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Bifidobacterium/ja
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Created page with "==歴史{{Anchor|History}}== thumb|right|アクティヴィアヨーグルトのサンプルから見つかった''[[Bifidobacterium animalis/ja|ビフィドバクテリウム・アニマリス''菌の一部:  目盛りの数字の目盛りは10マイクロメートル離れている。]] 1899年、パリのパスツール研究所のフランス人小児科医であ..."
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Created page with "== 種{{Anchor|Species}} == ''ビフィドバクテリウム属''は以下の種からなる： {{div col|colwidth=250px}} * ''B. actinocoloniiforme'' <small>Killer et al. 2011</small> * ''B. adolescentis'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small> * ''B. aemilianum'' <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small> * ''B. aerophilum..."
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1899年、パリの[[:en:Pasteur Institute|パスツール研究所]]のフランス人[[paediatrician/ja|小児科医]]であった[[:en:Henri Tissier|アンリ・ティシエ]]は、母乳で育てられた乳児の腸内細菌叢からY字型の形態（「ビフィズス」）を特徴とする細菌を分離し、「ビフィズス菌」と命名した。1907年、パスツール研究所の副所長であった[[:en:Élie Metchnikoff|エリー・メチニコフ]]は、[[lactic acid/ja|乳酸菌]]が人間の健康に有益であるという理論を提唱した。メチニコフはブルガリア人の[[longevity/ja|長寿]]は[[fermented milk products/ja|発酵乳製品]]の摂取の結果であると観察した。メチニコフはまた、「発酵菌の培養物を経口投与することで、腸管内に有益な細菌が着床する」とも示唆した。
1899年、パリの[[:en:Pasteur Institute|パスツール研究所]]のフランス人[[paediatrician/ja|小児科医]]であった[[:en:Henri Tissier|アンリ・ティシエ]]は、母乳で育てられた乳児の腸内細菌叢からY字型の形態（「ビフィズス」）を特徴とする細菌を分離し、「ビフィズス菌」と命名した。1907年、パスツール研究所の副所長であった[[:en:Élie Metchnikoff|エリー・メチニコフ]]は、[[lactic acid/ja|乳酸菌]]が人間の健康に有益であるという理論を提唱した。メチニコフはブルガリア人の[[longevity/ja|長寿]]は[[fermented milk products/ja|発酵乳製品]]の摂取の結果であると観察した。メチニコフはまた、「発酵菌の培養物を経口投与することで、腸管内に有益な細菌が着床する」とも示唆した。


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==代謝{{Anchor|Metabolism}}==
==Metabolism==
ビフィズス菌''属''は、[[carbohydrate/ja|炭水化物]]を発酵させるために使用されるユニークな[[fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase/ja|フルクトース-6-リン酸ホスホケトラーゼ]]経路を持っている。
The genus ''Bifidobacterium'' possesses a unique [[fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase]] pathway employed to ferment [[carbohydrate]]s.
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ビフィズス菌の代謝研究の多くは[[oligosaccharide/ja|オリゴ糖]]代謝に焦点を当てている。乳児に関連するビフィズス菌の[[phylotype/ja|系統型]]は[[Human milk oligosaccharide/ja|ミルクオリゴ糖]]を発酵する能力を進化させたようであるが、成人に関連する種は植物オリゴ糖を使用し、それぞれの環境で遭遇するものと一致している。母乳栄養の乳児はビフィズス菌が優勢な腸内コンソシアを持つことが多いため、ミルクオリゴ糖のビフィズス形成特性を模倣しようとする応用が数多く試みられている。これらは植物由来の[[fructooligosaccharide/ja|フラクトオリゴ糖]]または乳製品由来の[[galactooligosaccharide/ja|ガラクトオリゴ糖]]に大別され、ミルクオリゴ糖[[catabolism/ja|異化]]とは異なる代謝を受ける。
Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on [[oligosaccharide]] metabolism, as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Infant-associated bifidobacterial [[phylotype]]s appear to have evolved the ability to ferment [[Human milk oligosaccharide|milk oligosaccharides]], whereas adult-associated species use plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria-dominated gut consortia, numerous applications attempt to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived [[fructooligosaccharide]]s or dairy-derived [[galactooligosaccharide]]s, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide [[catabolism]].
