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[[File:Halal logo.svg|thumb|right|The word ''halal''. It is used as a visual marker for Muslims in restaurants, shops and on products.|263x263px]]{{Short description|Islamic term for "permissible" things}}
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
'''''Halal''''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Halal.wav}}; {{langx|ar|[[:wikt:حلال|حلال]]}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥalāl}} {{IPA|ar|ħæˈlæːl|}}) is an Arabic word that translates to {{gloss|permissible}} in English. Although the term ''halal'' is often associated with [[Islamic dietary laws]], particularly meat that is slaughtered according to Islamic guidelines, it also governs ethical practices in business, finance (such as the [[Riba|prohibition of usury (riba)]]), and daily living. It encompasses broader ethical considerations, including fairness, social justice, and the treatment of animals. The concept of ''halal'' is central to Islamic practices and is derived from the Quran and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad).
In the [[Quran]], the term ''halal'' is contrasted with the term ''[[haram]]'' ({{gloss|forbidden, unlawful}}). The guidelines for what is considered ''halal'' or ''haram'' are laid out in Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh''), and scholars interpret these guidelines to ensure compliance with Islamic principles. This [[binary opposition]] was elaborated into a more complex classification known as "[[Ahkam|the five decisions]]": [[Fard|mandatory]], [[Mustahabb|recommended]], [[Mubah|neutral]], [[Makruh|reprehensible]] and [[Haram|forbidden]]. [[Faqīh|Islamic jurists]] disagree on whether the term ''halal'' covers the first two or the first four of these categories. In recent times, Islamic movements seeking to mobilize the masses and authors writing for a popular audience have emphasized the simpler distinction of halal and haram.
In the modern world, the concept of halal has expanded beyond individual actions and dietary restrictions to become a global industry, particularly in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and financial sectors. Halal certification bodies ensure that products and services meet the required standards for consumption by Muslims, and many companies worldwide seek halal certification to cater to the growing demand for halal products, especially with the rise in the global Muslim population. The increasing demand for halal products and services has led to the growth of the halal economy, especially in countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Middle East. Many non-Muslim-majority countries also engage in the halal market to meet the needs of their Muslim citizens and global consumers.
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== クルアーンにおいて ==
== In the Quran ==
''ハラール''と''ハラーム''という語は、合法または許容されるものと、非合法または禁止されるものの範疇を示すためにクルアーンで用いられる一般的な用語である。クルアーンにおいて、[[:en:Semitic root|語根]]''ḥ-l-l''は合法性を意味し、また巡礼者が儀礼的な状態から退出し、俗なる状態に入ることを示す場合もある。これら両義において、それは語根''ḥ-r-m''(cf. ''[[:en:haram|ハラーム]]''および[[:en:ihram|イフラーム]])によって伝えられる意味の反対を持つ。文字通りの意味では、語根ḥr-mは解消(例えば、誓いの破棄)や降臨(例えば、神の怒りの降臨)を指すことがある。合法性は通常、クルアーンにおいて、神を明示的または暗示的な主語として、動詞{{transliteration|ar|ahalla}}({{gloss|to make lawful}})によって示される。
The words ''halal'' and ''haram'' are the common terms used in the Quran to designate the categories of lawful or allowed and unlawful or forbidden. In the Quran, the [[Semitic root|root]] ''ḥ-l-l'' denotes lawfulness and may also indicate exiting the ritual state of a pilgrim and entering a profane state. In both these senses, it has an opposite meaning to that conveyed by the root ''ḥ-r-m'' (cf. ''[[haram]]'' and {{transliteration|ar|[[ihram]]}}). In a literal sense, the root ḥr-m may refer to dissolution (e.g., breaking of an oath) or alighting (e.g., of God's wrath). Lawfulness is usually indicated in the Quran by means of the verb {{transliteration|ar|ahalla}} ({{gloss|to make lawful}}), with God as the stated or implied subject.
Islam generally considers every food halal unless it is specifically prohibited in [[hadith]] or the [[Qur'an]]. Specifically, halal foods are those that are:
# Made, produced, manufactured, processed, and stored using machinery, equipment, and/or utensils that have been cleaned according to Islamic law ([[shariah]]).
