チャパティ
Chapati/ja
![]() チャパティと様々なサイドディッシュ | |
Alternative names | Roti, roshi, safati, shabaati, phulka, lavash |
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Type | パン |
Place of origin | インド亜大陸,パンジャブ地方 |
Region or state | インド亜大陸, 中央アジア, 東南アジア, 東アフリカ, イギリス, アラビア半島, カリブ海, アルメニア |
Main ingredients | 小麦粉, 水 |
チャパティ(chapati)(別表記:chapathi、発音:IAST: capātī, capāṭī, cāpāṭi)は、ロティ、ルーティ、ロティー、ロトリ、ロッタ、サファティ、シャバーティ、フルカ、チャポ(東アフリカ)、サダ・ロティ(カリブ海諸国)、ポリ(マラーティー語圏)、ロシ(モルディブ)としても知られる、インド亜大陸を発祥とする無発酵の フラットブレッドである。インド、ネパール、バングラデシュ、パキスタン、キルギス、スリランカ、アラビア半島、東アフリカ、カリブ海諸国において主食とされている。チャパティは、アタと呼ばれる全粒小麦粉を、パラートと呼ばれる混ぜる道具の中で水、油(任意)、塩(任意)を加えて生地にし、タヴァ(平らな鉄板)で焼いて作られる。
これはインド亜大陸における一般的な主食であり、世界中のインド亜大陸出身の駐在員の間でも同様である。チャパティはまた、インド亜大陸からの移民、特にインド商人が中央アジア、東南アジア、東アフリカ、そしてカリブ海諸国に持ち込むことで、世界の他の地域にも広まった。
語源
チャパティ(chapati)という言葉は、サンスクリット語のचर्पटी(charpaṭī)に由来する。これはサンスクリット語の*चर्प(charpa、「平らな」の意)から派生したものである。
歴史
チャパティは、ロティまたは「ロッタ」(パン)の一種である。これらの言葉はしばしば互換的に使われる。チャパット(Marathi: चापट)という言葉は、平手打ちまたは平らを意味し、濡れた手のひらの間で生地を叩きながら薄い丸い生地を作る伝統的な方法を表している。叩くたびに、生地は回転される。
16世紀の文書アーイン・イ・アクバリにて、ムガル皇帝アクバルの宰相アブル・ファズル・イブン・ムバラクによってチャパティという言葉が記されておる。
チャパティは、インド亜大陸にして主食とされる最も一般的な小麦パンの一つである。モヘンジョ・ダーロでの発掘調査で発見された炭化した小麦粒は、現在もインドに自生する固有種の小麦にして似た品種であった。インダス渓谷は、栽培された小麦の祖先の地の一つにして知られている。
チャパティはロティにして、インド亜大陸からの移民、特に東南アジアやカリブ海の島々に定住したインド商人の手によって、世界の他の地域にもたらされた。
1857年、チャパティはインド大反乱におけるチャパティ運動において、重要な役割を演じた可能性が高い。
調理
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Energy | 1,247 kJ (298 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.36 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 2.72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fiber | 4.9 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.45 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11.25 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. |
チャパティは、小麦粉と水からなる柔らかい生地を用いて作られる。この小麦粉は、ほとんどの西洋風全粒粉よりもきめ細かく挽かれている。
Chapati dough is typically prepared with flour and water, kneaded with a fist, and left to rest for at least 10 or 15 minutes to an hour for the gluten in the dough to relax. After proofing, the dough becomes softer and more pliable. Small portions of the dough are pinched off and formed into round balls that are pressed between the two palms to form discs which are then dipped into flour and rolled out on a circular rolling board (a chakla), using a rolling pin known as a velan or belan, into a flat disc. There are also automatic roti makers which automate the whole process.
The rolled-out dough is then thrown on the preheated dry tava and cooked on both sides. In some regions of the Indian subcontinent chapatis are only partially cooked on the skillet, and then cooked directly over a flame, which makes them puff up. The hot steam cooks the chapati rapidly from the inside. In some parts of northern India and eastern Pakistan, this is called a phulka. In southern parts of India, it is called a pulka. It is also possible to puff up the roti directly on the tava. Once cooked, chapatis are often topped with butter or ghee. In western regions of Maharashtra, some oil is added inside the rolled-out dough and then put on the tava; this is distinct from paratha.

Chapati diameter and thickness vary from region to region. Chapatis made in domestic kitchens are usually not larger than 15 centimetres (6 in) to 18 centimetres (7 in) in diameter since the tava on which they are made comes in sizes that fit comfortably on a domestic stovetop. Tavas were traditionally made of unglazed earthenware, but are now typically made from metal. The shape of the rolling pin also varies from region to region. Some households simply use a kitchen worktop as a sort of pastry board, but round flat-topped "boards" made of wood, stone, or stainless steel are available specifically for rolling out chapatis.
In most parts of the Indian subcontinent, there is a distinction made between chapati and other related flatbreads eaten in the region like roti, paratha, kulcha, puri and naan based on cooking technique, texture and use of different types of flours. For example, parathas are either made layered by spreading them with ghee, folding and rolling out again into a disc which turns out flakey once cooked, or are filled with spinach, dal or cooked radish or potato. Parathas are mostly made using all-purpose flour instead of whole wheat flour.
There are many regional varieties of chapati in India:
- Paneer chapati: Grated paneer is added to the usual chapati dough which is also called 'paneer paratha'.
- Radish/mullangi chapati: Grated radish and turmeric powder is added to the dough and the chapati is usually thick. It is often eaten by lorry drivers who eat in roadside dhabas during long trips. It is also called 'mooli paratha'.
- Vegetable-stuffed chapati: Mashed carrot, potato, peas, and fenugreek are slightly sautéed into a masala gravy. These chapatis are usually served rolled, and many households prepare them using their own combinations of available vegetables.
In the Maldives, chapatis are traditionally eaten for breakfast along with a dish known as mas huni. Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders: A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5</ref>
Flatbreads are staples of Indian food. Chapatis go well with curries, dry sabzis or sabjis (vegetables cooked in gravy), chutneys or dal.
Gallery
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Chapatis
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A girl baking chapatis in the traditional way
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Chapatis are cooked on open-flame once partly cooked on tava, which fluffs it
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Freshly cooked chapatis once off open-flame
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Preparing chapati with a rolling pin
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Gujarati chapati, known as Rotli which is thinner
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Chapati being cooked in Tamil Nadu
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Chapati and Potato Curry from Kerala
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Chapati served with various sides and topped with butter
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Chapati cooked on open-flame after being cooked on tava
関連項目
![]() | この記事は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ・表示・継承ライセンス3.0のもとで公表されたウィキペディアの項目Chapati(21 May 2025, at 00:49編集記事参照)を翻訳して二次利用しています。 |
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