環器系の疾患
Cardiovascular surgery/ja Surgery/ja 心臓と胸部の主要な血管を操作すること。
臨床検査科学 診断 検体分析、顕微鏡分析など、医学研究所における診断技術の応用。
Dermatology/ja D, DS 医学 皮膚科、モース手術 皮膚とその付属器官（毛髪、nail、汗腺など）
Dietetics/ja RD 食品と栄養
Emergency medicine/ja EM 医学 The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital emergency departments or the field.
Endocrinology Medicine The endocrine system (i.e., endocrine glands and hormones) and its diseases, including diabetes and thyroid diseases.
Family medicine FM Medicine
  • Addiction medicine
  • Adolescent medicine
  • Anesthesia
  • Emergency medicine
  • Care of the elderly (geriatric medicine)
  • Clinical environmental health
  • Global health
  • HIV care
  • Hospital medicine
  • Indigenous health
  • Low-risk obstetrics
  • Medical education
  • Medical oncology
  • Medical simulation
  • Pain medicine
  • Palliative care
  • Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
  • Research
  • Sleep medicine
  • Sports and exercise medicine
  • Women's health
 Continuing, comprehensive healthcare for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases.
Forensic medicine Medicine
Gastroenterology GI Medicine The alimentary tract
General surgery GS Surgery
  • Colorectal surgery
  • Gastrointestinal surgery
  • Transplant surgery
  • Trauma surgery
Geriatrics IMG Medicine Elderly patients
Gynecology Female reproductive health
Hepatology Medicine The liver and biliary tract, usually a part of gastroenterology.
Hospital medicine Medicine
Infectious disease ID Medicine Diseases caused by biological agents.
Intensive care medicine Medicine Life support and management of critically ill patients, often in an ICU.
Internal medicine Medicine
Medical research Anatomy, Biochemistry, Embryology, Genetics, Pharmacology, Toxicology Care of hospitalized patients
Nephrology Medicine Kidney diseases
Neurology N Medicine Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
Neurosurgery NS Surgery Disease of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and spinal column.
Obstetrics and gynecology OB/GYN Surgery
Oncology ON Medicine Cancer and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology.
Ophthalmology OPH Surgery Diseases of the visual pathways, including the eyes, brain, etc.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery Maxfacs, OMS Surgery
  • Oral and Craniofacial surgery (Head and neck)
  • Facial cosmetic surgery
  • Craniomaxillofacial trauma
 Disease of the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.
Orthopedic surgery ORS Surgery Hand surgery, surgical sports medicine, adult reconstruction, spine surgery, foot and ankle, musculoskeletal oncology, orthopedic trauma surgery, pediatric orthopedic surgery Injury and disease of the musculoskeletal system.
Otorhinolaryngology, or ENT ORL, ENT Surgery Head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, Neurotology, Laryngology Treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders. The term head and neck surgery defines a closely related specialty that is concerned mainly with the surgical management of cancer of the same anatomical structures.
Palliative care PLM Medicine A relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.
Pathology PTH Diagnostic Understanding disease through examination of molecules, cells, tissues and organs. The term encompasses both the medical specialty that uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information and the related scientific study of disease processes.
Pediatrics PD Medicine Children. Like internal medicine, pediatrics has many sub-specialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Most sub-specialties of adult medicine have a pediatric equivalent such as pediatric cardiology, pediatric emergency medicine, pediatric endocrinology, pediatric gastroenterology, pediatric hematology, pediatric oncology, pediatric ophthalmology, and neonatology. Deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16–21, depending on the country).
Pediatric surgery Surgery Treats a wide variety of thoracic and abdominal (and sometimes urologic) diseases of childhood.
Physical medicine and rehabilitation Or Physiatry PM&R Medicine
  • Cancer Rehabilitation
  • Pain Management
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Spinal Cord Injury
  • Sports Medicine
  • Pediatrics
  • Hospice & Palliative Medicine
 Concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders.
Plastic surgery PS Surgery
  • Cosmetic surgery
  • Burn
  • Microsurgery
  • Hand surgery
  • Craniofacial surgery
 Elective cosmetic surgery as well as reconstructive surgery after traumatic or operative mutilation.
Podiatry POD Surgery
  • Forefoot surgery
  • Midfoot surgery
  • Rearfoot surgery
  • Ankle surgery
  • Soft tissue leg surgery
 Elective podiatric surgery of the foot and ankle, lower limb diabetic wound and salvation, peripheral vascular disease limb preservation, lower limb mononeuropathy conditions. Reconstructive foot & ankle surgery.
Proctology PRO Medicine (or Colorectal Surgery) Treats disease in the rectum, anus, and colon.
Psychiatry P Medicine The bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.
Pulmonology Medicine The lungs and respiratory system. Pulmonology is generally considered a branch of internal medicine, although it is closely related to intensive care medicine when dealing with patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Public Health Public health focuses on the health of populations. Physicians employed in this field work in policy, research or health promotion, taking a broad view of health that encompasses the social determinants of health.
Radiology R, DR Diagnostic and Therapeutic
  • Interventional radiology is concerned with using expert imaging of the human body, usually via CT, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or MRI to perform a breadth of intravascular procedures (angioplasty, arterial stenting, thrombolysis, uterine fibroid embolization), biopsies and minimally invasive oncologic procedures (radiofrequency and cryoablation of tumors & transarterial chemoembolization)
  • Nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis either using imaging of the location of radioactive substances placed into a patient or using in vitro diagnostic tests utilizing radioactive substances.
 The use of expertise in radiation in the context of medical imaging for diagnosis or image guided minimally invasive therapy. X-rays, etc.
Rheumatology RHU Medicine Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ systems, such as arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.
Surgical oncology SO Surgery Curative and palliative surgical approaches to cancer treatment.
Thoracic surgery TS Surgery Surgery of the organs of the thoracic cavity: the heart, lungs, and great vessels.
Transplant surgery TTS Surgery Transplantation of organs from one body to another.
Toxicology Diagnostic and Therapeutic
  • Environmental
  • Forensic
  • Occupational
  • Pediatric
 Poisonings, Overdoses; Environmental, and Occupational Exposures
Urgent Care Medicine UCM Medicine Immediate medical care offering outpatient care for the treatment of acute and chronic illness and injury.
Urology U Surgery Urinary tracts of males and females, and the male reproductive system. It is often practiced together with andrology ("men's health").
Vascular surgery VS Surgery The peripheral blood vessels – those outside the chest (usually operated on by cardiovascular surgeons) and outside the central nervous system (treated by neurosurgery).
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