Indian cuisine: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Culinary traditions of India}}

{{For|the cuisine of indigenous people of the Americas|Native American cuisine}}

'''Indian cuisine''' consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to [[India]]. Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available [[spice]]s, [[herb]]s, [[vegetable]]s, and [[fruit]]s.

Indian food is also heavily influenced by [[religion]], in particular [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]], cultural choices and traditions.

Historical events such as invasions, trade relations, and [[colonialism]] have played a role in introducing certain foods to this country. The [[Columbian exchange|Columbian discovery]] of the [[New World]] brought a number of new vegetables and fruit to India. A number of these such as [[potato]]es, [[tomatoes]], [[Chili pepper|chillies]], [[peanut]]s, and [[guava]] have become staples in many regions of India.

Indian cuisine has shaped the history of [[international relations]]; the [[spice trade]] between India and [[Europe]] was the primary catalyst for Europe's [[Age of Discovery]]. Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from [[European cuisine|Europe]] (especially [[British cuisine|Britain]]), the [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]], [[African cuisine#Southern African|Southern African]], [[East African cuisine|East Africa]], [[Southeast Asian cuisine|Southeast Asia]], [[North American cuisine|North America]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[Oceanic cuisine|Oceania]], and the [[Caribbean cuisine|Caribbean]].

==History==

{{main|History of Indian cuisine}}

Indian cuisine reflects an [[History of India|8,000-year history]] of various groups and cultures interacting with the [[Indian subcontinent]], leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with [[British people|British]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.

=== Prehistory and Indus Valley civilization ===

See also: [[Meluhha]], [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]], and [[Indian maritime history]]

After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between [[Fertile Crescent]] and [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley]] civilizations seems to have occurred as a consequence of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and the diffusion of agriculture. Around 7000 BCE, agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley, and wheat and barley began to be grown. [[Sesame]], and [[Zebu|humped cattle]] were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]]. From circa 4500 to 1900 BC the rulers of [[Sumerian civilization|Lower Mesopotamia]] were [[Sumerians]] who spoke a non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language, may have initially come from India and may have been related to the original [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] population of India.

By 3000 BCE, [[turmeric]], [[cardamom]], [[black pepper]] and [[Mustard plant|mustard]] were harvested in India.

From Around 2350 BCE the evidence for imports from the Indus to [[Ur]] in [[Mesopotamia]] have been found, as well as [[Clove]] heads which are thought to originate from the [[Moluccas]] in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] were found in a 2nd millennium BC site in [[Terqa]]. [[Akkadian Empire]] records mention timber, carnelian and ivory as being imported from [[Meluhha]] by Meluhhan ships, Meluhha being generally considered as the Mesopotamian name for the Indus Valley Civilization.

=== Vedic age ===

The ancient [[Hindu]] text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient [[Sanskrit]] works, such as [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]. [[Ayurveda]], ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]] (meditation) and [[yoga]].

=== Antiquity ===

Early diet in India mainly consisted of [[legume]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[grain]]s, [[dairy product]]s, and [[honey]]. Staple foods eaten today include a variety of lentils (''[[dal]]''), [[whole-wheat flour]] (''aṭṭa''), rice, and [[pearl millet]] (''bājra''), which has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE.

Over time, segments of the population embraced [[vegetarianism]] during the [[Śramaṇa]] movement while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year.

A food classification system that categorised any item as ''[[Satvic|saatvic]]'', ''[[Rajasic|raajsic]]'', or ''[[Tamasic|taamsic]]'' developed in [[Yoga]] tradition. The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' proscribes certain dietary practices (chapter 17, verses 8–10).

Consumption of [[beef]] is [[Taboo food and drink#Cattle|taboo]], due to cows being considered sacred in Hinduism. Beef is generally not eaten by Hindus in India except for [[Kerala]], parts of southern [[Tamil Nadu]] and the north-east.

===Foods mentioned in ancient Indian scripture===

[[File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg|thumb|Pomegranate|261x261px]]

*[[Golden milk|Turmeric]]—used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking

===Middle Ages to the 16th Century===

During the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]], several Indian dynasties were predominant, including the [[Gupta dynasty]]. Travel to India during this time introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, including [[tea]].

