Herb: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|plant part used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume}} | {{short description|plant part used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume}} | ||
{{about|[[:en:culinary]], medicinal, and spiritual herbs|the botanical usage|:en:herbaceous plant|other uses}} | {{about|[[:en:culinary]], medicinal, and spiritual herbs|the botanical usage|:en:herbaceous plant|other uses}} | ||
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In general use, '''herbs''' are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding [[vegetables]] and other plants consumed for [[macronutrients]], with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and [[:en:garnish (food)|garnishing]] food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from [[spices]]. ''Herbs'' generally refers to the [[leaf]]y green or [[flower]]ing parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while ''spices'' are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including [[seed]]s, [[Bark (botany)|bark]], [[root]]s and [[fruit]]s. | In general use, '''herbs''' are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding [[vegetables]] and other plants consumed for [[macronutrients]], with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and [[:en:garnish (food)|garnishing]] food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from [[spices]]. ''Herbs'' generally refers to the [[leaf]]y green or [[flower]]ing parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while ''spices'' are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including [[seed]]s, [[Bark (botany)|bark]], [[root]]s and [[fruit]]s. | ||
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<!--T:5--> | ==Definition== <!--T:5--> | ||
[[File:The Herb Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1629279.jpg|thumb|Herb garden at [[:en:Hardwick Hall|Hardwick Hall]], [[:en:Derbyshire|Derbyshire]], [[:en:England|England]], originally planted in the 1870s by Lady Louisa Egerton, recreated by the [[:en:National Trust|National Trust]], largely following the original design.]] | [[File:The Herb Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1629279.jpg|thumb|Herb garden at [[:en:Hardwick Hall|Hardwick Hall]], [[:en:Derbyshire|Derbyshire]], [[:en:England|England]], originally planted in the 1870s by Lady Louisa Egerton, recreated by the [[:en:National Trust|National Trust]], largely following the original design.]] | ||
In [[botany]], the term herb refers to a [[herbaceous plant]], defined as a small, [[Spermatophyte|seed-bearing plant]] without a woody stem in which all aerial parts (i.e. above ground) die back to the ground at the end of each [[:en:growing season|growing season]]. Usually the term refers to [[Perennial plant|perennials]], although herbaceous plants can also be [[Annual plant|annuals]] (plants that die at the end of the growing season and grow back from seed next year), or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s. This term is in contrast to [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s which possess a woody stem. Shrubs and trees are also defined in terms of size, where shrubs are less than ten meters tall, and trees may grow over ten meters. The word herbaceous is derived from Latin ''herbāceus'' meaning "grassy", from ''herba'' "grass, herb". | In [[botany]], the term herb refers to a [[herbaceous plant]], defined as a small, [[Spermatophyte|seed-bearing plant]] without a woody stem in which all aerial parts (i.e. above ground) die back to the ground at the end of each [[:en:growing season|growing season]]. Usually the term refers to [[Perennial plant|perennials]], although herbaceous plants can also be [[Annual plant|annuals]] (plants that die at the end of the growing season and grow back from seed next year), or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s. This term is in contrast to [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s which possess a woody stem. Shrubs and trees are also defined in terms of size, where shrubs are less than ten meters tall, and trees may grow over ten meters. The word herbaceous is derived from Latin ''herbāceus'' meaning "grassy", from ''herba'' "grass, herb". | ||
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Another sense of the term herb can refer to a much larger range of plants, with culinary, therapeutic or other uses. For example, some of the most commonly described herbs such as [[Salvia|sage]], [[rosemary]] and [[Lavandula|lavender]] would be excluded from the botanical definition of a herb as they do not die down each year, and they possess woody stems. In the wider sense, herbs may be herbaceous perennials but also trees, subshrubs, shrubs, annuals, [[liana]]s, [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es, [[algae]], [[lichen]]s, and [[fungi]]. [[Herbalism]] can utilize not just stems and leaves but also fruit, roots, bark and gums. Therefore, one suggested definition of a herb is a plant which is of use to humans, although this definition is problematic since it could cover a great many plants that are not commonly described as herbs. | Another sense of the term herb can refer to a much larger range of plants, with culinary, therapeutic or other uses. For example, some of the most commonly described herbs such as [[Salvia|sage]], [[rosemary]] and [[Lavandula|lavender]] would be excluded from the botanical definition of a herb as they do not die down each year, and they possess woody stems. In the wider sense, herbs may be herbaceous perennials but also trees, subshrubs, shrubs, annuals, [[liana]]s, [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es, [[algae]], [[lichen]]s, and [[fungi]]. [[Herbalism]] can utilize not just stems and leaves but also fruit, roots, bark and gums. Therefore, one suggested definition of a herb is a plant which is of use to humans, although this definition is problematic since it could cover a great many plants that are not commonly described as herbs. | ||
