ジャワ料理
Javanese cuisine/ja
ジャワ料理(Javanese: ꦥꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦗꦮ, romanized: panganan jawa)は、中央ジャワ州、ジョグジャカルタ州、東ジャワ州を主な拠点とするインドネシアの主要な民族集団であるジャワ人の料理である。

定義
ジャワ料理とは、ジャワ人の料理を指す。ジャワ料理は、ジャワ人ディアスポラやジャワに住んでいた外国籍の人々によって、他の地域や国々にもたらされることが多い。
ジャワ島には、いくつかの原住民民族集団(スンダ人、マドゥラ人、ブタウィ人など)や、外国に起源を持つ他の民族が住んでいる。インドネシア語では、ジャワ人とはジャワ民族的背景を持つ人々を指す。
ジャワ料理は甘いと思われがちだが、これは伝統的にジョグジャカルタで好まれる味であるためである。しかし、ジャワの地域にはジョグジャカルタだけが含まれるわけではない。
例えば、中部ジャワの北部および北東部では、味は塩辛くスパイシーな傾向がある。東ジャワでは、辛さのレベルが増す。今日では、ジャワ人がより移動性が高まり、異なる地域に移動する可能性があるため、好まれる地域の味というこの典型的なステレオタイプは時代遅れである。
歴史
古代の料理とレシピは数多くのジャワのプラサスティ(碑文)に記されており、現代の歴史家たちはその一部を解読することに成功した。メダン・マタラム王国時代の8世紀から10世紀頃の碑文には、Hadangan Harang(水牛のひき肉のサテ。今日のバリのサテ・リリットに似る)、Hadangan Madura(サトウヤシの砂糖を使った水牛肉)、Dundu Puyengan(レモンバジルで味付けしたウナギ)など、いくつかの古代料理が言及されている。古代の飲料には、Nalaka Rasa(サトウキビジュース)、Jati Wangi(ジャスミン飲料)、Kinca(発酵させたタマリンドジュース)が含まれる。また、様々なKuluban(香辛料で調理された茹で野菜。今日のウラップに似る)やPhalamula(液状のサトウヤシの砂糖を添えた茹でたヤムイモや塊茎)も存在した。
ジャワ文化において、食べ物は伝統的な儀式の不可欠な部分である。例えば、感謝の象徴としてしばしば行われるスラマタンの儀式では、通常、参加者、招待客、出席者が一緒に食事をする共同の饗宴が行われる。食べ物は通常、一緒に準備され、調理され、提供される。これはまた、ゴトン・ロヨン(協力すること)、guyub(調和のとれた共同体精神)、豊穣、そして感謝を象徴している。
ジャワ料理のほとんどは独自に発展したものである。多くの料理が現代のインドネシア文化に「国民的料理」として吸収されている。その中には、ロントン(ジャワ語でLonthong)、トゥンペン、クルプック、ジャジャン・パサールなど、他の多くの地方料理に影響を与えたものもある。
材料
米は古くからジャワにおける重要な作物である。ジャワ人は稲の女神デウィ・スリを崇拝することで知られている。蒸した米は一般的な主食であり、毎食供される。円錐形の黄色いご飯であるトゥンペンは、ジャワの伝統的な儀式であるスラマタンに不可欠である。米はロントンやクトゥパットに加工されたり、ココナッツミルクで炊いてナシ・リウェットになったり、ターメリックで色付けされてナシクニン(イエローライス)になる。炭水化物の他の供給源であるガプレック(乾燥させたキャッサバ)は、米に混ぜられたり、米の代わりになることもある。ガプレックは通常、米が不足する困難な時期に貧しい庶民によって消費される。ヤムイモ、サトイモ、サツマイモなどのイモ類は、食事の間の軽食として食べられる。パンや米以外の穀物は一般的ではないが、麺類やジャガイモは米の付け合わせとしてよく供される。ジャガイモはよく茹でてから潰し、円盤状にして香辛料を加え、溶き卵をまぶしてプルクデルに揚げられる。小麦麺、bihun(ビーフン)、クウェティアオは中華料理の影響である。ジャワ人はこれらの食材を取り入れ、ケチャップマニス(甘い醤油)と地元の香辛料を加えて独自のバクミ・ジャワ、バクミ・レブス、ビーフン gorengを作り出した。野菜はジャワ料理に多く使われ、特にプチェル、ロテック、ウラップなどの野菜を多用する料理が顕著である。
ココナッツミルク、ピーナッツソース、gula jawa(パームシュガー)、asem jawa(タマリンド)、プティス、テラシ(シュリンプペースト)、エシャロット、ニンニク、ターメリック、ガランガル、ショウガ、唐辛子サンバルは、ジャワ料理によく見られる一般的な食材や香辛料である。コイ、ティラピア、グーラミ、ナマズなどの淡水魚が人気であり、マグロ、フエダイ、ワフー、エイ、アンチョビ、エビ、イカ、様々な塩漬け魚などの魚介類は、ジャワの沿岸都市で人気である。鶏肉、山羊肉、牛肉、羊肉はジャワ料理で人気のある肉である。一般的な飼育鶏の他に、ayam kampungまたは放し飼いの鶏は、その脂肪が少なく、より自然な風味が評価され、人気がある。ジャワ人のほぼ90%はイスラム教徒であり、その結果、ジャワ料理の多くは豚肉を省いている。しかし、ムンティラン、マゲラン、ジョグジャカルタ、クラテン周辺の少数のカトリック系ジャワ人集落では、豚肉が消費されることがある。インドネシアの一部の民族グループでは、バリ料理、インドネシア中華料理、バタク料理、マナド料理など、イスラム教の食事規定でハラムと見なされる豚肉やその他のタンパク質源を料理に使用している。
店舗
