Pakistani cuisine/ja: Difference between revisions

'''パキスタン料理'''（{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستانی پکوان}}}}、[[:en:Roman Urdu|<small>ローマ字表記</small>]]: ''pākistānī pakwān''）は、[[:en:South Asia|南アジア]]、[[:en:Central Asia|中央アジア]]、[[:en:West Asia|西アジア]]全域の地方料理のスタイルと風味を融合したものである。イラン、インド、アラブの料理の伝統が集大成されている。パキスタン料理は、特にドライフルーツやナッツの使用など、[:en:[Mughal Empire|ムガル帝国]]の影響をレシピや調理法の中に維持している。パキスタンの[[:en:Ethnic groups in Pakistan|民族的]]・[[:en:Culture of Pakistan|文化的]]多様性、多様な気候、地理的環境、様々な農産物の入手可能性が、多様な地域料理につながっている。

==Pulses==

Various kinds of [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]] or [[legume]]s make up an important part of Pakistani cuisine. While [[lentil]]s (called [[Dal|daal]]) and [[chickpea]]s (called channa/chanay ki daal) are popular ingredients in homestyle cooking, they are traditionally considered to be inexpensive food sources. As such, they are typically not served to guests who are invited for dinner or during special occasions. Meat may be combined with lentils and pulses, whether in simple preparations or in elaborate dishes such as [[haleem]].

Beans such as [[black-eyed pea]]s (lobia) and [[kidney bean]]s (rajma) are sometimes served in a tomato-based masala sauce, especially in Punjab.

Chickpeas, red kidney beans, and other legumes are also popular in Pakistani cooking. They are usually cooked in a spicy gravy and served with rice or traditional flatbread ([[roti]]). Chickpeas, known as channa, are also a common breakfast food when served with puri. Channa chaat is another favorite street food and iftaar dish; it is made of chickpeas, chopped onions, tomatoes, and chillies, and seasoned with spices ([[chaat masala]]) and tamarind paste.

A wide variety of lentils is consumed in Pakistan and frequently with rice. Daal chawaal (lentils and rice) is known as a popular [[comfort food]] in many Pakistani households.

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{{Main|Pakistani rice dishes}}

[[File:Sindhi Biryani.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhi biryani]]]]

Pakistan is a major exporter and consumer of [[Rice production in Pakistan|rice]]. [[Basmati]] is the most popular type of rice consumed in Pakistan.

Dishes made with rice include many varieties of [[Pilaf|pulao]]:

* [[Bannu Pulao]] – A classic dish from [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], combines beef, spices, and rice. The beef is slow-cooked with bones for a rich, flavorful taste, while the rice is prepared separately with ghee and aromatic spices.

* Chana pulao – Pulao with chickpeas, a very popular vegetarian pulao in Punjab.

* Matar pulao – Pulao made with peas.

* Murgh pulao – Chicken and stock added. Creates a brown rice.

* Yakhni pulao – Meat and stock added. Creates a brown rice.

* [[Kabuli Palaw]] – is an Afghan dish, which is popular in [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] dominated regions in Pakistan such as the Tribal Areas, [[FATA]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province in North-West Pakistan, and [[Balochistan]] in the South-West Pakistan. It is a variety of pilaf, consisting of steamed rice mixed with raisins, carrots, and lamb

[[Biryani]] is a very popular dish in Pakistan, and has many varieties, such as Lahori and [[Sindhi biryani]]. Tahiri, which is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] form of biryani, is also popular. All of the main dishes (except those made with rice) are eaten alongside [[bread]]. To eat, a small fragment of bread is torn off with the right hand and used to scoop and hold small portions of the main dish. [[Pakistani pickle|Pickles]] made out of [[mango]]es, [[carrot]]s, [[lemon]], etc. are also commonly used to further spice up the food.

In the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, feasts using mountains of spiced rice combined with pieces of slowly roasted lamb are often served for guests of honour. These kind of pulaos often contain dried fruit, nuts, and whole spices such as [[clove]]s, [[saffron]] and [[cardamom]], [[Bannu pulao]] are also popular in the province, particularly in the southern region.

==Varieties of bread==

[[File:Punjabi Chapati.jpg|thumb|Chapati (bread) with a piece of chicken meat]]

[[Image:Peshawari Roti, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Peshwari naans freshly made in the tandoor (open oven)]]{{Main|List of Pakistani breads}}

Pakistanis eat breads made of wheat flour as a [[Staple food|staple part]] of their diet. Pakistan has a wide variety of breads, often prepared in a [[tandoor]]. The tandoori style of cooking is common throughout rural and urban Pakistan, and also has strong roots in neighboring India, Iran and Afghanistan. Some of these are:

* [[Chapati]] – Most common bread made in urban homes, where a tandoor is not available. Chapatis are cooked over a flat or slightly convex dark colored pan known as 'tava'. Chapatis are made of [[whole-wheat flour]] and are thin and unleavened. [[Tortilla]]s are probably the most common analogue to chapatis, though chapatis are slightly thicker. A variant, known as 'romali roti' ({{lit|Handkerchief bread}}), is very thin and very large.