== History == <!--T:7--> | == History == <!--T:7--> | ||
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== Uses == <!--T:12--> | == Uses == <!--T:12--> | ||
<!--T:13--> | === Culinary === <!--T:13--> | ||
[[File:Thyme-Bundle.jpg|thumb|A bundle of [[Thymus (plant)|thyme (''Thymus'')]]]] | [[File:Thyme-Bundle.jpg|thumb|A bundle of [[Thymus (plant)|thyme (''Thymus'')]]]] | ||
{{See also|List of culinary herbs and spices}} | {{See also|List of culinary herbs and spices}} | ||
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Emperor [[Wikipedia:Charlemagne|Charlemagne]] (742–814) compiled a list of 74 different herbs that were to be planted in his gardens. The connection between herbs and health is important already in the European Middle Ages--''[[Wikipedia:The Forme of Cury|The Forme of Cury]]'' (that is, "cookery") promotes extensive use of herbs, including in salads, and claims in its preface "the assent and advisement of the masters of physic and philosophy in the King's Court". | Emperor [[Wikipedia:Charlemagne|Charlemagne]] (742–814) compiled a list of 74 different herbs that were to be planted in his gardens. The connection between herbs and health is important already in the European Middle Ages--''[[Wikipedia:The Forme of Cury|The Forme of Cury]]'' (that is, "cookery") promotes extensive use of herbs, including in salads, and claims in its preface "the assent and advisement of the masters of physic and philosophy in the King's Court". | ||
<!--T:16--> | === Teas === <!--T:16--> | ||
{{main|Herbal tea}} | {{main|Herbal tea}} | ||
Some herbs can be infused in boiling water to make [[herbal tea]]s (also termed tisanes). Typically the dried leaves, flowers or seeds are used, or fresh herbs are used. Herbal teas tend to be made from aromatic herbs, may not contain [[tannin]]s or [[caffeine]], and are not typically mixed with milk. Common examples include [[chamomile tea]], or [[mint tea]]. Herbal teas are often used as a source of relaxation or can be associated with rituals. | Some herbs can be infused in boiling water to make [[herbal tea]]s (also termed tisanes). Typically the dried leaves, flowers or seeds are used, or fresh herbs are used. Herbal teas tend to be made from aromatic herbs, may not contain [[tannin]]s or [[caffeine]], and are not typically mixed with milk. Common examples include [[chamomile tea]], or [[mint tea]]. Herbal teas are often used as a source of relaxation or can be associated with rituals. | ||
<!--T:17--> | === Medicine === <!--T:17--> | ||
{{Main|Medicinal plants|Herbalism}} | {{Main|Medicinal plants|Herbalism}} | ||
{{see also|List of plants used in herbalism|}} | {{see also|List of plants used in herbalism|}} | ||
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Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional [[Chinese herbal medicine]], with usage dating as far back as the first century [[Common Era|CE]] and far before. In India, the [[Ayurveda]] medicinal system is based on herbs. Medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the [[Hippocratic]] (Greek) elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include [[Wikipedia:Avicenna|Avicenna]] (Persian), [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] (Roman), [[Wikipedia:Paracelsus|Paracelsus]] (German Swiss), [[:en:Nicholas Culpeper|Culpepper]] (English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians of 19th century/early 20th century America ([[Wikipedia:John Milton Scudder|John Milton Scudder]], [[Wikipedia:Harvey Wickes Felter|Harvey Wickes Felter]], [[Wikipedia:John Uri Lloyd|John Uri Lloyd]]). Modern pharmaceuticals had their origins in crude herbal medicines, and to this day, some drugs are still extracted as fractionate/isolate compounds from raw herbs and then purified to meet pharmaceutical standards. | Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional [[Chinese herbal medicine]], with usage dating as far back as the first century [[:en:Common Era|CE]] and far before. In India, the [[Ayurveda]] medicinal system is based on herbs. Medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the [[Wikipedia:Hippocratic|Hippocratic]] (Greek) elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include [[Wikipedia:Avicenna|Avicenna]] (Persian), [[Wikipedia:Galen|Galen]] (Roman), [[Wikipedia:Paracelsus|Paracelsus]] (German Swiss), [[:en:Nicholas Culpeper|Culpepper]] (English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians of 19th century/early 20th century America ([[Wikipedia:John Milton Scudder|John Milton Scudder]], [[Wikipedia:Harvey Wickes Felter|Harvey Wickes Felter]], [[Wikipedia:John Uri Lloyd|John Uri Lloyd]]). Modern pharmaceuticals had their origins in crude herbal medicines, and to this day, some drugs are still extracted as fractionate/isolate compounds from raw herbs and then purified to meet pharmaceutical standards. | ||
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[[Wikipedia:Indigenous Australian|Indigenous Australian]] peoples developed "[[bush medicine]]" based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of these groups meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases than the western illnesses they contracted during colonisation. Herbs such as [[Mentha australis|river mint]], [[Acacia pycnantha|wattle]] and [[eucalyptus]] were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever and headaches. | [[Wikipedia:Indigenous Australian|Indigenous Australian]] peoples developed "[[bush medicine]]" based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of these groups meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases than the western illnesses they contracted during colonisation. Herbs such as [[Mentha australis|river mint]], [[Acacia pycnantha|wattle]] and [[eucalyptus]] were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever and headaches. | ||
