マスタードシード

20 millimetres (³⁄₄ inch)スケールのマスタードシード

マスタードシードは、様々なマスタード植物の小さく丸い種子である。種子は通常直径約1〜2 mmで、黄白色から黒色まで色がついている場合がある。これらは多くの地域の食品で重要なスパイスであり、次の3種類の植物のいずれかから採れる。すなわち、ブラックマスタード（Brassica nigra）、ブラウンマスタード（Brassica juncea|B. juncea）、ホワイトマスタード（Sinapis alba）である。

種子を水、酢、または他の液体とすり潰し、混ぜ合わせると、マスタードとして知られる黄色の調味料が作られる。

栽培

マスタードシードは、低温環境と比較的湿った土壌という適切な条件に置かれると、通常8日から10日で発芽する。成熟したマスタード植物は低木に成長する。

イエローマスタードの成熟期間は85日から90日である一方、ブラウンマスタードとオリエンタルマスタードの成熟期間は90日から95日である。もし生育に適した温度条件であれば、マスタード植物は苗が現れてから5週間後に蕾をつけ始める。植物は7日から10日後に満開となる。ブラック、ブラウン、またはオリエンタル種のマスタードは、イエローマスタードと比較して収量が高い傾向にある。種子の収量は開花期間にも関係する。言い換えれば、開花期間が長いほど、種子の収量も多くなる。

マスタードは温帯地域でよく育つ。マスタードシードの主要生産国は、インド、パキスタン、カナダ、ハンガリー、イギリス、そしてアメリカ合衆国である。

パキスタンでは、アブラナ科のマスタードが綿花に次ぐ第2位の重要な油源となっている。作付面積は307,000ヘクタール（1,190平方マイル）で、年間生産量は233,000トンであり、食用油の国内生産量の約17%を占めている。

マスタードシードは油とタンパク質の豊富な供給源である。種子には46〜48%もの油が含まれ、全粒の粉末には43.6%のタンパク質が含まれる。

Production

In 2021, Nepal ranked the highest in mustard seed production, followed by Russia and Canada. In 2023, India led the world production of mustard seeds with 12 million tons.

Top 10 mustard seed producers in 2021

Country	Production (tonnes)
Nepal	220,250
Russia	144,593
Canada	60,532
Myanmar	34,146
Ukraine	19,920
United States	19,880
China	19,186
Kazakhstan	8,419
Ethiopia	2,691
Serbia	2,432
World	532,769
All values are FAO estimates. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

In North America, mustard is produced as a specialty crop. The majority of production is found in the upper Midwest United States and Canada. In 2020, the total production of mustard in the United States was 81.8 million pounds (37.1 kt).

Diseases

Mustard seeds carry seed-borne pathogens which affect germination rate, as any other seed. Latif et al., 2006 isolate Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizopus in Bangladesh.

Uses

Mustard seed, yellow

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	2,126 kJ (508 kcal)
Carbohydrates	28.09 g
Sugars	6.79 g
Dietary fiber	12.2 g
Fat	36.24 g
Saturated	1.989 g
Monounsaturated	22.518 g
Polyunsaturated	10.088 g
Protein	26.08 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv. 0% 2 μg Thiamine (B1) 67% 0.805 mg Riboflavin (B2) 20% 0.261 mg Niacin (B3) 30% 4.733 mg Vitamin B6 23% 0.397 mg Folate (B9) 41% 162 μg Vitamin B12 0% 0 μg Vitamin C 8% 7.1 mg Vitamin E 34% 5.07 mg Vitamin K 5% 5.4 μg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 20% 266 mg Iron 51% 9.21 mg Magnesium 88% 370 mg Phosphorus 67% 841 mg Potassium 28% 828 mg Sodium 1% 13 mg Zinc 55% 6.08 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	5.27 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard.

Mustard seeds are used as a spice in South Asia. The seeds are usually fried until they pop. The leaves are also stir-fried and eaten as a vegetable. Mustard oil is used for body massage during extreme winters, as it is thought to keep the body warm. In South Asian cuisine mustard oil or shorsher tel is the predominant cooking medium. Mustard seeds are also essential ingredients in spicy fish dishes like jhaal and paturi. A variety of pickles consisting mainly of mangoes, red chili powder, and powdered mustard seed preserved in mustard oil are popular.

In North America, mustard seeds are used in spices and condiments. Yellow mustard is popular in the United States and is often used as a condiment in sandwiches and other dishes. Mustard seeds are first ground into a powder and then mixed with other ingredients to create this condiment. Roughly 1,000 seeds are used in the preparation of 8 ounces of mustard.

Other uses

Ground mustard seed meal is used as a natural soil amendment for soil-borne disease management in other crops.

In culture

The mustard seed is frequently referenced in world literature, including in religious texts, as a metaphor for something small or insignificant.

In the Bible, Jesus tells the Parable of the Mustard Seed referring to faith and the Kingdom of God. There, Jesus says, "The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which is the smallest of all seeds on earth. Yet when planted, it grows and becomes the largest of all garden plants, with such big branches that the birds can perch in its shade."

There are references to mustard seeds in India from a story of Gautama Buddha in the fifth century BC. Gautama Buddha told the story of the grieving mother (Kisa Gotami) and the mustard seed. When a mother loses her only son, she takes his body to the Buddha to find a cure. The Buddha asks her to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a family that has never lost a child, husband, parent, or friend. When the mother is unable to find such a house in her village, she realizes death is common to all, and she cannot be selfish in her grief.

Jewish texts compare the knowable universe to the size of a mustard seed to demonstrate the world's insignificance and to teach humility.

The mustard seed is mentioned in the Quran: "And We place the scales of justice for the Day of Resurrection, so no soul will be treated unjustly at all. And if there is [even] the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it forth. And sufficient are We as accountant (21:47)", and according to the Hadith, Muhammad said that he who has in his heart the weight of a mustard seed of pride would not enter Paradise.

関連項目

• マスタードブランドの一覧

外部リンク

• The Spruce Eats The History of Mustard as Food
• McCormick.com.au A Keen Mustard History
• Secret Indian Recipe About mustard seed