# イスラム法に従ってムスリムが食べることを禁じられている成分を一切含まないこと。
# Free from any component that Muslims are prohibited from eating according to Islamic law.
The most common example of [[haram]] (non-halal) food is pork. While pork is the only meat that categorically may not be consumed by Muslims (the Quran forbids it, Surah 2:173 and 16:115) other foods not in a state of purity are also considered haram. The criteria for non-pork items include their source, the cause of the animal's death and how it was processed. The majority of Islamic scholars consider shellfish and other seafood halal. [[Vegetarian cuisine]] is halal if it does not contain [[alcoholic drink|alcohol]].
Muslims must also ensure that all foods (particularly processed foods), as well as non-food items like [[cosmetics]] and [[pharmaceuticals]], are halal. Frequently, these products contain animal by-products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Muslims to eat or use on their bodies. Foods which are not considered halal for Muslims to consume include blood and intoxicants such as [[alcoholic beverage]]s.
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ムスリムが他に食べるものがなく、飢え死にする場合には、非ハラール食品を食べることが許される。
A Muslim who would otherwise starve to death is allowed to eat non-halal food if there is no halal food available.
Several food companies offer halal processed foods and products, including halal [[foie gras]], [[spring roll]]s, [[chicken nugget]]s, [[ravioli]], [[lasagna]], [[pizza]] and [[baby food]]. Halal [[TV dinner|ready meals]] are a growing consumer market for Muslims in Britain and America and are offered by an increasing number of retailers.
Opinions on [[genetically modified crops|GMO foods]] are mixed, although there is no widely accepted prohibition from consuming them. Some clerics and scholars have expressed support, arguing that such food production methods are halal because they contribute to human well-being. Voices in opposition to GMOs argue that there is no need for genetic modification of food crops because God created everything perfectly and man does not have any right to manipulate anything that God has created. Some others have raised concern about the theoretical consumption of specific GMO foods produced using genes from pigs.
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=== ハラール肉 ===
===Halal meat===
{{main/ja|Dhabihah/ja}}
{{main|Dhabihah}}
[[File:HalalMeat.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Canada|カナダ]]・[[:en:Ontario|オンタリオ州]]・[[:en:Richmond Hill, Ontario|リッチモンドヒル]]の食料品店にあるハラール肉コーナー]]
[[File:HalalMeat.jpg|thumb|Halal meat section at a grocery store in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]]]
Muslims believe in what they see as the ethical treatment of animals. Halal practices align with this philosophy by promoting kindness, compassion, and humane treatment throughout the entire lifecycle of the animal. The emphasis on swift and painless slaughter respects the animal's dignity and minimizes suffering.
Halal meat must come from a supplier that uses halal practices. {{transliteration|ar|[[Dhabihah|Dhabīḥah]]}} ({{lang|ar|ذَبِيْحَة}}) is the prescribed method of slaughter for all meat sources, excluding fish and other sealife, per Islamic law. This method of [[Animal slaughter|slaughtering animals]] consists of using a sharp knife to make an incision that cuts the front of the [[throat]], [[Esophagus|oesophagus]] and [[jugular vein]]s but not the [[spinal cord]]. The head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods should be aligned with the {{transliteration|ar|[[qiblah]]}} (the direction a Muslim faces when praying). In addition to the direction, permitted animals should be slaughtered upon utterance of the Islamic prayer "[[Basmala|Bismillah]], Allahu Akbar" (In the name of God, God is greatest).
The slaughter must be performed by a Muslim. [[Carrion]] (carcasses of dead animals, such as animals who died in the wild) cannot be eaten. Additionally, an animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), savaged by a beast of prey (unless finished off by a human), or sacrificed on a stone altar cannot be eaten.
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==== 他宗教との適合性 ====
====Compatibility with other religions====
{{main/ja|:en:Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws|:en:Christian dietary laws|Diet in Sikhism/ja}}
{{main|Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws|Christian dietary laws|Diet in Sikhism}}
[[:en:People of the Book|啓典の民]]([[:en:Jews|ユダヤ人]]および[[:en:Christians|キリスト教徒]])によって屠殺された動物も、頸静脈を切開し、血を抜き、アッラーの名が唱えられた場合にはハラールと見なすことができる。その結果、一部のムスリム共同体では[[:en:kosher|コーシャ]]肉が許容され、時にはハラール肉の代替として用いられる。
Animals slaughtered by [[People of the Book]] ([[Jews]] and [[Christians]]) can also be considered halal if the slaughter is carried out by jugular slice, the blood drained and the name of Allah invoked. As a result, [[kosher]] meat is permitted by some Muslim communities, and is sometimes substituted for halal meat.