* [[Makki ki roti|Makkai ki roti]], a yellowish golden colour chapati which is made with pure crushed corns.It is mostly served with traditional winter curry that is called "[[saag]]".

* Kandahari Naan – Long, salty naan originating in Western Pakistan and commonly eaten with Peshawari Karahi or [[Chapli Kebab]].

* [[Kulcha]] – This is a type of naan usually eaten with chickpeas and potatoes and mostly popular in urban centers of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].

* [[Naan]] – In [[Urdu]], the national language of [[Pakistan]], the word [[Naan]] means bread. Unlike chapatis, naans are slightly thicker, typically leavened with [[yeast]] and mainly made with white [[flour]]. Some varieties like Roghani and Peshwari naan may also be sprinkled with [[Sesame|sesame seeds]]. Naans are seldom, if ever, made at home since they require tandoor-based cooking and require prep work. Numerous varieties of plain, as well as stuffed naans are available throughout [[Pakistan]] and each region or city can have its own specialty. Naan is a versatile bread and is eaten with almost anything. For instance, 'saada naan' or 'plain naan' is often served with [[Paya (food)|Siri-Payay]] (cow's head and trotters) or [[Nihari]] (slow cooked beef stew) for breakfast in many parts of the country.

* [[Paratha]] – A flat, layered bread made with [[ghee]] or cooking oil and generally cooked on a 'tava'. However, a 'tandoor'-based version is also common in rural areas. Parathas are very similar to pastry dough. Parathas most likely originated in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], where a heavy breakfast of parathas with freshly churned butter and buttermilk was commonly consumed by the farmers to prepare themselves for the hard day of work ahead. However, parathas are now a common breakfast element across the country. Along with the plain layered version, many stuffed versions, such as 'Aloo ka Paratha' (Potato stuffed paratha), 'Mooli ka Paratha' (Radish stuffed paratha), and 'Qeemah ka Paratha' (Ground meat stuffed paratha) are popular.

* [[Puri (food)|Puri]] – This is a breakfast bread made of white flour and fried. Typically eaten with sweet semolina [[Halva|halwa]] or gravy (made out of [[chickpea]]s and [[potato]]es). Puri is a fairly urban concept, not part of rural cuisine anywhere in [[Pakistan]]. However, Halwa Puri has now become a favored weekend or holiday breakfast in urban Pakistan, where it is sometimes sold in shift carts or in specialty breakfast shops.

* Roghani Naan ({{lit|Buttered Naan}}) – It is a preferred variety of Naan sprinkled with white sesame seeds and cooked with a small amount of oil.

* [[File:Triangular Ophrato.jpg|thumb|Sindhi trikundo (triangular) ofrato.]]Ofrata: Sindhi paratha made with a lot of oil and ghee, a four corner Ofrato is called Chokundo, and three corner Ofrato is called Trikundo.

* Busri: a special Sindhi and Saraiki sweet bread made of two Ofratas, crushed jaggery powder or sugar filled in, cooked with desi ghee and Makhan (butter).

* Bajray ki Roti or Bajhar Mani: pearl millet bread made in rural areas, particularly in Punjab and [[Sindh]] in winters.

* [[File:Maani Lasi Saag.jpg|thumb|Sindhi Chawran ji mani, Sagg and Lasi.]]Chawaran ji Mani: rice flour bread made in Sindh, it is common in upper (north) Sindh.

* [[Roti]] – This bread is extremely popular all over Pakistan. Tandoori rotis are baked in a [[tandoor]], and are consumed with just about anything. In rural [[Pakistan]], many houses have their own tandoors, while the ones without it use a communal one. In urban [[Pakistan]], bread shops or "nanbai"/"tandoor" shops are fairly common and supply fresh, tandoor baked breads to household customers.

* [[Sheermal]] – Saffron-flavored traditional flatbread. It is a festive bread prepared with [[milk]] ('sheer') and [[butter]] with added candied fruits. Sheermal is often a vital part of food served in marriages, along with [[Taftan (bread)|taftan]]. It is often sweetened.

* [[Taftan (bread)|Taftan]] – This is a leavened flour bread with saffron and a small amount of cardamom powder, baked in a tandoor. The taftan made in Pakistan is slightly sweeter and richer than the one made in neighboring Iran.

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{{Main|List of Pakistani desserts|Pakistani sweets}}

[[File:Bowl of Gulab Jamuns.jpg|thumb|[[Gulab jamun]]]]

Popular desserts include [[Peshawari ice cream]], [[sheer khurma]], [[Kulfi|qulfi]], [[falooda]], [[kheer]], [[Firni]], [[Zarda (food)|zarda]], [[shahi tukray]] and [[rabri]]. Sweetmeats are consumed on various festive occasions in Pakistan. Some of the most popular are [[gulab jamun]], [[barfi]], [[ras malai]], [[kalakand]], [[jalebi]] and [[panjiri]]. Pakistani desserts also include a long list of [[halva]], such as [[Sohan halwa|Multani Halwa]], hubshee, [[Gajar ka halwa]], [[Sohan Halwa|sohan halvah]], [[Sindhi cuisine|Ugham Halwo]], Sindhi Halwo, [[Sindhi cuisine|Seero]].

