Tamarind: Difference between revisions

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| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Mark, J. |date=2017 |title=''Tamarindus indica'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T62020997A62020999 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62020997A62020999.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

| status_ref =

| display_parents = 3

| genus = Tamarindus

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| synonyms =

* ''Cavaraea'' Speg. 1916

* ''Cavaraea elegans'' Speg. 1916</small~~><ref>Speg. ''Anales Soc. Ci. Argent''. 82: 223 1916</ref~~>

* ''Cavaraea elegans'' Speg. 1916

* ''Tamarindus erythraeus'' Mattei 1908

* ''Tamarindus occidentalis'' Gaertn. 1791

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=== Seed oil and kernel powder ===

Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.<ref>[http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html Tamarind Seeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202233508/http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html |date=February 2, 2021 }}. agriculturalproductsindia.com</ref> The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or ''testa''). It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to make paint or varnish.

Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds. The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or ''testa''). It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to make paint or varnish.

Tamarind kernel powder is used as [[Sizing#Textile warp sizing|sizing]] material for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It is de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.

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In [[Southeast Asia]], tamarind fruit is used as a [[poultice]] applied to the foreheads of people with fevers. The fruit exhibits [[laxative]] effects for relief of [[constipation]]. [[Extract]]s of steamed and sun-dried old tamarind pulp (''asem kawa'') in [[Java]] are used to treat skin problems, like rashes and irritation; one traditional practice indicated tamarind could be ingested after dilution for use as an [[abortifacient]].

Different parts of the tamarind plant have been used globally for other purposes in folk medicine.~~<ref name=":444" />~~ In the northern parts of Nigeria, the roots of the tamarind plant are used to treat leprosy and in America tamarind pulp has been utilised as a laxative and to treat a range of ailments such as alleviating sunstroke and sore throats. In Thailand the pulp has been transformed into a tablet to reduce excess weight and in Brazil the pulp is used for its moisturising effects. The pulp has also been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, diarrhoea and to reduce inflammation. Tamarind seeds have been used in powdered form to aid dysentery in India and Cambodia and in Ethiopia softened tamarind seeds are used to rid parasitic worms. The bark of the tamarind tree is used to treat malaria in Uganda and has been made into lotions in the Philippines to treat ulcers and boils.

Different parts of the tamarind plant have been used globally for other purposes in folk medicine. In the northern parts of Nigeria, the roots of the tamarind plant are used to treat leprosy and in America tamarind pulp has been utilised as a laxative and to treat a range of ailments such as alleviating sunstroke and sore throats. In Thailand the pulp has been transformed into a tablet to reduce excess weight and in Brazil the pulp is used for its moisturising effects. The pulp has also been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, diarrhoea and to reduce inflammation. Tamarind seeds have been used in powdered form to aid dysentery in India and Cambodia and in Ethiopia softened tamarind seeds are used to rid parasitic worms. The bark of the tamarind tree is used to treat malaria in Uganda and has been made into lotions in the Philippines to treat ulcers and boils.

=== Woodworking ===

Tamarind wood is used to make furniture, boats (as per [[Rumphius]]) carvings, turned objects such as [[Mortar and pestle|mortars and pestles]], chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like [[kris]]es.~~<ref name=Heyne/>~~ Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and [[fungi]] as well as [[spalting]]. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.

Tamarind wood is used to make furniture, boats (as per [[Rumphius]]) carvings, turned objects such as [[Mortar and pestle|mortars and pestles]], chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like [[kris]]es. Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and [[fungi]] as well as [[spalting]]. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.

=== Metal polish ===

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== In dogs ==

Tamarind is toxic to dogs. The symptoms – which may include vomiting or diarrhea within 6–12 hours of ingestion, lethargy, dehydration or [[acute kidney injury]] – and proposed mechanism (via tartaric acid) are the same as in [[grape toxicity in dogs]].~~<ref name=merck/>~~ Tamarind contains a few times more tartaric acid than grapes on a weight basis.