[[Sikhism]] forbids eating meat from animals that were [[Kutha meat|slaughtered slowly or with religious ritual]], referred to as ''kutha meat''. This includes halal meat preparation. The religiously recommended method of slaughter among [[Sikhs]], known as {{transliteration|pa|[[jhatka]]}}, is likewise incompatible with halal principles, as with this method not all of the blood is drained from the meat.
[[Stunning]] of the animal is only permitted if it is necessary to calm down a violent animal. British supermarkets report the use of stunning before slaughter for halal meats. The 2011 [[UK Food Standards Agency]] figures suggest that 84% of cattle, 81% of sheep and 88% of chickens slaughtered for halal meat were stunned before they died. [[Tesco]] says "the only difference between the halal meat it sells and other meat is that [the animal] was blessed as [it] was killed."
Concerns about animal suffering from slaughter without prior stunning has resulted in the ban of slaughter of unstunned animals in [[Denmark]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Switzerland]].
Certification for halal products is given by legal authorities in most [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority]] countries, while in other countries, it is voluntarily acquired by companies and issued by non-governmental organizations for an annual fee.
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==== アメリカ合衆国におけるハラール認証 ====
==== Halal certification in the US ====
アメリカ合衆国では、複数の機関がハラール認証を提供している。国内利用か国際輸出かによって、認証は資格を持つ団体によって行われる必要がある。国内利用の場合、適切な知識、訓練、背景を持つ地元機関がハラール認証を発行できる。輸出に使用する場合には、輸出先の国によって認定されたハラール認証機関でなければならない。製品を認証する必要がある企業は、認証機関を雇う際に十分な調査を行わなければならない。アメリカ合衆国に存在するハラール認証機関には、ISWA Halal、ISA Halal、[[:en:Oakland, California|シカゴ]]に拠点を置くHalal Monitoring Services(HMS)、[[:en:Chicago|カリフォルニア州オークランド]]に拠点を置くHalal Food Standards Alliance of America(HFSAA)、[[:en:New York (state)|ニューヨーク州]]に拠点を置く[https://halalwatch.us/ Halal Watch World]などがある。また、企業が適切なハラール認証機関を特定・選定するのを支援する機関として、バージニア州フェアファックスに拠点を置く[https://halalexpousa.com/ushc/ US Halal Consultants]がある。
Halal certifications are provided by a number of agencies in the United States. Depending on how the certification will be used for domestic or international export, the certification may need to be done by a qualified entity. If it's for domestic use a local agency with proper knowledge, training and background can issue a halal certificate. If the certificate is going to be used for export then the halal certifier needs to be accredited by the country the halal product is being exported to. A company that needs to certify its product must do their due diligence when hiring a certifier. There are a number of halal certifiers in the US including ISWA Halal; ISA Halal; Halal Monitoring Services (HMS), based out of [[Chicago]], Illinois; the Halal Food Standards Alliance of America (HFSAA), based out of [[Oakland, California]]; and [https://halalwatch.us/ Halal Watch World], based in [[New York (state)|New York]]. Another agency that can help companies identify and screen the proper halal certifier is the [https://halalexpousa.com/ushc/ US Halal Consultants] based in Fairfax, Virginia.
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==== 批判 ====
==== Criticism ====
オーストラリアでは、[[:en:Halal certification in Australia|ハラール食品認証]]は、ハラールとして食品を認証することが消費者による特定の宗教的信念への補助につながると主張する団体から批判を受けてきた。[[Wikipedia:Keysar Trad|Keysar Trad]]、[[:en:Australian Federation of Islamic Councils|オーストラリア・イスラム評議会連盟]]の報道官は、2014年7月にジャーナリストに対し、これは[[:en:Islamophobia in Australia|オーストラリアにおける反イスラム感情]]を利用する試みであると述べた。2022年の調査では、ハラール認証が必ずしも製品が完全にハラールである程度を反映していないことが示され、より強固な保証手段と透明な質的認証方法の必要性が提起された。
In Australia, [[Halal certification in Australia|halal food certification]] has been criticized by groups who claim that certifying foods as halal leads to consumers subsidizing a particular religious belief. [[Australian Federation of Islamic Councils]] spokesman [[Keysar Trad]] told a journalist in July 2014 that this was an attempt to exploit [[Islamophobia in Australia|anti-Muslim sentiments in Australia]]. A study in 2022 showed that halal certifications did not necessarily reflect the extent to which a halal product came about in whole, and called for greater means of assurance and transparent qualitative methods of halal certification.