ジャワの家庭では通常、毎朝地元の市場で新鮮な食材を買い、午前遅くに調理して主に昼食として供する。残った料理は保存され、家族の夕食のために再び温められる。自家製の家庭料理以外にも、ジャワ料理は質素な屋台やワルンから、五つ星ホテルの高級レストランまで、様々な場所で提供されている。家族経営の小さなワルンは、手頃な値段でストリートフードを提供しており、食事ができる家庭料理から軽食まで、あらゆるものを提供している。人気のあるシンプルなジャワ料理店としては、主にテガル市出身のジャワ人によって営まれている手頃な価格の「ワルン・テガル」や、ジョグジャカルタやソロで安い「セゴ・クチン」や様々な「ウェダン」(温かい飲み物)を売っている「アンクリンガン」の屋台がある。
ジャワの伝統では、短い脚のテーブルの前に座って、マットの上にあぐらをかいて食事をする「レセハン」様式で食事をするのが一般的である。これは、ジョグジャカルタのマリオボロ通り沿いで観光客に人気の屋台の「ワルン・レセハン」として始まった。今日、ジャワの「レセハン」屋台は、スラカルタ、スマラン、ジャカルタを含むいくつかの都市で見られる。
- ジャワ料理店
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「ワルン・テガル」の料理陳列。
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ボロブドゥール近くのジャワの鶏サテ屋台。
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ジョグジャカルタ、マリオボロ通りの「レセハン」座敷席。
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「アンクリンガン」屋台。
中部ジャワ料理
中部ジャワの料理は、ジョグジャカルタとスラカルタ(通称ソロ)の二つの古都の影響を受けている。中部ジャワの料理のほとんどは土着に発展したものであるが、スマランやプカロンガンのような沿岸都市では、ルンピア(春巻き)やバクミ・ジャワなど、顕著な中華料理の影響が見られる。一方、スラカルタの王宮では、bistik Jawaやselat Soloなど、ヨーロッパの影響が見られる。中部ジャワ特有の料理の多くは、その料理が最初に普及した地域の名前を含んでいる。例えば、以下の通りである:
スマラン
- Bandeng Juwana: ジュワナ(スマランの東にある漁業の町)発祥の、骨まで柔らかく加工されたミルクフィッシュ。ジュワナで発祥し生産・加工されているが、主にスマランで販売されている。
- ルンピア スマラン: 揚げ春巻きまたは蒸し春巻き。具材は様々だが、主に肉とタケノコで構成されている。甘い発酵大豆ソース(タウチョ)または甘いニンニクソースと共に供される。その他に、acar(インドネシア風甘酸っぱいキュウリのピクルス)やチリが添えられる。
- ナシ・アヤム: 米、鶏肉、卵、豆腐からなる料理で、甘塩っぱいココナッツミルクのグレービーソースが添えられる。
- Roti ganjel rel, 四角い茶色のパンで、ゴマがまぶされており、シナモンとパームシュガーで風味付けされている。通常、ドゥグデランやラマダンの期間に供される。
- Soto Semarang: 鶏肉のスープで、一人分の小さな器で供される。米、perkedel、ハイガイ、鶏の内臓、ウズラの卵のサテが混ぜられている。有名なSoto Semarangの一つにSoto Bangkongがある。これはスマランのバンコン交差点にちなんで名付けられた。
- Wingko Babat: 主にもち米と乾燥ココナッツで作られたケーキで、トーストされて温かく販売される。東ジャワのババットが発祥だが、スマランで人気がある。ババット(Babat)とbabat(ババット)を区別する必要がある。ババット(Babat)は東ジャワの都市で、ノースコーストロードの一部であり、wingko Babatの発祥地である。一方、babat(ババット)はトライプ(牛の胃袋)で、インドネシア料理全般によく使われる食材である。
ジェパラ
- Soto ジェパラ: sotoはインドネシアの一般的なスープで、通常ターメリックで風味付けされ、鶏肉、牛肉、またはマトンで作られる。中部ジャワの町ジェパラのバージョンは鶏肉で作られる。
- Opor panggang: ジェパラの典型的なオポール。これはオポール・アヤムの一種だが、使用される鶏肉がまず土鍋でローストされるため、独特の風味がある。
- クルバン: ジェパラ県の伝統的なサラダ。
- ケラップ・アンテップ: 赤身肉、ショウガ、ベイリーフ、赤タマネギ、ニンニク、赤唐辛子、タマリンド、砂糖などで作られた料理。
- Horok-horok: 蒸したコーンスターチ。調理後、コーンスターチは瓶に注がれ、櫛でかき混ぜられる。そのため、噛みごたえがありながらも、発泡スチロールに似た小さな顆粒状をしている。風味を加えるために、少量の塩を加えることもできる。この料理は、ミートボール、gado-gado、pecel、またはサテkikil(牛アキレス腱)の付け合わせとして供される。
- Hoyok-hoyok: oyol-oyolとも呼ばれ、タピオカ粉に水と油を混ぜて作られ、追加のおろしたココナッツと共に供される。Hoyok-hoyokはhorok-horokの甘いバージョンである。
- ジェパラのエビスープ: 一般的なエビスープに似ている。このバージョンのスープはエビの出汁と揚げたエビ、生の砕いた唐辛子を使用する。このスープは熱いか温かい状態が美味しい。
- ジェパラのpangsitスープ: 融合料理と見なされ、この料理は地元料理と外国料理、すなわちジャワ料理、オランダ料理、中華料理の融合である。このスープのpangsit(餃子)は私たちが知っている餃子とは異なり、エビの卵ロールが入った澄んだスープの形をしている。これはR.A.カルティニのお気に入りの料理の一つである。