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==酸素への反応{{Anchor|Response to oxygen}}==
==Response to oxygen==
''ビフィズス菌''属のメンバーは酸素<sub>2</sub>に敏感であるため、一般的にプロバイオティクスの活性は嫌気性の生息環境に限定される。最近の研究では、いくつかの''ビフィドバクテリウム''株が様々なタイプの[[wikt:oxic|oxic]]増殖を示すことが報告されている。低濃度のO<sub>2</sub>やCO<sub>2</sub>は、これらの''ビフィズス菌''株の増殖に刺激的な効果をもたらす。異なるO<sub>2</sub>濃度下での増殖プロファイルに基づき、''Bifidobacterium''種は4つのクラスに分類された： O<sub>2</sub>-過敏性、O<sub>2</sub>-感受性、O<sub>2</sub>-耐性、そして[[microaerophilic/ja|微好気性]]である。好気性増殖阻害の主な要因は、増殖培地中の[[hydrogen peroxide/ja|過酸化水素]]（H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>）の生成であると提唱されている。O<sub>2</sub>感受性の''Bifidobacterium bifidum''を精製し、H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>を形成する[[NADH/ja|NADH]][[oxidase/ja|オキシダーゼ]]が発見された。''b''型[[dihydroorotate dehydrogenase/ja|ジヒドロオロテートデヒドロゲナーゼ]]と同定した。この酵素は、高好気性環境におけるH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>産生に関与している可能性が示唆された。
The sensitivity of members of the genus ''Bifidobacterium'' to O<sub>2</sub> generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some ''Bifidobacterium'' strains exhibit various types of [[wikt:oxic|oxic]] growth. Low concentrations of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these ''Bifidobacterium'' strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O<sub>2</sub> concentrations, the ''Bifidobacterium'' species were classified into four classes: O<sub>2</sub>-hypersensitive, O<sub>2</sub>-sensitive, O<sub>2</sub>-tolerant, and [[microaerophilic]]. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) in the growth medium. A H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-forming [[NADH]] [[oxidase]] was purified from O<sub>2</sub>-sensitive ''Bifidobacterium bifidum'' and was identified as a ''b''-type [[dihydroorotate dehydrogenase]]. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production in highly aerated environments.
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==ゲノム{{Anchor|Genomes}}==
==Genomes==
ビフィドバクテリウム属のゲノムの大きさは1.73 Mb（''Bifidobacterium indicum''）から3.25 Mb（''Bifidobacterium biavatii''）で、それぞれ1,352個と2,557個のタンパク質コード化[[open reading frame/ja|オープンリーディングフレーム]]が予測されている。
Members of the genus ''Bifidobacterium'' have genome sizes ranging from 1.73 (''Bifidobacterium indicum'') to 3.25 Mb (''Bifidobacterium biavatii''), corresponding to 1,352 and 2,557 predicted protein-encoding [[open reading frame]]s, respectively.
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この属の[[pan-genome/ja|パンゲノム]]を含む''ビフィズス菌''遺伝子の機能分類から、同定されたビフィズス菌遺伝子の13.7％が[[carbohydrate metabolism/ja|糖質代謝]]に関与する酵素をコードしていることが明らかになった。
Functional classification of ''Bifidobacterium'' genes, including the [[pan-genome]] of this genus, revealed that 13.7% of the identified bifidobacterial genes encode enzymes involved in [[carbohydrate metabolism]].