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=== ビジネス ===
=== Business ===
[[:en:Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry|ドバイ商工会議所]]は、2013年における世界のハラール食品消費購入額を1.1兆ドルと推定しており、これは世界の食品・飲料市場の16.6%を占め、年間6.9%の成長を遂げている。成長地域には、[[:en:Indonesia|インドネシア]](2012年時点で1億9700万ドルの市場価値)や[[:en:Turkey|トルコ]](1億ドル)が含まれる。[[:en:European Union|欧州連合]]のハラール食品市場は、年間約15%の成長が見込まれ、推定300億ドル規模であり、そのうち約80億ドルはフランスにおいて占められている。
The [[Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] estimated the global industry value of halal food consumer purchases to be $1.1 trillion in 2013, accounting for 16.6 percent of the global food and beverage market, with an annual growth of 6.9 percent. Growth regions include [[Indonesia]] ($197 million market value in 2012) and [[Turkey]] ($100 million). The [[European Union]] market for halal food has an estimated annual growth of around 15 percent and is worth an estimated $30 billion, approximately $8 billion of which are accounted for in France.
The halal food and beverage industry has also made a significant impact on supermarkets and other food business such as restaurants. French supermarkets had halal food sales totalling $210 million in 2011, a 10.5% growth from five years prior. In France, the market for halal foods is even larger than the market for other types of common foods. For example, in 2010, the market for halal foods and beverages in France was nearly twice that of organic foods. [[Auchan]], a large French supermarket chain, now sells 80 certified halal meat products, along with 30 pre-cooked halal meals and 40 frozen halal products. Upscale restaurants and catering services have also added halal foods to their menus. In addition, many beverage companies such as [[Evian]] have taken the effort to add a halal stamp on their products to show that their water and other beverages are pure and not haram or forbidden under Islamic law.
Halal standards and regulations have been considered as an obstacle to international trade while the discrimination towards import products also lacks transparency. Trade disputes related to halal have emerged even among Muslim and Islamic countries, for instance at the regional level within the ASEAN.
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==== 欧州連合 ====
==== European Union ====
2020年12月17日、[[:en:Court of Justice of the European Union|欧州連合司法裁判所]]は、加盟国は[[:en:animal welfare|動物福祉]]を促進するために宗教的屠殺を禁止でき、動物を殺す前に非致死的な気絶処理を課すことができると裁定した。この裁定は、2017年にフランデレン政府が非致死的(可逆的とも呼ばれる)な事前気絶処理なしでの動物屠殺を禁止したことに対し、ユダヤ人およびムスリム団体が異議を申し立てたことに応じたものである。
On 17 December 2020, the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]] ruled that member countries may ban religious slaughter to promote [[animal welfare]] and could impose non-lethal stunning before the killing of animals. The ruling was in response to a challenge to a 2017 Flemish government prohibition on the killing of animals without prior non-lethal (also called reversible) stunning by Jewish and Muslim associations.
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==== インド ====
==== India ====
{{Main/ja|:en:Hindu–Islamic relations#Foods}}
{{Main|Hindu–Islamic relations#Foods}}
ムスリム共同体は、ハラール食品とその認証を受け入れてきた。インドの右翼系[[:en:Hindutva|ヒンドゥートヴァ]]団体のメンバーは、インドにおけるハラール食品の販売に抗議してきた。[[:en:Bajrang Dal|バジャラング・ダル]]、[[:en:Vishva Hindu Parishad|ヴィシュヴァ・ヒンドゥー・パリシャド]]などのヒンドゥートヴァ団体は、[[:en:Karnataka|カルナータカ州]]で戸別訪問キャンペーンを行い、人々にハラール肉を購入しないよう呼びかけた。2022年3月、ヒンドゥートヴァ団体バジャラング・ダルがムスリムの肉販売業者を物理的に攻撃し、この事件で5人が逮捕された。2022年3月、与党インド人民党の全国幹事である[[Wikipedia:C. T. Ravi|C. T. Ravi]]は、ハラール食品を「経済ジハード」と呼んだ。
The Muslim community has been receptive of halal food and certification. Members of the right-wing [[Hindutva]] groups in India have protested against the sale of Halal food in India. [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and other Hindutva groups have run door to door campaigns in the state of [[Karnataka]], asking people not to purchase halal meat. In March 2022 the Hindutva group Bajrang Dal physically attacked a Muslim meat seller, five persons were arrested in the incident. In March 2022, [[C. T. Ravi]], national general secretary for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, referred to halal food as "economic jihad".
