Medicine/en: Difference between revisions

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Early records on medicine have been discovered from [[ancient Egyptian medicine]], [[Babylonian Medicine]], [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine (in the [[Wikipedia:Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]]), [[classical Chinese medicine]] (predecessor to the modern [[traditional Chinese medicine]]), and [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Medicine in ancient Rome|Roman medicine]].

In Egypt, [[Imhotep]] (3rd millennium BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The oldest [[Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical text]] is the ''[[Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus]]'' from around 2000 BCE, which describes gynaecological diseases. The ''[[Edwin Smith Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1600 BCE is an early work on surgery, while the ''[[Ebers Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1500 BCE is akin to a textbook on medicine.

In Egypt, [[Wikipedia:Imhotep|Imhotep]] (3rd millennium BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The oldest [[:en:Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical text]] is the ''[[Wikipedia:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus|Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus]]'' from around 2000 BCE, which describes gynaecological diseases. The ''[[Wikipedia:Edwin Smith Papyrus|Edwin Smith Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1600 BCE is an early work on surgery, while the ''[[Wikipedia:Ebers Papyrus|Ebers Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1500 BCE is akin to a textbook on medicine.

In China, archaeological evidence of medicine in Chinese dates back to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Shang Dynasty]], based on seeds for herbalism and tools presumed to have been used for surgery. The ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'', the progenitor of Chinese medicine, is a medical text written beginning in the 2nd century BCE and compiled in the 3rd century.

In China, archaeological evidence of medicine in Chinese dates back to the [[Wikipedia:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] [[Wikipedia:Shang Dynasty|Shang Dynasty]], based on seeds for herbalism and tools presumed to have been used for surgery. The ''[[Wikipedia:Huangdi Neijing|Huangdi Neijing]]'', the progenitor of Chinese medicine, is a medical text written beginning in the 2nd century BCE and compiled in the 3rd century.

In India, the surgeon [[Sushruta]] described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of [[plastic surgery]]. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in [[Sri Lanka]] where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.

In India, the surgeon [[Wikipedia:Sushruta|Sushruta]] described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of [[plastic surgery]]. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in [[Wikipedia:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.

[[File:HSAsclepiusKos retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mosaic on the floor of the [[Asclepieion]] of Kos, depicting [[Hippocrates]], with [[Wikipedia:Asklepius|Asklepius]] in the middle (2nd–3rd century)]]

In Greece, the [[Ancient Greek medicine|Greek physician]] [[Hippocrates]], the "father of modern medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the [[Hippocratic Oath]] for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as [[Acute (medical)|acute]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, [[relapse]], resolution, crisis, [[paroxysm]], peak, and [[convalescence]]". The Greek physician [[Galen]] was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the onset of the [[Wikipedia:Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]], the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the [[:en:Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]].

In Greece, the [[:en:Ancient Greek medicine|Greek physician]] [[Wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]], the "father of modern medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the [[Wikipedia:Hippocratic Oath|Hippocratic Oath]] for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as [[Acute (medical)|acute]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, [[relapse]], resolution, crisis, [[paroxysm]], peak, and [[convalescence]]". The Greek physician [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the [[Wikipedia:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] and the onset of the [[Wikipedia:Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]], the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the [[:en:Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]].

Most of our knowledge of ancient [[Hebrew medicine]] during the [[:en:1st millennium BC|1st millennium BC]] comes from the [[Wikipedia:Torah|Torah]], i.e. the Five Books of [[Moses]], which contain various health related laws and rituals. The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Era|Byzantine Era]], with the physician [[Wikipedia:Asaph the Jew|Asaph the Jew]].

Most of our knowledge of ancient [[Hebrew medicine]] during the [[:en:1st millennium BC|1st millennium BC]] comes from the [[Wikipedia:Torah|Torah]], i.e. the Five Books of [[Wikipedia:Moses|Moses]], which contain various health related laws and rituals. The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Era|Byzantine Era]], with the physician [[Wikipedia:Asaph the Jew|Asaph the Jew]].