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==臨床的使用{{Anchor|Clinical uses}}==
==Clinical uses==
[[ulcerative colitis/ja|潰瘍性大腸炎]]の従来の治療にプロバイオティクスとして''ビフィズス菌''を加えることは、寛解率の改善と寛解維持の改善に関連することが示されている。いくつかの''ビフィズス菌''株は重要なプロバイオティクスと考えられており、食品産業で使用されている。ビフィズス菌の異なる種および/または菌株は、腸内微生物の[[homeostasis/ja|恒常性]]の調節、腸粘膜に定着および/または感染する病原体および有害細菌の抑制、局所的および全身的な免疫応答の調節、微生物叢内の発癌性酵素活性の抑制、ビタミンの産生、多くの食事性化合物の生物活性分子への変換など、様々な有益な健康効果を発揮する可能性がある。ビフィズス菌は腸粘膜バリアを改善し、腸内の[[lipopolysaccharide/ja|リポ多糖]]レベルを低下させる。
Adding ''Bifidobacterium'' as a probiotic to conventional treatment of [[ulcerative colitis]] has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission. Some ''Bifidobacterium'' strains are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry. Different species and/or strains of bifidobacteria may exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial [[homeostasis]], the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules. Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and lower levels of [[lipopolysaccharide]] in the intestine.
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ビフィズス菌は[[irritable bowel syndrome/ja|過敏性腸症候群]]（IBS）患者の腹痛も改善する可能性があるが、これまでの研究では結論が出ていない。
Bifidobacteria may also improve abdominal pain in patients with [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS) though studies to date have been inconclusive.
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天然に存在する''ビフィズス菌''属は、乳児の[[gram-negative bacteria/ja|グラム陰性]]病原体の増殖を抑制する可能性がある。
Naturally occurring ''Bifidobacterium'' spp. may discourage the growth of [[gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] pathogens in infants.
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母乳には高濃度の乳糖と低量のリン酸塩（[[pH buffer/ja|pH緩衝剤]]）が含まれている。そのため、母乳が乳児の消化管内で乳酸菌（ビフィズス菌を含む）によって発酵されると、pHが低下してグラム陰性菌が増殖しにくくなる可能性がある。
Mother's milk contains high concentrations of lactose and lower quantities of phosphate ([[pH buffer]]). Therefore, when mother's milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (including bifidobacteria) in the infant's gastrointestinal tract, the pH may be reduced, making it more difficult for Gram-negative bacteria to grow.
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== ビフィズス菌と乳児の腸内環境{{Anchor|Bifidobacteria and the infant gut}} ==
== Bifidobacteria and the infant gut ==
ヒトの乳児の腸は、出生までは比較的無菌状態で、周囲の環境や母親から細菌を取り込む。乳児の腸を構成する[[microbiota/ja|マイクロバイオータ]]は成人の腸とは異なる。乳児がマイクロバイオームの成人期に達するのは3歳頃で、マイクロバイオームの多様性が高まり、安定し、固形食に切り替わる時期である。母乳で育てられた乳児は、主に粉ミルクで育てられた乳児に比べ、''ビフィズス菌''に早くからコロニー形成される。ビフィドバクテリウム''は乳児の腸内マイクロバイオームで最も一般的な細菌である。乳幼児では[[genotype/ja|遺伝子型]]の経時的変動が大きく、成人の''ビフィドバクテリウム''に比べて安定性に欠ける。3歳未満の乳幼児はマイクロバイオーム細菌の多様性は低いが、成人と比較すると個体間の多様性は高い。 乳児の腸内細菌叢の''ビフィズス菌''の減少と多様性の増加は、母乳摂取量の減少と固形食摂取量の増加に伴って起こる。哺乳類の母乳にはすべて[[oligosaccharide/ja|オリゴ糖]]が含まれており、自然淘汰が見られる。ヒトの母乳のオリゴ糖は酵素で消化されず、消化管を通過した後、大腸で微生物叢によって分解される。ビフィズス菌''種のゲノム''[[Bifidobacterium longum/ja|B. longum]]''、B. bifidum、[[Bifidobacterium breve/ja|B. breve]]には、ヒトの母乳オリゴ糖の一部を加水分解できる遺伝子が含まれており、母乳栄養の乳児に多く見られる。ヒトによって産生された[[Glycan/ja|糖鎖]]は、''ビフィズス菌''の餌とエネルギーに変換される。
The human infant gut is relatively sterile up until birth, where it takes up bacteria from its surrounding environment and its mother. The [[microbiota]] that makes up the infant gut differs from the adult gut. An infant reaches the adult stage of their microbiome at around three years of age, when their microbiome diversity increases, stabilizes, and the infant switches over to solid foods. Breast-fed infants are colonized earlier by ''Bifidobacterium'' when compared to babies that are primarily formula-fed. ''Bifidobacterium'' is the most common bacteria in the infant gut microbiome. There is more variability in [[genotype]]s over time in infants, making them less stable compared to the adult ''Bifidobacterium''. Infants and children under three years old show low diversity in microbiome bacteria, but more diversity between individuals when compared to adults.  Reduction of ''Bifidobacterium'' and increase in diversity of the infant gut microbiome occurs with less breast-milk intake and increase of solid food intake. Mammalian milk all contain [[oligosaccharide]]s showing natural selection. Human milk oligosaccharides are not digested by enzymes and remain whole through the digestive tract before being broken down in the colon by microbiota. ''Bifidobacterium'' species genomes of ''[[Bifidobacterium longum|B. longum]], B. bifidum, [[Bifidobacterium breve|B. breve]]'' contain genes that can hydrolyze some of the human milk oligosaccharides and these are found in higher numbers in infants that are breast-fed. [[Glycan]]s that are produced by the humans are converted into food and energy for the ''B. bifidum.'' showing an example of [[coevolution]].
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== 種{{Anchor|Species}} ==
== Species ==
''ビフィドバクテリウム属''は以下の種からなる：
The genus ''Bifidobacterium'' comprises the following species:
