Template:Infobox gallium
Chemical element, symbol Ga and atomic number 31
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| Gallium | |||||||||||||||
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| Pronunciation | /ˈɡæliəm/ | ||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery blue | ||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga) | |||||||||||||||
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| Gallium in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||
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| Atomic number (Z) | 31 | ||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 | ||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 3 | ||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | ||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F) | ||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2676 K (2403 °C, 4357 °F)[1][2] | ||||||||||||||
| Density (at 20° C) | 5.907 g/cm3[3] | ||||||||||||||
| when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.095 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 256 kJ/mol[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 25.86 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −5, −4, −3,[4] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3[5] (an amphoteric oxide) | ||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.81 | ||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 135 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 122±3 pm | ||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 187 pm | ||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | |||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | ||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | base-centered orthorhombic (oS8) | ||||||||||||||
| Lattice constants |  b = 766.25 pm c = 452.66 pm (at 20 °C)[3] | ||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | 20.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3][lower-alpha 1] | ||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 40.6 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | 270 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic | ||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | −21.6×10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[6] | ||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 9.8 GPa | ||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 2740 m/s (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.47 | ||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 56.8–68.7 MPa | ||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7440-55-3 | ||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||
| Naming | after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer | ||||||||||||||
| Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) | ||||||||||||||
| Discovery and first isolation | Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875) | ||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of gallium | |||||||||||||||
| Template:infobox gallium isotopes does not exist | |||||||||||||||
| Ga · Gallium | ||
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| Zn ← |
→ Ge | |
| indexes by PT (page) | ||
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| Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial) | |
| Top image (caption, alt) | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Allotropes (overview) | |
| Group (overview) | |
| Period (overview) | |
| Block (overview) | |
| Natural occurrence | |
| Phase at STP | |
| Oxidation states | |
| Spectral lines image | |
| Electron configuration (cmt, ref) | |
| Isotopes | |
| Standard atomic weight | |
| most stable isotope | |
 Wikidata
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| Wikidata * | |
| * Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table: ) | |
Notes
- ↑ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (in the range 280–302.9 K) are αa = 31.9×10−6/K, αb = 16.2×10−6/K, αc = 13.3×10−6/K, and αaverage = 20.5×10−6/K.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
- ↑ "Gallium (CAS Number 7440-55-3) : Strem Product Catalog". Strem Chemicals Inc. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
- ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
