Medicine/en: Difference between revisions

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[[File:SantaMariaDellaScalaSienaBack.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Siena's [[:en:Santa Maria della Scala (Siena)|Santa Maria della Scala Hospital]], one of Europe's oldest hospitals. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church established universities to revive the study of sciences, drawing on the learning of Greek and Arab physicians in the study of medicine.]]

However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century [[~~Wikipedia:~~Black Death|Black Death]] devastated both the Middle East and Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including [[Wikipedia:Gabriele Falloppio|Gabriele Falloppio]] and [[Wikipedia:William Harvey|William Harvey]].

However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century [[Black Death|Black Death]] devastated both the Middle East and Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including [[Wikipedia:Gabriele Falloppio|Gabriele Falloppio]] and [[Wikipedia:William Harvey|William Harvey]].

The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the [[~~Wikipedia:~~Black Death|Black Death]] in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the "traditional authority" approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general – see [[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]'s rejection of [[Wikipedia:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s theories on astronomy). Physicians like [[Vesalius]] improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were [[Wikipedia:Materia Medica|Materia Medica]] and [[Wikipedia:Pharmacopoeia|Pharmacopoeia]].

The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the [[Black Death|Black Death]] in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the "traditional authority" approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general – see [[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]'s rejection of [[Wikipedia:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s theories on astronomy). Physicians like [[Wikipedia:Vesalius|Vesalius]] improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were [[Wikipedia:Materia Medica|Materia Medica]] and [[Wikipedia:Pharmacopoeia|Pharmacopoeia]].

[[Wikipedia:Andreas Vesalius|Andreas Vesalius]] was the author of ''[[Wikipedia:De humani corporis fabrica|De humani corporis fabrica]]'', an important book on [[human anatomy]]. Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed with a microscope by [[Wikipedia:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] in 1676, initiating the scientific field [[microbiology]]. Independently from [[Wikipedia:Ibn al-Nafis|Ibn al-Nafis]], [[Wikipedia:Michael Servetus|Michael Servetus]] rediscovered the [[pulmonary circulation]], but this discovery did not reach the public because it was written down for the first time in the "Manuscript of Paris" in 1546, and later published in the theological work for which he paid with his life in 1553. Later this was described by [[Wikipedia:Renaldus Columbus|Renaldus Columbus]] and [[Wikipedia:Andrea Cesalpino|Andrea Cesalpino]]. [[Wikipedia:Herman Boerhaave|Herman Boerhaave]] is sometimes referred to as a "father of physiology" due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae' (1708). [[Wikipedia:Pierre Fauchard|Pierre Fauchard]] has been called "the father of modern dentistry".

@@ Line 330: / Line 330: @@
 [[File:SantaMariaDellaScalaSienaBack.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Siena's [[:en:Santa Maria della Scala (Siena)|Santa Maria della Scala Hospital]], one of Europe's oldest hospitals. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church established universities to revive the study of sciences, drawing on the learning of Greek and Arab physicians in the study of medicine.]]
-However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century [[Wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] devastated both the Middle East and Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including [[Wikipedia:Gabriele Falloppio|Gabriele Falloppio]] and [[Wikipedia:William Harvey|William Harvey]].
+However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century [[Black Death|Black Death]] devastated both the Middle East and Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including [[Wikipedia:Gabriele Falloppio|Gabriele Falloppio]] and [[Wikipedia:William Harvey|William Harvey]].
-The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the [[Wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the "traditional authority" approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general – see [[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]'s rejection of [[Wikipedia:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s theories on astronomy). Physicians like [[Vesalius]] improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were [[Wikipedia:Materia Medica|Materia Medica]] and [[Wikipedia:Pharmacopoeia|Pharmacopoeia]].
+The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the [[Black Death|Black Death]] in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the "traditional authority" approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general – see [[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]'s rejection of [[Wikipedia:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s theories on astronomy). Physicians like [[Wikipedia:Vesalius|Vesalius]] improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were [[Wikipedia:Materia Medica|Materia Medica]] and [[Wikipedia:Pharmacopoeia|Pharmacopoeia]].
 [[Wikipedia:Andreas Vesalius|Andreas Vesalius]] was the author of ''[[Wikipedia:De humani corporis fabrica|De humani corporis fabrica]]'', an important book on [[human anatomy]]. Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed with a microscope by [[Wikipedia:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] in 1676, initiating the scientific field [[microbiology]]. Independently from [[Wikipedia:Ibn al-Nafis|Ibn al-Nafis]], [[Wikipedia:Michael Servetus|Michael Servetus]] rediscovered the [[pulmonary circulation]], but this discovery did not reach the public because it was written down for the first time in the "Manuscript of Paris" in 1546, and later published in the theological work for which he paid with his life in 1553. Later this was described by [[Wikipedia:Renaldus Columbus|Renaldus Columbus]] and [[Wikipedia:Andrea Cesalpino|Andrea Cesalpino]]. [[Wikipedia:Herman Boerhaave|Herman Boerhaave]] is sometimes referred to as a "father of physiology" due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae' (1708). [[Wikipedia:Pierre Fauchard|Pierre Fauchard]] has been called "the father of modern dentistry".