Sustainable energy/ja: Difference between revisions

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====Transport====

[[File:Hornby Street Separated Bike Lane.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Group of cyclists using a bike lane in Vancouver, Canada|[[Utility cycling]] infrastructure, such as this [[bike lane]] in [[Vancouver]], encourages sustainable transport.>]]

{{main|Sustainable transport}}

Transport accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions, but there are multiple ways to make transport more sustainable. [[Public transport]] typically emits fewer greenhouse gases per passenger than personal vehicles, since trains and buses can carry many more passengers at once. Short-distance flights can be replaced by [[high-speed rail]], which is more efficient, especially when electrified.

The [[Energy efficiency in transport|energy efficiency of cars]] has increased over time, but shifting to [[electric vehicle]]s is an important further step towards decarbonising transport and reducing air pollution. A large proportion of traffic-related air pollution consists of particulate matter from road dust and the wearing-down of tyres and brake pads. Substantially reducing pollution from these [[Non-tailpipe emissions|non-tailpipe]] sources cannot be achieved by electrification; it requires measures such as making vehicles lighter and driving them less. Light-duty cars in particular are a prime candidate for decarbonization using [[Electric battery|battery technology]]. 25% of the world's [[Carbon dioxide|{{CO2}}]] emissions still originate from the transportation sector.

Long-distance freight transport and aviation are difficult sectors to electrify with current technologies, mostly because of the weight of [[Electric vehicle battery|batteries]] needed for long-distance travel, battery recharging times, and limited battery lifespans.  Where available, freight transport by ship [[Rail freight transport|and rail]] is generally more sustainable than by air and by road. [[Hydrogen vehicles]] may be an option for larger vehicles such as lorries. Many of the techniques needed to lower emissions from shipping and aviation are still early in their development, with [[ammonia]] (produced from hydrogen) a promising candidate for shipping fuel. [[Aviation biofuel]] may be one of the better uses of bioenergy if emissions are captured and stored during manufacture of the fuel.

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====Buildings====

{{Further|Renewable heat|Green building|Zero-energy building}}

Over one-third of energy use is in buildings and their construction. To heat buildings, alternatives to burning fossil fuels and biomass include electrification through [[heat pumps]] or [[Electric resistance heater|electric heaters]], [[Geothermal heating|geothermal energy]], [[central solar heating]], reuse of [[waste heat]], and [[seasonal thermal energy storage]]. Heat pumps provide both heat and air conditioning through a single appliance. The IEA estimates heat pumps could provide over 90% of space and water heating requirements globally.

A highly efficient way to heat buildings is through [[district heating]], in which heat is generated in a centralised location and then distributed to multiple buildings through [[insulated pipe]]s. Traditionally, most district heating systems have used fossil fuels, but [[District heating#Fourth generation|modern]] and [[cold district heating]] systems are designed to use high shares of renewable energy.[[File:Aghazade mansion.jpg|thumb|alt=Building with windcatcher towers|[[Passive cooling]] features, such as these [[windcatcher]] towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy.]]Cooling of buildings can be made more efficient through [[Passive solar building design|passive building design]], planning that minimises the [[urban heat island]] effect, and [[district cooling]] systems that cool multiple buildings with piped cold water. [[Air conditioning]] requires large amounts of electricity and is not always affordable for poorer households. Some air conditioning units still use [[refrigerant]]s that are greenhouse gases, as some countries have not ratified the [[Kigali Amendment]] to only use climate-friendly refrigerants.

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==== Cooking ====

{{Further|Energy poverty and cooking|}}[[File:Kookplaat inductie.JPG|thumb|alt=Electric induction oven|For cooking, [[Induction cooking|electric induction stoves]] are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options.]]In developing countries where populations suffer from [[energy poverty]], polluting fuels such as wood or animal dung are often used for cooking. Cooking with these fuels is generally unsustainable, because they release harmful smoke and because harvesting wood can lead to forest degradation. The universal adoption of clean cooking facilities, which are already ubiquitous in rich countries, would dramatically improve health and have minimal negative effects on climate. Clean cooking facilities, e.g. cooking facilities that produce less indoor soot, typically use natural gas, [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (both of which consume oxygen and produce carbon-dioxide) or electricity as the energy source; biogas systems are a promising alternative in some contexts. [[Improved cookstoves]] that burn biomass more efficiently than traditional stoves are an interim solution where transitioning to clean cooking systems is difficult.