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* ''[[Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme|B. actinocoloniiforme]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme/ja|B. actinocoloniiforme]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium adolescentis|B. adolescentis]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium adolescentis/ja|B. adolescentis]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aemilianum|B. aemilianum]]'' <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aemilianum/ja|B. aemilianum]]'' <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aerophilum|B. aerophilum]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aerophilum/ja|B. aerophilum]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aesculapii|B. aesculapii]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aesculapii/ja|B. aesculapii]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium amazonense|B. amazonense]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium amazonense/ja|B. amazonense]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium angulatum|B. angulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium angulatum/ja|B. angulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium animalis|B. animalis]]'' <small>(Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium animalis/ja|B. animalis]]'' <small>(Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium anseris|B. anseris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium anseris/ja|B. anseris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium apousia|B. apousia]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium apousia/ja|B. apousia]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium apri|B. apri]]'' <small>Pechar et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium apri/ja|B. apri]]'' <small>Pechar et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aquikefiri|B. aquikefiri]]'' <small>Laureys et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium aquikefiri/ja|B. aquikefiri]]'' <small>Laureys et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium asteroides|B. asteroides]]'' <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium asteroides/ja|B. asteroides]]'' <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium avesanii|B. avesanii]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium avesanii/ja|B. avesanii]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium biavatii|B. biavatii]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium biavatii/ja|B. biavatii]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bifidum|B. bifidum]]'' <small>(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bifidum/ja|B. bifidum]]'' <small>(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bohemicum|B. bohemicum]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bohemicum/ja|B. bohemicum]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bombi|B. bombi]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium bombi/ja|B. bombi]]'' <small>Killer et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium boum|B. boum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium boum/ja|B. boum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium breve|B. breve]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium breve/ja|B. breve]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callimiconis|B. callimiconis]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callimiconis/ja|B. callimiconis]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum|B. callitrichidarum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum/ja|B. callitrichidarum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callitrichos|B. callitrichos]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium callitrichos/ja|B. callitrichos]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium canis|B. canis]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium canis/ja|B. canis]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium castoris|B. castoris]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium castoris/ja|B. castoris]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium catenulatum|B. catenulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium catenulatum/ja|B. catenulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium catulorum|B. catulorum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium catulorum/ja|B. catulorum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium cebidarum|B. cebidarum]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium cebidarum/ja|B. cebidarum]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choerinum|B. choerinum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choerinum/ja|B. choerinum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choladohabitans|B.choladohabitans ]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choladohabitans/ja|B.choladohabitans ]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choloepi|B. choloepi]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium choloepi/ja|B. choloepi]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium colobi|B. colobi]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium colobi/ja|B. colobi]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium commune|B. commune]]'' <small>Praet et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium commune/ja|B. commune]]'' <small>Praet et al. 2015</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium coryneforme was reclassified as Bifidobacterium indicum. -->
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* ''[[Bifidobacterium criceti|B. criceti]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium criceti/ja|B. criceti]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium crudilactis|B. crudilactis]]''" <small>Delcenserie et al. 2007</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium crudilactis/ja|B. crudilactis]]''" <small>Delcenserie et al. 2007</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium cuniculi|B.cuniculi ]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium cuniculi/ja|B.cuniculi ]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium denticolens was reclassified as Parascardovia denticolens. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium denticolens was reclassified as Parascardovia denticolens. