Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States/ja: Difference between revisions

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====Waste management====

* The Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) promotes the use of [[landfill gas]], a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying landfill waste, as a sustainable energy source. Besides reducing emissions, [[landfill gas utilization]] has also been credited for reductions in air pollution, improvements to health and safety conditions, and economic benefits for local communities.

* In addition to reducing emissions from waste already in landfills, the EPA's WasteWise program works with businesses to encourage recycling and source reduction to keep waste out of landfills in the first place.

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===Regional initiatives===

* [[Western Climate Initiative]]

* The [[Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative]] (RGGI), founded in 2007, is a state-level emissions capping and trading program by nine northeastern U.S. states: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia. It is a cap and trade program in which states "sell nearly all emission allowances through auctions and invest proceeds in energy efficiency, renewable energy and other consumer benefit programs."

* [[Western Governors Association]] Clean and Diversified Energy Initiative

* Powering the Plains

* Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships

* [[Mayors Climate Protection Center|U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement]]

* [[National Governors Association|National Governors Association's]] (NGA) ''Securing a Clean Energy Future''.

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=== State Policies ===

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====California====

* Vehicle Air Pollution (Senate Resolution 27): States and implies that California does not have to adhere to cutbacks in federal emissions standards, thereby allowing stricter California emissions standards than the federal government. This Senate Resolution stems from the previous administration's efforts to reverse environmental policies, and in this case, vehicle emissions standards. California's authority to set its own emissions standards is allowed through California's Clean Air Act [[Federal preemption|preemption]] waiver granted to the state by the EPA in 2009. &nbsp;California's waiver applies to vehicles made in 2009 and later. The previous state standard included a goal for certain vehicles to reach an average 35 miles per gallon. California saw a large decline in vehicle emissions from 2007 to 2013 but a rise in emissions following 2013, which can be attributed to different circumstances, some of which include population and employment growth, and increases in overall state GDP indicating more economic activity in the state.

* [[Emissions trading|Cap-and-Trade Program]]: Market-based [[carbon price|carbon pricing]] program that sets a statewide cap on emissions. This cap declines annually and applies to large emitters that account for over 80 percent of California's GHG emissions. The [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) creates an allowance for each ton of carbon dioxide emissions. The number of allowances decreases over time and incentivizes a flexible approach to emissions reduction through trading.

* Advanced Clean Cars: Addresses GHG emissions and criteria air pollutants in California through the Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) regulation and the [[Zero-emissions vehicle|Zero-Emission Vehicle]] (ZEV) regulation. The LEV regulation establishes increasing emissions standards for passenger vehicles through model year 2025. The ZEV regulation requires vehicle manufacturers to sell a certain percentage of ZEVs and plug-in hybrids annually through 2025. The next iteration of this program for future model years is under development. 15 states have adopted the regulations under this program.

* Advanced Clean Cars II: Mandates a ban on the sale of internal combustion engine passenger vehicles, trucks, and SUVs starting in 2035, and mandates annual increases in ZEV sales targets from model year 2026 to 2035. California has adopted the regulation and New York announced that it would follow.

* Advanced Clean Trucks: Requires manufacturers of medium-and heavy-duty trucks to sell an increasing percentage of zero-emission trucks each year starting with model year 2024. In addition to California, Oregon, Washington, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts have also adopted this regulation. 10 other states and the District of Columbia intend to adopt in the future.

* [[Low-carbon fuel standard|Low Carbon Fuel Standard]] (LCFS): Establishes annual targets through 2030 to ensure transportation-related fuels become cleaner and less carbon intensive. Oregon has a similar program entitled, Clean Fuels Program, which runs until 2025.

* In 2006, the state of California passed AB-32 ([[Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006]]), which requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To implement AB-32, the California Air Resources Board proposed a [[carbon tax]] but this was not enacted.

* In May 2008, the [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]], which covers nine counties in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], passed a carbon tax on businesses of 4.4 cents per ton of CO₂.

==== Colorado ====

In November 2006, voters in [[Boulder, Colorado]], passed what is said to be the first municipal carbon tax. It covers electricity consumption with deductions for using electricity from renewable sources (primarily Xcel's WindSource program). The goal is to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012. Tax revenues are collected by [[Xcel Energy]] and are directed to the city's Office of Environmental Affairs to fund programs to reduce emissions.