- Bongko mento: ジェパラ宮殿発祥の軽食で、バナナの葉で包まれている。ソテーした鶏の胸肉の細切りにヒラタケ、春雨、ココナッツミルクを混ぜたものを詰めたオムレツで構成されている。
- Lontong krubyuk: 一般的なロントン料理に似ており、この料理は、バクソスープをかけた鶏肉の煮込みと、半熟のもやしとスライスしたセロリを混ぜたものが添えられたライスケーキで構成されている。他のlontong料理と異なるのは、この料理はスープがたっぷり添えられることである。
- Singit: 牛のすね肉をココナッツミルク、醤油、塩、赤唐辛子、ニンニク、タマネギ、黒糖で煮込み、ソースが濃くなるまで弱火で調理したもの。
- Semur Jepara: 肉、塩、コショウ、ナツメグパウダー、醤油、食用油などで作られる。
- Sayur pepaya Jepara: 午後によく供される野菜の煮込み。主な材料は若いパパイヤ、ココナッツミルク、牛肉の煮込みなどである。
- Sayur asem Jepara: サユール・アセム・ジャカルタに似ている。
- Sayur betik: 若くて未熟なパパイヤと牛肉のトリミングを主な材料とする野菜の煮込み。
- Gule petih Jepara: 柔らかいヤギ肉とスパイスの混合物で作られる。通常、イード・アル=フィトルとイード・アル=アドハーの期間に供される。
- Laksa Jepara: 鶏のフィレ肉、バナナエビ、鶏肉の出汁、ココナッツミルク、レモングラス、コブミカンの葉、塩、砂糖、油、その他の材料で作られる。
- Sayur keluak ayam: 野菜、クルアック、鶏肉で作られる。
- Kagape kambing: ヤギ肉で作られた料理。イード・アル=アドハーの期間によく見られる。
- バクソ Karimunjawa: 牛肉や鶏肉ではなく、魚から作られたミートボールスープ。
- トンセン cumi: ヤギ肉や鶏肉ではなく、イカで作られたtongseng。
- Rempah Jepara: おろしたココナッツ、魚などで作られた料理。
- Bontosan: マッシュしたハタまたはサバと米粉を混ぜて紡錘形にし、バナナの葉またはプラスチックで包んで蒸し、厚くスライスしてソースまたはグレービーと共に供される料理。Bontosanは実際には、魚のクラッカーを乾燥させる前の形である。外側がカリカリになるまで浅く揚げてから供することもできる。味はペンペックに似ている。
- Sate sapi Jepara: ジェパラ特有のスパイスを混ぜた牛肉で作られたサテ。
- Sate kikil: kikil(牛アキレス腱)で作られたサテ料理で、サテcecekとも呼ばれる。通常、horok-horokと共に供される。
- Pecel ikan laut panggang: ココナッツミルクソースと共に供される、ローストした海水魚。
- Tempong: 未調理の乾燥イワシで、フリッターのような形をしている。
クドゥス
- Jenang Kudus: 米粉、パームシュガー、ココナッツミルクで作られた甘い菓子。
- Opor bakar
- Soto クドゥス: sotoはインドネシアの一般的なスープで、通常ターメリックで風味付けされ、鶏肉、牛肉、またはマトンで作られる。中部ジャワの町クドゥスのバージョンは鶏肉で作られる。
Pati
- Bandeng presto: is a pressure cooked milkfish that soften the finer fish bones. The pressure cooking also help the spices to seep into the flesh of milkfish perfectly.
- Nasi gandul: is beef served on white steamed rice poured with spicy savoury soup, served on banana leaf.
- Petis runting: is a kind of gulai typical culinary of Pati. Soupy but somewhat viscous, made from a rather coarse rice flour roasted with goat meat and balungan or goat bones, including bone marrows, and usually enjoyed while it hot to avoid the fatty bone marrow coagulating.
- Sayur mangut: is a hot and spicy Ariid catfish head cooked in coconut milk.
- Sayur tempe bosok: is a kind of curry-soup made from stinky over-ripe (almost rotten) tempeh. Popularly consumed during the rainy season against the cold.
- Soto kemiri: is a common Javanese chicken soup spiced with candlenut.
Yogyakarta
- Ayam geprek: crispy battered fried chicken crushed and mixed with hot and spicy sambal.