<!--T:24--> | === Ritual === <!--T:24--> | ||
{{Main|Sacred herb}} | {{Main|Sacred herb}} | ||
[[File:Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum00.jpg|thumb|''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' (Gilead myrrh)]] | [[File:Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum00.jpg|thumb|''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' (Gilead myrrh)]] | ||
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[[Wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]]n [[Wikipedia:shaman|shaman]]s also used herbs for spiritual purposes. Plants may be used to induce spiritual experiences for rites of passage, such as [[Wikipedia:vision quest|vision quest]]s in some [[:en:Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures. The [[Wikipedia:Cherokee|Cherokee]] Native Americans use both [[Salvia apiana|white sage]] and [[:en:Cedar wood|cedar]] for spiritual cleansing and [[:en:Smudging|smudging]]. | [[Wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]]n [[Wikipedia:shaman|shaman]]s also used herbs for spiritual purposes. Plants may be used to induce spiritual experiences for rites of passage, such as [[Wikipedia:vision quest|vision quest]]s in some [[:en:Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures. The [[Wikipedia:Cherokee|Cherokee]] Native Americans use both [[Salvia apiana|white sage]] and [[:en:Cedar wood|cedar]] for spiritual cleansing and [[:en:Smudging|smudging]]. | ||
<!--T:26--> | === Cosmetics === <!--T:26--> | ||
Originally there was always doubt in ancient societies, especially in the sceptical medium of western traditions, as to the efficacity of herbal medicines. The use of [[Wikipedia:herbal cosmetics|herbal cosmetics]] dates back to around six centuries ago in the European and Western countries. Mixtures and pastes were often concocted to whiten the face. During the 1940s, herbal cosmetics took a turn with the emerging red lipstick color, with every year gaining a more intense red. Herbal cosmetics come in many forms, such as face creams, scrubs, lipstick, natural fragrances, powders, body oils, deodorants and sunscreens. They activate through the epithelium of sebaceous glands to make the skin more supple. Ayurvedic oils are widely used in India, prized for their natural health-giving properties. | Originally there was always doubt in ancient societies, especially in the sceptical medium of western traditions, as to the efficacity of herbal medicines. The use of [[Wikipedia:herbal cosmetics|herbal cosmetics]] dates back to around six centuries ago in the European and Western countries. Mixtures and pastes were often concocted to whiten the face. During the 1940s, herbal cosmetics took a turn with the emerging red lipstick color, with every year gaining a more intense red. Herbal cosmetics come in many forms, such as face creams, scrubs, lipstick, natural fragrances, powders, body oils, deodorants and sunscreens. They activate through the epithelium of sebaceous glands to make the skin more supple. Ayurvedic oils are widely used in India, prized for their natural health-giving properties. | ||
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One method and perhaps the best, used to extract natural oils from herbs to make lipstick is [[Wikipedia:partition chromatography|partition chromatography]]. The process involves separation in watery solution, and then the injection of colour under pressure. | One method and perhaps the best, used to extract natural oils from herbs to make lipstick is [[Wikipedia:partition chromatography|partition chromatography]]. The process involves separation in watery solution, and then the injection of colour under pressure. | ||
<!--T:28--> | === Other === <!--T:28--> | ||
{{main|Strewing herb}} | {{main|Strewing herb}} | ||
Strewing herbs are scattered (strewn) over the floors of dwelling places and other buildings. Such plants usually have fragrant or astringent smells, and many also serve as insecticides (e.g. to repel fleas) or disinfectants. For example, [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]] (''Filipendula ulmaria'') was sometimes strewn across floors in the middle ages because of its sweet smell. | Strewing herbs are scattered (strewn) over the floors of dwelling places and other buildings. Such plants usually have fragrant or astringent smells, and many also serve as insecticides (e.g. to repel fleas) or disinfectants. For example, [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]] (''Filipendula ulmaria'') was sometimes strewn across floors in the middle ages because of its sweet smell. | ||
<!--T:29--> | == See also == <!--T:29--> | ||
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* [[Apothecary]] | * [[Apothecary]] | ||
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{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
== External links == <!--T:30--> | |||
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* {{Commons category-inline|Herbs}} | * {{Commons category-inline|Herbs}} | ||
* [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 § 182.10 Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209193325/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 |date=2018-02-09 }}, US Code of Federal Regulations | * [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 § 182.10 Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209193325/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 |date=2018-02-09 }}, US Code of Federal Regulations | ||
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{{Herbs & spices}} | {{Herbs & spices}} | ||
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{{二次利用}} | {{二次利用}} | ||
[[Category:Herbs| ]] | [[Category:Herbs| ]] | ||
[[Category:Food and drink decorations]] | [[Category:Food and drink decorations]] | ||
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