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Kheer made of roasted ''seviyaan'' ([[vermicelli]]) instead of rice is popular during [[Eid ul-Fitr]]. Gajraila is a sweet made from grated carrots, boiled in milk, sugar, cream and green cardamom, topped with nuts and dried fruit. It is popular in Pakistan, as well as in other parts of South Asia, including Afghanistan.

Like other parts of South Asia, Pakistan also has adopted various [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|Bengali sweets]] in their diet such as [[Bakarkhani]], [[Chomchom|Cham Cham]], [[Rasmalai]], [[Roshogolla|Rasgulle]], [[Gulab Jamun|Kala Jamun]], [[Curd of Bogra|Meetha Dahi]], [[Malpua]], [[Chhanamukhi|Chenna Murki]], [[Shemai|Seviyaan ki kheer]], etc.

==Tea varieties==

{{Main|Pakistani tea culture}}

Pakistanis drink a great deal of [[tea]], locally called "[[Masala chai|chai]]". Both black (with milk) and green teas are popular and there are different varieties common in different parts of Pakistan.

* In Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral, as well as areas near the Chinese border, salty Tibetan-style [[butter tea]] is consumed.

* [[Doodh pati chai]] is made by cooking tea leaves with milk and sugar, sometimes served with cardamom for fragrance. Extremely sweet, this is a local variation of a [[builder's tea]].

* "Kashmiri chai" or "[[Noon Chai|noon chai]]", a pink, milky tea with [[pistachio]]s and [[cardamom]], is consumed primarily at special occasions, weddings, and during the winter, when it is sold in many kiosks.

* "Sabz chai" or "[[kahwah]]", a [[green tea]] often served after every meal in [[Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] belt of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], served with saffron and nuts.

* Sulaimani chai is [[black tea]] served with lemon.

==Beverages==

Besides tea, there are other drinks that may be included as part of the Pakistani cuisine. All of them are non-alcoholic as the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by Islam. During the 20th century, beverages such as [[coffee]] and [[soft drink]]s have also become popular in Pakistan. It is very common to have soft drinks nowadays with Pakistani meals.

* Almond sherbet – Sherbet made with [[almond]]s

* [[Gola ganda|Baraf Gola]] – Frozen Ice in a cup mould served with syrup as a topping

* [[Noon Chai|Kashmiri chai]]/Gulabi chai – A milky tea known for its pink color, with an either sweet or salty taste

* [[Lassi]] – Milk with yogurt, with an either sweet or salty taste

* [[Lemonade]] (Limu pani)

* [[Qehwa]] – Green tea with cardamom

* Sardai – Mixture of different nuts and kishmish

* Sathu – Famous drink from Punjab

* [[Sharbat (beverage)|Sherbet]] (syrup mixed in water)

* Sherbet-e-Sandal – Drink made with the essence of sandal wood

* Sikanjabeen – Lemonade (mint is also added)

* [[Sugarcane juice]] (Ganney ka ras)

* [[Thadal]] – A sweet drink from Sindh

==Halal==

{{Main|Halal}}

Observant Muslims follow the [[Sharia|Islamic law]] that lists foods and drinks that are [[halal]], permissible to consume. The criteria specify both what foods are allowed and how the food must be prepared. The foods addressed are mostly types of meat.

==Foreign influences==

File:McDonald's Sargodha.jpg|[[McDonald's]] outlet at Queens Road, [[Sargodha]]

File:KFC, University Road, Sargodha.jpg|[[KFC]] outlet, University Road, Sargodha

File:A Pizza Hut Restaurant in Karachi Pakistan.jpg|[[Pizza Hut]] outlet in [[Karachi]]

In addition to the traditional food, fast food is also very popular across the country. In big cities, there are many international fast food restaurants, such as [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], [[Domino's]], [[Burger King]], [[Hardee's]], [[Papa John's Pizza]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]] and [[Baskin-Robbins]].

Occasionally, people in [[Pakistan]] dine out at restaurants with foreign-influenced food, such as Western, Arab and Chinese dishes. There are many westernized, Chinese restaurants and fast food outlets in urban parts of Pakistan. In the Punjab and Sindh provinces, the majority of urban chains of many American, European and British restaurants have opened in many metropolitan cities, such as [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Islamabad-Rawalpindi]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Quetta]], [[Sargodha]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Sialkot]], [[Sukkur]], [[Larkana]] and many others. Marketing and advertisements have attracted Pakistanis to try them out.

Pakistani food makes use of fresh, hand-pounded [[Spice mix|masalas]]. [[Ghee]] is used, but the main component of the meal or a dish is [[meat]] ([[beef]], [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], [[Goat meat|goat]], or [[Fish as food|fish]]), and [[vegetable]]s are sparingly used. Surprisingly, Pakistani food also makes extensive use of [[olive oil]]. Sparingly used vegetables does not mean there is no [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian food]] on the menu. Since the cuisine is very similar to [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi-style of cooking]], [[Tikka (food)|tikka]], simmered [[dal]]s, tawa sabzi, and [[chaat]] feature here.