- Ayam goreng Kalasan: chicken stewed in coriander, garlic, candlenut, and coconut water, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with sambal and raw vegetables.
- Bakpia and bakpia pathok: a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok near Jalan Malioboro, where bakpia Pathok is sold.
- Belalang goreng: fried grasshopper dish.
- Brongkos: spicy meat and tolo beans (black-eyed peas) stew in coconut milk and kluwek soup with other spices.
- Gudeg: a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java made from young unripe nangka (jack fruit) boiled for several hours with palm sugar and coconut milk. This is usually accompanied by opor ayam (chicken in coconut milk), telur pindang (hard boiled egg stew), and krechek (spicy beef skin and tofu stew). Gudeg from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savory taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javanese teak leaf.
- Kipo: derived from the Javanese question Iki opo? ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack from Kotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.
- Krechek (also known as krecek or sambal goreng krechek): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasoned krupuk kulit (beef skin crackers). Krechek is usually served as a side dish together with gudeg.
- Nasi kucing: rice with small side dishes.
Solo
- Bakso Solo: bakso literally means meatballs, made of beef, and served in boiling hot soup with mung bean-thread noodles, green vegetables, shredded cabbage, and various sauces (chili, tomato). This version from Solo has super-sized meatballs, the size of tennis balls. Also known as Bakso Tenis. Bakso is a Chinese-influenced dish, but has become a popular snack throughout Indonesia.
- Bistik Jawa: Javanese beef steak, a European-influenced dish from Solo.
- Nasi liwet: a rice dish cooked in coconut milk and chicken broth, served with meat and vegetable side dishes.
- Sate buntel (lit: wrapped satay): Minced fatty beef or goat meat, encased in caul fat and wrapped around a bamboo skewer then grilled. The size of this satay is quite large, very similar to a Middle Eastern kebab. After being grilled on charcoal, the meat is separated from the skewer, cut into bite-size chunks, then served in sweet soy sauce and merica (pepper).
- Selat Solo: a salad consisting of stewed beef, lettuce, carrot, green bean, and potato chips or French fries in sweet spiced dressing.
- Sosis solo, Javanese sausages made from beef or chicken and coated by egg.