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium dentium|B. dentium]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium dentium/ja|B. dentium]]'' <small>Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium dolichotidis|B. dolichotidis]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium dolichotidis/ja|B. dolichotidis]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium eriksonii|B. eriksonii]]''" <small>Cato et al. 1970</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium eriksonii/ja|B. eriksonii]]''" <small>Cato et al. 1970</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium erythrocebi|B. erythrocebi]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium erythrocebi/ja|B. erythrocebi]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium eulemuris|B. eulemuris]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium eulemuris/ja|B. eulemuris]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium faecale|B. faecale]]'' <small>Choi et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium faecale/ja|B. faecale]]'' <small>Choi et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium felsineum|B. felsineum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium felsineum/ja|B. felsineum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium gallicum|B. gallicum]]'' <small>Lauer 1990</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium gallicum/ja|B. gallicum]]'' <small>Lauer 1990</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium gallinarum|B. gallinarum]]'' <small>Watabe et al. 1983</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium gallinarum/ja|B. gallinarum]]'' <small>Watabe et al. 1983</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium globosum|B. globosum]]'' <small>(ex Scardovi et al. 1969) Biavati et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium globosum/ja|B. globosum]]'' <small>(ex Scardovi et al. 1969) Biavati et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium goeldii|B. goeldii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium goeldii/ja|B. goeldii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium hapali|B. hapali]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium hapali/ja|B. hapali]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium imperatoris|B. ]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium imperatoris/ja|B. ]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium indicum|B. indicum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium indicum/ja|B. indicum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium infantis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium longum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium infantis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium longum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium inopinatum was reclassified as Scardovia inopinata. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium inopinatum was reclassified as Scardovia inopinata. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium italicum|B. italicum]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium italicum/ja|B. italicum]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium jacchi|B. jacchi]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium jacchi/ja|B. jacchi]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense was reclassified as Bifidobacterium catenulatum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense was reclassified as Bifidobacterium catenulatum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium lactis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium animalis. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium lactis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium animalis. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium lemurum|B. lemurum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium lemurum/ja|B. lemurum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium leontopitheci|B. leontopitheci]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium leontopitheci/ja|B. leontopitheci]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium longum|B. longum]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium longum/ja|B. longum]]'' <small>Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium magnum|B. magnum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Zani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium magnum/ja|B. magnum]]'' <small>Scardovi and Zani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium margollesii|B.margollesii ]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium margollesii/ja|B.margollesii ]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium merycicum|B. merycicum]]'' <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium merycicum/ja|B. merycicum]]'' <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium miconis|B. miconis]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium miconis/ja|B. miconis]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium miconisargentati|B. miconisargentati]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium miconisargentati/ja|B. miconisargentati]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium minimum|B. minimum]]'' <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium minimum/ja|B. minimum]]'' <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium mongoliense|B. mongoliense]]'' <small>Watanabe et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium mongoliense/ja|B. mongoliense]]'' <small>Watanabe et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium moraviense|B. moraviense]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium moraviense/ja|B. moraviense]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium moukalabense|B. moukalabense]]'' <small>Tsuchida et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium moukalabense/ja|B. moukalabense]]'' <small>Tsuchida