{{As of|August 2012}}, an estimated 27 UK [[Tesco]] supermarkets, in addition to most urban [[Asda]] and many [[Morrisons]] supermarkets, had halal meat counters, selling meat approved for consumption by Muslims. According to the Food Standards Agency Animal Welfare Update report, published September 2017, 16 percent of animals slaughtered by the halal method were not stunned before slaughter, which violates [[RSPCA]] standards on animal welfare. However, it is legal in the UK due to an exemption in the law granted to Jews and Muslims.
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== 非食品分野での応用 ==
== Non-food applications ==
{{main/ja|:en:Halal tourism|:en:Islamic banking and finance}}
{{main|Halal tourism|Islamic banking and finance}}
食物や食事に加えて、ハラールなライフスタイルには[[:en:Halal tourism|旅行]]、[[:en:Islamic banking and finance|金融]]、衣服、メディア、娯楽、化粧品などが含まれる。ハラールなライフスタイルは、産業や製造業の物流から供給網に至るまで、専門的な実践にも及ぶことがある。
In addition to food and diet, a halal lifestyle can include [[Halal tourism|travel]], [[Islamic banking and finance|finance]], clothing, media, recreation, cosmetics. A halal lifestyle can even involve professional practises ranging from industrial and manufacturing logistics to supply chains.
Some Muslims refrain from using pharmaceuticals that are not halal. This distinction is most noticeably practiced in [[Malaysia]], which has a large halal pharmaceutical industry, complete with government regulations to make sure the products are {{transliteration|ar|tayyib}}. On the other hand, the Quran obliges Muslims to seek treatment, including preventive ones, for diseases regardless of what the care provider believes in. In particular, medicines containing animal products like [[gelatin]] have been deemed permissible by a 1995 council of Islamic jurisprudents, making such distinction unnecessary. The decentralized nature of Islam allows both opinions to exist.
The controversy over pharmaceuticals has led to the refusal of childhood vaccination in some Muslim-majority countries, despite many religious leaders expressly endorsing vaccination. It is also a concern in the rollout of the [[COVID-19 vaccine]].
[[Feminine hygiene]] products and nappies have been certified as halal in Malaysia. Such certification is not required by the religion, nor is there a demand from Muslims. Critics consider such "unnecessary" certification as little more than a marketing [[gimmick]], e.g., halal labels on clearly vegetarian soft drinks or naturally grown food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables and processed foods made exclusively from vegetable products.
ハラールとハラームという語は、合法または許容されるものと、非合法または禁止されるものの範疇を示すためにクルアーンで用いられる一般的な用語である。クルアーンにおいて、語根ḥ-l-lは合法性を意味し、また巡礼者が儀礼的な状態から退出し、俗なる状態に入ることを示す場合もある。これら両義において、それは語根ḥ-r-m(cf. ハラームおよびイフラーム)によって伝えられる意味の反対を持つ。文字通りの意味では、語根ḥr-mは解消(例えば、誓いの破棄)や降臨(例えば、神の怒りの降臨)を指すことがある。合法性は通常、クルアーンにおいて、神を明示的または暗示的な主語として、動詞ahalla('to make lawful')によって示される。
ムスリム共同体は、ハラール食品とその認証を受け入れてきた。インドの右翼系ヒンドゥートヴァ団体のメンバーは、インドにおけるハラール食品の販売に抗議してきた。バジャラング・ダル、ヴィシュヴァ・ヒンドゥー・パリシャドなどのヒンドゥートヴァ団体は、カルナータカ州で戸別訪問キャンペーンを行い、人々にハラール肉を購入しないよう呼びかけた。2022年3月、ヒンドゥートヴァ団体バジャラング・ダルがムスリムの肉販売業者を物理的に攻撃し、この事件で5人が逮捕された。2022年3月、与党インド人民党の全国幹事であるC. T. Raviは、ハラール食品を「経済ジハード」と呼んだ。
イギリス
August 2012年現在[update]、イギリスでは推定27のテスコスーパーマーケットに加え、ほとんどの都市部のアズダや多くのモリソンズのスーパーマーケットにハラール肉カウンターがあり、ムスリムが消費することを許された肉を販売していた。2017年9月に発表された食品基準庁の「Animal Welfare Update」報告によると、ハラール方式で屠殺された動物の16%は屠殺前に気絶処理を受けておらず、これは動物福祉に関するRSPCAの基準に違反している。しかし、ユダヤ人およびムスリムに与えられた法律上の特例により、イギリスでは合法とされている。
Yungman, Limor, "Food", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I.