- Srabi Solo: a pancake made of coconut milk, mixed with a little rice flour as thickener. Srabi can be served plain or with toppings, such as sliced banana, chopped jackfruit, chocolate sprinkle (muisjes), or cheese.
- Tongseng: a strongly spiced curry of bone-in mutton, which is quickly stir-fried at the point of sale with vegetables added.
- Tengkleng: goat ribs and offal in a curry-like soup, similar to gule kambing, but with a lighter and thinner soup.
- Timlo Solo: a beef and vegetable soup. Some versions also have noodles.
Banyumas
Refers to Javanese cultural region of Western Central Java bordering West Java, including Banyumas, Tegal, Brebes, Cilacap, Kebumen, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara.
- Nasi bogana Tegal: a steamed rice dish wrapped in banana leaves and served with a variety of side dishes.
- Sate Tegal or Sate Balibul: juvenile (five-month-old) goat satay from Tegal, noted for its tender meat.
- Sate Ambal: a satay variant from Ambal, Kebumen, Central Java. This satay uses ayam kampung (free-range chicken). The sauce is not made from peanuts, but rather ground tempeh, chili, and spices. The chicken is marinated for about two hours to make the meat tastier. This satay is served with ketupat.
- Sroto Sokaraja: a variant of soto from Sokaraja, Banyumas.
- Tempeh mendoan: fried battered tempeh from Banyumas.
Other Central Javanese cuisine
- Bakmoy: small cubes of fried tofu, chicken, and boiled egg served with chicken broth and relish made from sweet soy sauce.
- Kamir: round-shaped bread that almost similar to apem, consisting of flour, butter, and egg mixture.
- Krechek: spicy stew made from skin cracker, potato and soy beans.
- Mie kopyok (lit. shaked noodles): a noodle soup made of garlic broth, rice cake, fried tofu, and rice cracker.
- Mie ongklok: boiled noodles were made using cabbage, chunks of chopped leaves, and starchy thick soup called loh. Usually served with satay and tempeh.
- Nasi megono, rice dish with chopped young jackfruit mixed with coconut and other spices.
- Sate Blora: chicken satay from Blora area.
- Sop senerek, traditional soup from Magelang with beef, red bean, carrot, tomato, celery, and fried shallots.
- Swikee Purwodadi: frogs' legs cooked in fermented soybean (tauco) soup.
East Javanese cuisine
The East Javanese cuisine is largely influenced by Madurese cuisine - Madura being a major producer of salt, hence the omission of sugar in many dishes. Many of the East Javanese dishes are also typically Madurese, such as soto Madura and sate Madura, usually sold by Madurese settlers. Notable Arabic and Indian cuisine influence also can be found such in the coastal cities of Tuban, Gresik, Surabaya, Lamongan, and Sidoarjo, due to the large number of Arabic descendants in these cities. Although there are many dishes with town names attached to them, local versions of these are available in every town. The most popular town-associated dishes are:
Madiun
- Brem Madiun: fermented sugar and cassava cakes.
- Pecel Madiun: a salad of boiled vegetables, dressed in a peanut-based spicy sauce. It is usually served as an accompaniment to rice. A peanut or dried fish/shrimp cracker (rempeyek) is served on the side. Not to be confused with pecel lele, which is deep-fried local catfish served with sambal.
Lamongan
- Ayam penyet: fried chicken (see ayam goreng), lightly smashed using a pestle in a mortar laced with sambal.
- Bebek goreng: deep fried duck, similar to duck confit.
- Pecel lele: deep fried catfish with sambal, vegetables, and rice.
- Soto Lamongan: chicken soup originated from the town of Lamongan.
- Tahu campur: fried tofu, served in petis-based beef stew.
Surabaya
- Ayam penyet: "smashed chicken", fried chicken that is smashed with the pestle against mortar to make it softer, served with sambal, slices of cucumbers, fried tofu and tempeh.
- Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce.
- Rawon Surabaya: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.
- Rujak cingur: a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya in East Java.
- Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (M. crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce.
Madura
- Sate Madura: originating on the island of Madura, near Java, is a famous variant among Indonesians. Most often made from mutton or chicken, the recipe's main characteristic is the black sauce made from Indonesian sweet soy sauce (kecap manis) mixed with palm sugar (called gula jawa or "Javanese sugar" in Indonesia), garlic, deep fried shallots, peanut paste, petis (a kind of shrimp paste), candlenut, and salt. Chicken Madura satay is usually served in peanut sauce, while the mutton Madura satay is usually served in sweet soy sauce. Sate Madura uses smaller chunks of meat than other variants. It is eaten with rice or rice cakes wrapped in banana/coconut leaves (lontong/ketupat). Raw thinly sliced shallots and plain sambal are often served as condiments.