et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium myosotis|B. myosotis]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium myosotis/ja|B. myosotis]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium oedipodis|B. oedipodis]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium oedipodis/ja|B. oedipodis]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium olomucense|B. olomucense]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium olomucense/ja|B. olomucense]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium panos|B. panos]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium panos/ja|B. panos]]'' <small>Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium parmae|B. parmae]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium parmae/ja|B. parmae]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2018</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium platyrrhinorum|B. platyrrhinorum]]''" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium platyrrhinorum/ja|B. platyrrhinorum]]''" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pluvialisilvae|B. pluvialisilvae]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pluvialisilvae/ja|B. pluvialisilvae]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum|B. polysaccharolyticum]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium polysaccharolyticum/ja|B. polysaccharolyticum]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pongonis|B. pongonis]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pongonis/ja|B. pongonis]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium porcinum|B. porcinum]]'' <small>(Zhu et al. 2003) Nouioui et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium porcinum/ja|B. porcinum]]'' <small>(Zhu et al. 2003) Nouioui et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium primatium|B. primatium]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium primatium/ja|B. primatium]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum|B. pseudocatenulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum/ja|B. pseudocatenulatum]]'' <small>Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pseudolongum|B. pseudolongum]]'' <small>Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pseudolongum/ja|B. pseudolongum]]'' <small>Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum|B. psychraerophilum]]'' <small>Simpson et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum/ja|B. psychraerophilum]]'' <small>Simpson et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pullorum|B. pullorum]]'' <small> Trovatelli et al. 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium pullorum/ja|B. pullorum]]'' <small> Trovatelli et al. 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium ramosum|B. ramosum]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium ramosum/ja|B. ramosum]]'' <small>Michelini et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium reuteri|B. reuteri]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium reuteri/ja|B. reuteri]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium rousetti|B. rousetti]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium rousetti/ja|B. rousetti]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium ruminale|B. ruminale]]''" <small>Scardovi et al. 1969</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium ruminale/ja|B. ruminale]]''" <small>Scardovi et al. 1969</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium ruminantium|B. ruminantium]]'' <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium ruminantium/ja|B. ruminantium]]'' <small>Biavati and Mattarelli 1991</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium saeculare was reclassified as Bifidobacterium gallinarum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium saeculare was reclassified as Bifidobacterium gallinarum. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium saguini|B. saguini]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium saguini/ja|B. saguini]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium saguinibicoloris|B. saguinibicoloris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium saguinibicoloris/ja|B. saguinibicoloris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium saimiriisciurei|B. saimiriisciurei]]''" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium saimiriisciurei/ja|B. saimiriisciurei]]''" <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium samirii|B. samirii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium samirii/ja|B. samirii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium santillanense|B. santillanense]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium santillanense/ja|B. santillanense]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium scaligerum|B. scaligerum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium scaligerum/ja|B. scaligerum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium scardovii|B. scardovii]]'' <small>Hoyles et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium scardovii/ja|B. scardovii]]'' <small>Hoyles et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium simiarum|B. simiarum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium simiarum/ja|B. simiarum]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium simiiventris|B. simiiventris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium simiiventris/ja|B. simiiventris]]'' <small>Lugli et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium stellenboschense|B. stellenboschense]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium stellenboschense/ja|B. stellenboschense]]'' <small>Endo et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium stercoris was reclassified as Bifidobacterium adolescentis. