Translations:Medicine/34/ja: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "=== 基礎科学 === * ''解剖学''は、生物の物理的構造を研究する学問である。''巨視的''または''肉眼的解剖学''とは対照的に、細胞学と組織学は微視的構造を扱う。 * ''生化学''は、生体内で起こる化学、特に化学成分の構造と機能を研究する学問である。 * ''バイオメカニクス''とは、力学の..."
 
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Message definition (Medicine)
=== Basic sciences ===
* ''[[Anatomy]]'' is the study of the physical structure of [[organism]]s. In contrast to ''macroscopic'' or ''gross anatomy'', ''cytology'' and ''histology'' are concerned with microscopic structures.
* ''[[Biochemistry]]'' is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
* ''[[Biomechanics]]'' is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of [[Mechanics]].
* ''[[Biostatistics]]'' is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to [[epidemiology]] and evidence-based medicine.
* ''[[Biophysics]]'' is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of [[physics]] and [[physical chemistry]] to study biological systems.
* ''[[Cell biology|Cytology]]'' is the microscopic study of individual [[cell (biology)|cells]].
[[File:Albert Edelfelt - Louis Pasteur - 1885.jpg|thumb|''[[Louis Pasteur]]'', as portrayed in his laboratory, 1885 by [[Albert Edelfelt]]]]
* ''[[Embryology]]'' is the study of the early development of organisms.
* ''[[Endocrinology]]'' is the study of hormones and their effect throughout the body of animals.
* ''[[Epidemiology]]'' is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.
* ''[[Genetics]]'' is the study of genes, and their role in [[biological inheritance]].
* ''[[Histology]]'' is the study of the structures of [[biological tissue]]s by light [[microscopy]], [[Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and [[immunohistochemistry]].
* ''[[Immunology]]'' is the study of the [[immune system]], which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example.
* ''[[Lifestyle medicine]]'' is the study of the [[chronic conditions]], and how to prevent, treat and reverse them.
* ''[[Medical physics]]'' is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine.
* ''[[Microbiology]]'' is the study of [[microorganism]]s, including [[protozoa]], [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[fungus|fungi]], and [[virus]]es.
* ''[[Molecular biology]]'' is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of [[DNA replication|replication]], [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]] and [[Translation (biology)|translation]] of the genetic material.
* ''[[Neuroscience]]'' includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the [[nervous system]]. A main focus of neuroscience is the [[biology]] and physiology of the human brain and [[spinal cord]]. Some related clinical specialties include [[neurology]], [[neurosurgery]] and [[psychiatry]].
* ''[[Nutrition science]]'' (theoretical focus) and ''[[dietetics]]'' (practical focus) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for [[diabetes]], [[cardiovascular disease]]s, weight and eating [[mental illness|disorders]], allergies, [[malnutrition]], and [[neoplasia|neoplastic]] diseases.
* ''[[Pathology as a science]]'' is the study of disease—the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.
* ''[[Pharmacology]]'' is the study of drugs and their actions.
* ''[[Gynecology]]'' is the study of female reproductive system.
* ''[[Photobiology]]'' is the study of the interactions between [[non-ionizing radiation]] and living organisms.
* ''[[Physiology]]'' is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.
* ''[[Radiobiology]]'' is the study of the interactions between [[ionizing radiation]] and living organisms.
* ''[[Toxicology]]'' is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and [[poison]]s.

基礎科学

  • 解剖学は、生物の物理的構造を研究する学問である。巨視的または肉眼的解剖学とは対照的に、細胞学と組織学は微視的構造を扱う。
  • 生化学は、生体内で起こる化学、特に化学成分の構造と機能を研究する学問である。
  • バイオメカニクスとは、力学の手法を用いて生体システムの構造と機能を研究する学問である。
  • 生物統計学は、広義の生物学分野への統計学の応用である。生物統計学の知識は、医学研究の計画、評価、解釈に不可欠である。また、疫学やエビデンスに基づく医療においても基礎となる。
  • 生物物理学は、物理学物理化学の手法を用いて生物システムを研究する学際的な科学である。
  • 細胞学は、個々の細胞の顕微鏡的研究である。
ルイ・パスツール、1985年、アルバート・エーデルフェルト作、彼の研究室にて