- Soto Madura: a turmeric-based beef and offal soup, served with boiled egg slices, and sambal.
Malang
- Bakso Malang: bakso literally means meatball. Bakso Malang has more accompaniments, beside the meatball (mostly beef) itself. For example, offal, siomay dumplings (fried or steamed), tahu (tofu, fried or steamed, filled with meat), sound (mung bean threads), and yellow egg noodles. All of these are served in hot beef stock.
- Cwie mi: a Chinese-influenced noodle dish, containing boiled and seasoned noodles, topped with pre-cooked minced meat (usually pork or chicken) and boiled wonton. Similar to the Chinese zhajiang mian.
Banyuwangi
- Bolu klemben: cake with tortoise-like shape, made of mixture of flour, eggs, and sugar.
- Botok tawon: a type of botok that made from bee larvae.
- Pelasan, Osing-style of pepes food. The popular Osing pepes are pelasan teri, pelasan tahu and pelasan ayam.
- Pindang koyong: a fish cooked in yellow gravy-like soto with various spices.
- Rawon Banyuwangi: Banyuwangi-style of beef soup in dark gravy, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the keluak nuts.
- Rujak soto: a unique blend of vegetable salad with soto, it can be soto daging (beef) or soto babat.
- Sale pisang: chips-like snack that made of bananas which are combed thin and then dried in the sun. After dried in the sun, it can be directly eaten or fried first.
Other East Javanese cuisine
- Kare rajungan: curry dish cooked using portunidae.
- Lontong balap: literally means "racing rice cake", which is a dish of rice cakes, fried tofu, and beansprouts, doused in kecap manis and sambal sauce. In the past, lontong balap hawkers carried their wares in a large, heavy metal urn. The heaviness caused them to have to walk really quickly while carrying it, so they looked like they were "racing".
- Madumongso: a sweetmeat made from fermented black glutinous rice, cooked in coconut milk and sugar. It is sticky and very sweet, and comes wrapped in panties.
- Roti konde: a type of roti canai. Their recipes are stolen from Indian paratha.
- Sate Ponorogo: a variant of satay originating in Ponorogo, a town in East Java. It is made from sliced marinated chicken, served with a sauce made of peanuts and chili, and garnished with shredded shallots, sambal, and lime juice. This variant is unique for the fact that each skewer contains one large piece of chicken, rather than several small cubes. The meat is marinated in spices and sweet soy sauce, in a process called "bacem" and is served with rice or lontong (rice cake). The grill is made from terracotta earthenware with a hole on one side to allow ventilation for the coals. After three months of use, the earthenware grill disintegrates and must be replaced.
- Tahu campur: a beef and offal soup, mixed with fresh vegetables, potatoes, rice cake, and tofu. The secret ingredient is the caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis) which is mixed in just before serving.
- Tahu tek-tek: a dish containing cut-up fried tofu, boiled vegetables (mostly beansprouts), potatoes, drenched in a peanut-based sauce. The sauce has caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), chili, and garlic.
Common Javanese dishes
These common Javanese dishes can be found throughout Java.
- Apem, traditional cake of steamed dough made of rice flour, coconut milk, yeast and palm sugar, usually served with grated coconut.
- Ayam bumbu rujak, chicken dish made from chicken meat which is still young and uses a red basic spice then grilled. A red base is a spice made from salt, garlic, onion, and red chili.
- Ayam goreng, fried chicken dish consisting of chicken deep fried in oil with various spices.
- Ayam kecap, chicken simmered or braised in sweet soy sauce.
- Bakmi jawa, wheat based noodle, generally prepared and topped with minced chicken seasoned in soy sauce, green vegetables and a bowl of broth.
- Bakso, bakso literally means meatball. Beef or chicken meatballs, usually served in a bowl of broth with yellow noodles, rice vermicelli, vegetables, tofu, green cabbage, bean sprout, sprinkled with fried shallots and celery.
- Bakwan, fried meal consisting of vegetables and batter. Bakwan usually refers to a vegetable fritter snack, commonly sold with gorengan.
- Bergedel, fried patties, made of ground potatoes, minced meat, peeled and ground corn or tofu, or minced fish.
- Bergedel jagung, corn fritters.
- Botok, a dish made from shredded coconut flesh which has been squeezed of its coconut milk, often mixed with other ingredients such as vegetable or fish, and wrapped in banana leaf and steamed.