India was later invaded by tribes from [[Central Asia]]n cultures, which led to the emergence of [[Mughlai cuisine]], a mix of Indian and [[Central Asian cuisine]]. Hallmarks include seasonings such as [[saffron]].

=== Colonial Period ===

The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and [[British India|British]] during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from the [[New World]] and Europe. The [[New World crops|new-world vegetables]] popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include [[tomato]], [[potato]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[peanut]]s, [[Squash (plant)|squash]], and [[Capsicum|chilli]]. Most New World vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, [[Amaranth]], peanuts and [[cassava]] based [[Sago]] are allowed on Hindu fasting days. Cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822. In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of a Scottish [[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]] mentions a [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]] man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the [[United Kingdom]].

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==Ingredients==

[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|[[Spice]]s at a grocery shop in India]]

[[Staple food]]s of Indian cuisine include [[pearl millet]] (''bājra''), [[rice]], [[whole-wheat flour]] (''aṭṭa''), and a variety of [[lentil]]s, such as ''masoor'' (most often red [[lentil]]s), ''tuer'' ([[pigeon pea]]s), ''[[Urad (bean)|urad]]'' (black gram), and ''moong'' ([[mung bean]]s). Lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for example, ''dhuli moong'' or ''dhuli urad''—or split. Split lentils, or ''dal'', are used extensively. Some [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], such as ''channa'' or ''cholae'' ([[chickpea]]s), ''[[rajma]]'' ([[kidney bean]]s), and ''lobiya'' ([[black-eyed pea]]s) are very common, especially in the northern regions. ''Channa'' and ''moong'' are also processed into flour (''[[Gram flour|besan]]'').

Many Indian dishes are cooked in [[vegetable oil]], but [[peanut oil]] is popular in northern and western India, [[mustard oil]] in eastern India, and [[coconut oil]] along the western coast, especially in Kerala and parts of southern Tamil Nadu. [[Sesame oil|''Gingelly'' (sesame) oil]] is common in the south since it imparts a fragrant, nutty aroma.

In recent decades, [[Sunflower oil|sunflower]], [[safflower]], [[cottonseed oil|cottonseed]], and [[Soybean oil|soybean]] oils have become popular across India. [[Hydrogenation|Hydrogenated]] vegetable oil, known as ''[[Vanaspati]] ghee'', is another popular cooking medium. Butter-based ghee, or ''deshi ghee'', is used commonly.

Many types of meat are used for Indian cooking, but chicken and mutton tend to be the most commonly consumed meats. Fish and beef consumption are prevalent in some parts of India, but they are not widely consumed except for coastal areas, as well as the north east.

[[File:3 types of lentil.jpg|thumb|[[Lentil]]s are a staple ingredient in Indian cuisine.]]

The most important and frequently used spices and flavourings in Indian cuisine are whole or powdered [[Chili pepper|chilli pepper]] (''mirch'', [[Columbian Exchange|introduced by the Portuguese]] from [[Mexico]] in the 16th century), [[Brassica nigra|black mustard]] seed (''sarso''), [[cardamom]] (''elaichi''), [[cumin]] (''jeera''), [[turmeric]] (''haldi''), [[asafoetida]] (''hing''), [[ginger]] (''adrak''), [[coriander]] (''dhania''), and [[garlic]] (''lasoon'').

One popular [[spice mix]] is ''[[garam masala]]'', a powder that typically includes seven dried spices in a particular ratio, including [[cardamom|black cardamom]], [[cinnamon]] (''dalchini''), [[clove]] (''laung),'' cumin (jeera), black peppercorns, coriander seeds and [[Illicium verum|anise star]].