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium stercoris was reclassified as Bifidobacterium adolescentis. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium subtile|B. subtile]]'' <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium subtile/ja|B. subtile]]'' <small>Biavati et al. 1982</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium suis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium longum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium suis was reclassified as Bifidobacterium longum. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum|B. thermacidophilum]]'' <small>Dong et al. 2000</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum/ja|B. thermacidophilum]]'' <small>Dong et al. 2000</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium thermophilium is a misspelling of Bifidobacterium thermophilum. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium thermophilium is a misspelling of Bifidobacterium thermophilum. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium thermophilum|B. thermophilum]]'' <small>corrig. Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium thermophilum/ja|B. thermophilum]]'' <small>corrig. Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tibiigranuli|B. tibiigranuli]]'' <small>Eckel et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tibiigranuli/ja|B. tibiigranuli]]'' <small>Eckel et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tissieri|B. tissieri]]'' <small>corrig. Michelini et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tissieri/ja|B. tissieri]]'' <small>corrig. Michelini et al. 2016</small>
<!-- Bifidobacterium tissierii is a misspelling of Bifidobacterium tissieri. -->
<!-- Bifidobacterium tissierii is a misspelling of Bifidobacterium tissieri. -->
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tsurumiense|B. tsurumiense]]'' <small>Okamoto et al. 2008</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium tsurumiense/ja|B. tsurumiense]]'' <small>Okamoto et al. 2008</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium urinalis|B. urinalis]]''" <small>Hojo et al. 2007</small>
* "''[[Bifidobacterium urinalis/ja|B. urinalis]]''" <small>Hojo et al. 2007</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium vansinderenii|B. vansinderenii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium vansinderenii/ja|B. vansinderenii]]'' <small>Duranti et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium vespertilionis|B. vespertilionis]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium vespertilionis/ja|B. vespertilionis]]'' <small>Modesto et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium xylocopae|B. xylocopae]]'' <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Bifidobacterium xylocopae/ja|B. xylocopae]]'' <small>Alberoni et al. 2019</small>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== こちらも参照 ==
== See also ==
* [[List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota/ja]]
* [[List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota]]
* [[Probiotic/ja]]
* [[Probiotic]]
* [[Proteobiotics/ja]]
* [[Proteobiotics]]
* [[Prebiotic (nutrition)/ja|プロバイオティクス]]
* [[Prebiotic (nutrition)|Prebiotics]]
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== 外部リンク ==
== External links ==
* [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium] at [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/ Microbe Wiki]
* [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium] at [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/ Microbe Wiki]
* [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes Online Database] contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
* [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes Online Database] contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
* [https://archive.today/20121212002341/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/w/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Bifidobacterium Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes] (at [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]])
* [https://archive.today/20121212002341/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/w/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Bifidobacterium Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes] (at [[:en:United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[:en:Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]])
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Bifidobacterium&submit=Search ''Bifidobacterium'' at Bac''Dive'' -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Bifidobacterium&submit=Search ''Bifidobacterium'' at Bac''Dive'' -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
*[https://biomesight.com/blog/bifidobacteria-spotlight Spotlight on Bifidobacteria]
*[https://biomesight.com/blog/bifidobacteria-spotlight Spotlight on Bifidobacteria]
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{wikispecies|Bifidobacterium}}
{{wikispecies}}
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{Bacteria classification/ja}}
{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Yogurts/ja}}
{{Yogurts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22067}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22067}}
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{二次利用|date=20 March 2024}}
[[Category:Bifidobacteriales]]
[[Category:Bifidobacteriales]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]
[[Category:Bacterial vaginosis]]
[[Category:Bacterial vaginosis]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
</div>
Retrieved from "https://wiki.tiffa.net/wiki/Bifidobacterium/ja"