- Brengkesan, fish, meat, tofu, anchovy or mushroom ingredients cooked inside a banana-leaf package.
- Bubur ayam, rice congee with shredded chicken meat served with some condiments and cake.
- Bubur kacang hijau, sweet dessert made from mung beans porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The beans are boiled till soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.
- Bubur ketan hitam, sweet dessert made from black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The black glutinous rice are boiled until soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.
- Bubur sumsum, white congee made from rice flour and eaten with brown sugar sauce.
- Buntil, a traditional Javanese dish of scraped coconut meat mixed with anchovies and spices, wrapped in a papaya leaf, then boiled in coconut milk.
- Cah kangkung, stir fried water spinach.
- Dawet, an iced sweet dessert that contains droplets of green rice flour jelly, coconut milk and palm sugar syrup.
- Donat jawa, Javanese-style of ring-shaped fritter made from cassava with savoury taste.
- Garang asem, chicken dish cooked using banana leaves and dominated by sour and spicy flavor.
- Gorengan, assorted fritters such as tempeh, tofu, yam, sweet potato, cassava, and chopped vegetables.
- Gule, a type of soupy curry-like dishes that could be made from various ingredients; meats, fish or vegetables. The gule that popular in Javanese cuisine both are gule kambing (made of goat or mutton) and gule ayam (made of chicken).
- Gule ayam, chicken cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.
- Gule kambing, mutton cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.
- Iga penyet (lit. squeeze ribs), fried beef spare ribs served with spicy sambal terasi. The fried beef ribs is squeezed against a mortar filled with sambal, and usually served with lalab vegetables and steamed rice.
- Ikan asin, salted and sun-dried fishes of various species.
- Jenang, sweet toffee-like sugar palm-based confection, made from coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour, and is sticky, thick, and sweet.
- Kare, the Javanese adaptation of curry dishes. Just like gulai, it could be made from various ingredients; meats or vegetables.
- Klepon, glutinous rice balls stuffed with palm sugar, colored green using pandanus leaf, and rolled in fresh grated coconut.
- Keripik tempe, tempeh chips, made from thinly sliced, lightly battered, then deep fried tempeh (soybean cake).
- Kupat, rice dumpling made from rice packed inside a diamond-shaped container of woven palm leaf pouch.
- Kwetiau ayam, boiled flat noodle with diced chicken.
- Kwetiau goreng, stir fried flat noodle dish.
- Lepet, sticky rice dumpling mixed with peanuts cooked with coconut milk and packed inside a janur (young coconut leaf) or palm leaf.
- Lontong, pressed rice cake inside banana wrapping.
- Lumpia, spring roll made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings.
- Lotek, almost identical to gado-gado, but sweeter. It is similar to pecel, but includes different vegetables as well as boiled egg slices and a garnish of fish or shrimp crackers and emping (Gnetum gnemon L. nut, flattened, dried, and fried into small thin crackers).
- Martabak, stuffed pancake or pan-fried bread, sometimes filled with beef and scallions. Usually served with sambals and acar.
- Mie ayam, chicken bakmi dish of seasoned yellow wheat noodles topped with diced chicken meat.
- Mie bakso, bakso served with yellow noodles and rice vermicelli
- Mie goreng, spicy fried noodle dish seasoned in sweet soy sauce. The popular one is mie goreng jawa.
- Mie pangsit, noodle soup dish served with soft-boiled wonton.
- Mie rebus, famous noodle dish which consists of noodles, salt and egg, served with a tangy, spicy and sweet potato-based sauce.
- Nasi ambeng, fragrant Javanese rice dish that consists of steamed white rice, chicken curry or chicken stewed in soy sauce, beef or chicken rendang, fried sambal, urap, bergedel, and serundeng.
- Nasi goreng (lit. fried rice), Javanese-style of Indonesian fried rice.
- Nasi goreng jawa, fried rice dish uses sambal ulek as seasoning and has a spicy taste.
- Nasi kare (lit. curry rice), curry rice dish consists of steamed white rice, lontong or ketupat, curry, acar, fried shallots and sambals.
- Nasi kuning, similar to nasi rames or nasi campur, but the rice is cooked in coconut milk and colored bright yellow using turmeric and scented with lemongrass and kaffir lime leaves.
- Nasi rames, rice with accompaniments, usually some curried vegetable stew (sayur lodeh), a selection of cooked fish or chicken or meat and offal pieces, and a dollop of spicy sambal.
- Pangsit, wonton filled with vegetables, chicken or shrimp. It can be dry or wet.