Boulder's Climate Action Plan (CAP) tax was expected to raise $1.6&nbsp;million in 2010. The tax was increased to a maximum allowable rate by voters in 2009 to meet CAP goals. As of 2017 the tax was set at {{val|0.0049|ul=/kWh|p=$}} for residential users (avg. $21 per year), {{val|u=/kWh|p=$0.0009}} for commercial (avg. $94 per year), and {{val|0.0003|u=/kWh|p=$}} for industrial (avg. $9,600 per year). Tax revenues were expected to decrease over time as conservation and renewable energy expand. The tax was renewed by voters on 6 November 2012.

==== Maryland ====

In May 2010, [[Montgomery County, Maryland]], passed the nation's first county-level carbon tax. The legislation required payments of $5 per ton of CO₂ emitted from any stationary source emitting more than a million tons of carbon dioxide per year. The only source of emissions fitting the criteria is an 850 megawatt coal-fired power plant then owned by [[Mirant Corporation]]. The tax was expected to raise between {{US$|10 million|long=no}} and {{US$|15 million|long=no}} for the county, which faced a nearly {{US$|1 billion|long=no}} budget gap.

==== GHG reduction targets ====

* States with statutory GHG reduction targets: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.

* States that don't have statutory targets, but have statutory GHG reporting requirements: Iowa and Pennsylvania.

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==== Renewable portfolio standards ====

* 38 states have established renewable portfolio standards or voluntary targets, which increase the share of renewable electricity generation over time.

==== Lead by example programs ====

* New Hampshire's Better Buildings Neighborhood Program

* New Jersey's Clean Energy Program

* Atlanta's Virginia Highland - 1st Carbon Neutral Zone in the United States

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===Local programs===

Municipal, county, and regional governments have substantial influence on greenhouse gas emissions, and many have reduction goals and programs. Local governments are often one of the largest employers in their jurisdictions, and can achieve substantial reductions in their own operations, such as by using zero-emissions vehicles, making government buildings energy-efficient, making or buying renewable energy, and providing incentives for employees to walk, bike, or take transit to work. Local governments have control over several policy areas which influence emissions for the population as a whole. These include land use regulations such as [[zoning]]; transportation infrastructure like public transit, parking, and bike lanes; and building codes and efficiency regulations. Some municipalities act as [[utility cooperative]]s and set a minimum standard for renewable generation. Although healthier air is the main benefit of [[Clean Air Zone|clean air zones]] in cities they can have a side effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions: however as of 2025 it is unclear whether cities in the US have the political power to make clean air zones.

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== Non-governmental responses ==

=== Individual action ===

{{See also|Individual action on climate change}}

Actions taken by individuals on climate change include diet, travel alternatives, household energy use, reduced consumption and family size. Individuals can also engage in local and political advocacy around issues of climate change. Individuals have a variety of [[carbon offset]]ting options available to mitigate their environmental impact through non-profit organizations.

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=== Business community ===

{{See also|Business action on climate change}}

Numerous large businesses have started cutting emissions and committed to eliminate net emissions by various dates in the future, resulting in higher demand for renewable energy and lower demand for fossil fuel energy. Businesses may also go carbon neutral by enrolling in Carbon''free''® Programs or certifying their products as Carbon''free''®

===Technologies in development===

* Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships

* Nuclear:

** Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Initiative

** Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative{

** Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative

** Global Nuclear Energy Partnership{

* Clean Automotive Technology

* Hydrogen Technology

* [[High-temperature superconductivity]]

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==See also==

* [[Climate Registry]]

* [[Coal in the United States]]

* [[Energy conservation in the United States]]

* [[Greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky]]

* [[List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions]]

* [[Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles]]

* [[Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States]]

* [[Politics of global warming]]

* [[Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act]]

* [[Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming]]

* [[U.S. Climate Change Science Program]]

* [[List of coal-fired power stations in the United States]]

* [[List of natural gas-fired power stations in the United States]]

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==External links==

* [https://climatetrace.org/inventory?sector=all&time=2015-2020&country=USA Inventory] by [[Climate Trace]]

* [https://app.electricitymap.org/zone/US-CENT-SWPP Live carbon emissions from electricity generation]

* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html Carbon dioxide emissions by fuel] ([[Energy Information Administration]]).

{{二次利用|date=6 July 2025, at 01:02}}