=== Middle Ages ===

@@ Line 307: / Line 307: @@
 Early records on medicine have been discovered from [[ancient Egyptian medicine]], [[Babylonian Medicine]], [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine (in the [[Wikipedia:Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]]), [[classical Chinese medicine]] (predecessor to the modern [[traditional Chinese medicine]]), and [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Medicine in ancient Rome|Roman medicine]].
-In Egypt, [[Imhotep]] (3rd millennium BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The oldest [[Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical text]] is the ''[[Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus]]'' from around 2000 BCE, which describes gynaecological diseases. The ''[[Edwin Smith Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1600 BCE is an early work on surgery, while the ''[[Ebers Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1500 BCE is akin to a textbook on medicine.
+In Egypt, [[Wikipedia:Imhotep|Imhotep]] (3rd millennium BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The oldest [[:en:Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical text]] is the ''[[Wikipedia:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus|Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus]]'' from around 2000 BCE, which describes gynaecological diseases. The ''[[Wikipedia:Edwin Smith Papyrus|Edwin Smith Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1600 BCE is an early work on surgery, while the ''[[Wikipedia:Ebers Papyrus|Ebers Papyrus]]'' dating back to 1500 BCE is akin to a textbook on medicine.
-In China, archaeological evidence of medicine in Chinese dates back to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Shang Dynasty]], based on seeds for herbalism and tools presumed to have been used for surgery. The ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'', the progenitor of Chinese medicine, is a medical text written beginning in the 2nd century BCE and compiled in the 3rd century.
+In China, archaeological evidence of medicine in Chinese dates back to the [[Wikipedia:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] [[Wikipedia:Shang Dynasty|Shang Dynasty]], based on seeds for herbalism and tools presumed to have been used for surgery. The ''[[Wikipedia:Huangdi Neijing|Huangdi Neijing]]'', the progenitor of Chinese medicine, is a medical text written beginning in the 2nd century BCE and compiled in the 3rd century.
-In India, the surgeon [[Sushruta]] described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of [[plastic surgery]]. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in [[Sri Lanka]] where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.
+In India, the surgeon [[Wikipedia:Sushruta|Sushruta]] described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of [[plastic surgery]]. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in [[Wikipedia:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.
-[[File:HSAsclepiusKos retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mosaic on the floor of the [[Asclepieion]] of Kos, depicting [[Hippocrates]], with [[Wikipedia:Asklepius|Asklepius]] in the middle (2nd–3rd century)]]
+[[File:HSAsclepiusKos retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mosaic on the floor of the [[Wikipedia:Asclepieion|Asclepieion]] of Kos, depicting [[Wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]], with [[Wikipedia:Asklepius|Asklepius]] in the middle (2nd–3rd century)]]
-In Greece, the [[Ancient Greek medicine|Greek physician]] [[Hippocrates]], the "father of modern medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the [[Hippocratic Oath]] for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as [[Acute (medical)|acute]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, [[relapse]], resolution, crisis, [[paroxysm]], peak, and [[convalescence]]". The Greek physician [[Galen]] was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the onset of the [[Wikipedia:Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]], the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the [[:en:Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]].
+In Greece, the [[:en:Ancient Greek medicine|Greek physician]] [[Wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]], the "father of modern medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the [[Wikipedia:Hippocratic Oath|Hippocratic Oath]] for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as [[Acute (medical)|acute]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, [[relapse]], resolution, crisis, [[paroxysm]], peak, and [[convalescence]]". The Greek physician [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the [[Wikipedia:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] and the onset of the [[Wikipedia:Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]], the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the [[:en:Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]].
-Most of our knowledge of ancient [[Hebrew medicine]] during the [[:en:1st millennium BC|1st&nbsp;millennium&nbsp;BC]] comes from the [[Wikipedia:Torah|Torah]], i.e.&nbsp;the Five Books of [[Moses]], which contain various health related laws and rituals. The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Era|Byzantine Era]], with the physician [[Wikipedia:Asaph the Jew|Asaph the Jew]].
+Most of our knowledge of ancient [[Hebrew medicine]] during the [[:en:1st millennium BC|1st&nbsp;millennium&nbsp;BC]] comes from the [[Wikipedia:Torah|Torah]], i.e.&nbsp;the Five Books of [[Wikipedia:Moses|Moses]], which contain various health related laws and rituals. The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Era|Byzantine Era]], with the physician [[Wikipedia:Asaph the Jew|Asaph the Jew]].
 === Middle Ages ===