Tamarind is toxic to dogs. The symptoms – which may include vomiting or diarrhea within 6–12 hours of ingestion, lethargy, dehydration or [[acute kidney injury]] – and proposed mechanism (via tartaric acid) are the same as in [[grape toxicity in dogs]]. Tamarind contains a few times more tartaric acid than grapes on a weight basis.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
   | status = LC
   | status_system = IUCN3.1
-  | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Mark, J. |date=2017 |title=''Tamarindus indica'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T62020997A62020999 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62020997A62020999.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
+  | status_ref =
   | display_parents = 3
   | genus = Tamarindus
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
   | synonyms =
 * ''Cavaraea'' <small>Speg. 1916</small>
-* ''Cavaraea elegans'' <small>Speg. 1916</small><ref>Speg. ''Anales Soc. Ci. Argent''. 82: 223 1916</ref>
+* ''Cavaraea elegans'' <small>Speg. 1916</small>
 * ''Tamarindus erythraeus'' <small>Mattei 1908</small>
 * ''Tamarindus occidentalis'' <small>Gaertn. 1791</small>
@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 === Seed oil and kernel powder ===
-Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.<ref>[http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html Tamarind Seeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202233508/http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html |date=February 2, 2021 }}. agriculturalproductsindia.com</ref> The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or ''testa''). It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to make paint or varnish.
+Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds. The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or ''testa''). It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to make paint or varnish.
 Tamarind kernel powder is used as [[Sizing#Textile warp sizing|sizing]] material for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It is de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 In [[Southeast Asia]], tamarind fruit is used as a [[poultice]] applied to the foreheads of people with fevers. The fruit exhibits [[laxative]] effects for relief of [[constipation]]. [[Extract]]s of steamed and sun-dried old tamarind pulp (''asem kawa'') in [[Java]] are used to treat skin problems, like rashes and irritation; one traditional practice indicated tamarind could be ingested after dilution for use as an [[abortifacient]].
-Different parts of the tamarind plant have been used globally for other purposes in folk medicine.<ref name=":444" /> In the northern parts of Nigeria, the roots of the tamarind plant are used to treat leprosy and in America tamarind pulp has been utilised as a laxative and to treat a range of ailments such as alleviating sunstroke and sore throats. In Thailand the pulp has been transformed into a tablet to reduce excess weight and in Brazil the pulp is used for its moisturising effects. The pulp has also been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, diarrhoea and to reduce inflammation.  Tamarind seeds have been used in powdered form to aid dysentery in India and Cambodia and in Ethiopia softened tamarind seeds are used to rid parasitic worms. The bark of the tamarind tree is used to treat malaria in Uganda and has been made into lotions in the Philippines to treat ulcers and boils.
+Different parts of the tamarind plant have been used globally for other purposes in folk medicine. In the northern parts of Nigeria, the roots of the tamarind plant are used to treat leprosy and in America tamarind pulp has been utilised as a laxative and to treat a range of ailments such as alleviating sunstroke and sore throats. In Thailand the pulp has been transformed into a tablet to reduce excess weight and in Brazil the pulp is used for its moisturising effects. The pulp has also been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, diarrhoea and to reduce inflammation.  Tamarind seeds have been used in powdered form to aid dysentery in India and Cambodia and in Ethiopia softened tamarind seeds are used to rid parasitic worms. The bark of the tamarind tree is used to treat malaria in Uganda and has been made into lotions in the Philippines to treat ulcers and boils.
 === Woodworking ===
-Tamarind wood is used to make furniture, boats (as per [[Rumphius]]) carvings, turned objects such as [[Mortar and pestle|mortars and pestles]], chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like [[kris]]es.<ref name=Heyne/> Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and [[fungi]] as well as [[spalting]]. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.
+Tamarind wood is used to make furniture, boats (as per [[Rumphius]]) carvings, turned objects such as [[Mortar and pestle|mortars and pestles]], chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like [[kris]]es. Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and [[fungi]] as well as [[spalting]]. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.
 === Metal polish ===
@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 == In dogs ==
-Tamarind is toxic to dogs. The symptoms &ndash; which may include vomiting or diarrhea within 6–12 hours of ingestion, lethargy, dehydration or [[acute kidney injury]] &ndash; and proposed mechanism (via tartaric acid) are the same as in [[grape toxicity in dogs]].<ref name=merck/> Tamarind contains a few times more tartaric acid than grapes on a weight basis.
+Tamarind is toxic to dogs. The symptoms &ndash; which may include vomiting or diarrhea within 6–12 hours of ingestion, lethargy, dehydration or [[acute kidney injury]] &ndash; and proposed mechanism (via tartaric acid) are the same as in [[grape toxicity in dogs]]. Tamarind contains a few times more tartaric acid than grapes on a weight basis.