- Pecel, a type of peanut sauce with chili
- Petis, black-colored shrimp paste.
- Putu, traditional cylindrical-shaped and green-colored steamed cake, made of rice flour called suji and colored green with extract acquired from pandan leaf, filled with palm sugar, and steamed in bamboo tubes, hence its name, and served with grated coconut.
- Puyonghai, omelette dish made from the mixture of vegetables such as carrots, bean sprouts, and cabbages, mixed with meats such as crab meat, shrimp, or minced chicken.
- Rempeyek, deep-fried savoury Javanese cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter. The most common type of rempeyek is peanut peyek.
- Rengginang, thick rice cracker, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.
- Roti bakar (lit. grilled bread), Javanese-style of toast sandwich consisting of two slice of breads and the filling, usually hagelslag or jam.
- Rujak, traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish. There are many kinds of rujak.
- Sambal, chili sauce or paste typically made from a mixture of a variety of chili peppers with secondary ingredients such as shrimp paste, garlic, ginger, shallot, scallion, palm sugar, and lime juice. Sambal has many various types.
- Satay, skewered grilled meat is a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are sate Tegal, sate Ambal, sate Solo, sate buntel, sate Madura, sate Ponorogo, etc.
- Sayur bening, spinach and corn in clear soup flavoured with temu kunci.
- Sayur lodeh, assorted vegetables, stewed in coconut milk.
- Semur jawa, meat (mainly beef or chicken) or vegetable (mainly potato or eggplant) stew, that is braised in thick brown gravy. The main ingredient used in semur gravy is sweet soy sauce, shallots, onions, garlic, ginger, candlenut, nutmeg and cloves, sometimes pepper, coriander, cumin and cinnamon might be added.
- Serabi, rice pancake that is made from rice flour with coconut milk or shredded coconut as an emulsifier.
- Sop buntut, oxtail soup.
- Soto, this Indonesian soup dish is also a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are common soto ayam and soto babat (tripe), soto Kudus, soto Madura, soto Lamongan, etc.
- Tahu, fermented soy food basically a soy milk cheese. It can be fried, stir fried, stewed, as soup ingredient, even also for sweets.
- Tahu goreng, deep fried tofu prepared with some condiments, such as shrimp paste, sambal, fried shallots, mayonnaise or soy sauce.
- Tapai, traditional fermented preparation of rice or other starchy foods.
- Telur pindang, marbled eggs boiled with herbs and spices.
- Tempeh, a meat substitute made from soy bean fermented with mold. It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular in the world as an excellent meat substitute for vegetarians.
- Tempe bacem, tempeh that stewed in coconut sugar and spices, then deep-fried. It has sweet and savoury flavour.
- Tempeh burger, hamburger with tempeh as main ingredient, a Javanese fusion dish.
- Tempe penyet, fried tempeh mixed with sambal chili paste in a mortar and pestle. Usually served in addition to other penyet dishes, such as ayam penyet (chicken) or iga penyet (ribs).
- Terang bulan, bread like puff with sugar, corn, and coarse nut in the middle.
- Tiwul, boiled rice substitution made from dried cassava.
- Tumis sayuran, stir-fried vegetables, usually mixed with chili and a spice paste.
- Tumpeng, a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano, usually with rice colored yellow using turmeric. It is an important part of ceremony in Java. Tumpeng served in important events such as birthday, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek.
- Untir-untir, dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look with crispy taste.
- Urap sayur, vegetables in spiced grated coconut dressing.
- Jajan pasar, several types of shaped and colored flour, rice flour, and glutinous rice flour cakes, sprinkled with desiccated coconut and drizzled with melted palm sugar. Jajan literally means snack, and pasar means market, as this snack is usually found in traditional markets.
Javanese beverages
- Dawet, green rice flour jellies served with gula jawa (palm sugar), santen (coconut milk) and ice.
- Es asem or gula asem, tamarind juice with gula jawa (palm sugar) and ice.
- Teh poci Tegal: tea brewed in a clay teapot, served with rock sugar. Tegal, a Central Java town, is a major producer of high-quality tea.
- Wedhang ronde (ronde): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.
- Wedhang angsle (angsle): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, putu mayang (brightly colored, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk.
- Wedhang uwuh (uwuh) (id): a hot Javanese clove drink.
関連項目
この記事は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ・表示・継承ライセンス3.0のもとで公表されたウィキペディアの項目Javanese cuisine(11 June 2025, at 11:07編集記事参照)を翻訳して二次利用しています。 |