Each culinary region has a distinctive ''garam masala'' blend—individual [[chef]]s may also have their own. ''Goda masala'' is a comparable, though sweet, spice mix popular in [[Maharashtra]]. Some leaves commonly used for flavouring include [[Bay leaf|bay leaves]] (''[[Cinnamomum tamala|tejpat]]''), [[coriander]] leaves, [[fenugreek]] (''[[methi]]'') leaves, and [[Mentha|mint]] leaves. The use of [[Curry tree|curry]] leaves and roots for flavouring is typical of [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] and [[South Indian cuisine]]. Sweet dishes are often seasoned with cardamom, [[saffron]], [[nutmeg]], and [[rose]] petal essences.

{{clear}}

==Regional cuisines==

{{See also|List of Indian dishes}}

[[File:Indian food at restaurant in Paris - 2020-08-20.jpg|thumb|Indian food at restaurant in Paris.]]

Cuisine differs across [[List of regions of India|India's diverse regions]] as a result of variation in local culture, geographical location (proximity to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics. It also varies seasonally, depending on which fruits and vegetables are ripe.

===Andaman and Nicobar Islands===

[[Seafood]] plays a major role in the cuisine of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Staples of the diet of the Indigenous [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]] traditionally include roots, honey, fruits, meat, and fish, obtained by hunting and gathering. Some insects were also eaten as delicacies. Immigration from mainland of India, however, has resulted in variations in the cuisine.

===Andhra Pradesh===

{{main|Telugu cuisine}}

The cuisine of [[Andhra Pradesh]] belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of [[Rayalaseema]] and Coastal Andhra and is part of [[Telugu cuisine]]. The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of [[tamarind]].

Seafood is common in the coastal region of the state. Rice is the staple food (as is with all South Indian states) eaten with lentil preparations such as ''pappu'' (lentils) and ''pulusu ''(stew) and spicy vegetables or curries.

In Andhra, leafy greens or vegetables such as bottle-gourd and eggplant are usually added to ''dal''. Pickles are an essential part of the local cuisine; popular among those are mango-based pickles such as ''[[avakaya]]'' and ''maagaya'', ''[[gongura]]'' (a pickle made from [[sorrel]] leaves), ''usirikaya'' (gooseberry or ''amla''),'' nimmakaya ''(lime), and tomato pickle.

[[Dahi (curd)|''Perugu'']] (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness. Breakfast items include ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]], pesarattu'' (mung bean ''dosa''), [[Vada (food)|''vada'']], and ''[[idli]]''.

===Arunachal Pradesh===

{{Main|Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh}}

The staple food of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is rice, along with fish, meat, and [[leaf vegetable]]s. Native tribes of Arunachal are meat eaters and use fish, eggs, beef, chicken, pork, and mutton to make their dishes.

Many varieties of rice are used. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. ''[[Thukpa]]'' is a kind of noodle soup common among the [[Monpa people|Monpa]] tribe of the region.

[[Lettuce]] is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by [[boiling]] with ginger, coriander, and green chillies.

''Apong'' or [[rice beer]] made from fermented rice or millet is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh and is consumed as a refreshing drink.

===Assam===

{{Main|Assamese cuisine}}

[[Assam]]ese cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices, Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]].

Rice is the staple food item and a huge variety of endemic rice varieties, including several varieties of sticky rice are a part of the cuisine in Assam. Fish, generally freshwater varieties, are widely eaten. Other non-vegetarian items include chicken, duck, squab, snails, silkworms, insects, goat, pork, venison, turtle, monitor lizard, etc.

The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes, mostly barbecuing, steaming, or boiling. ''[[Bhuna]]'', the gentle frying of spices before the addition of the main ingredients, generally common in Indian cooking, is absent in the cuisine of Assam.

A traditional meal in Assam begins with a ''khar'', a class of dishes named after the main ingredient and ends with a ''tenga'', a sour dish. Homebrewed rice beer or [[rice wine]] is served before a meal. The food is usually served in [[bell metal]] utensils.

=== Bengal ===

{{Main|Bengali cuisine}}

Mughal cuisine is a universal influencer in the Bengali palate, and has introduced Persian and Islamic foods to the region, as well as a number of more elaborate methods of preparing food, like marination using ghee. Fish, meat, rice, milk, and sugar all play crucial parts in Bengali cuisine.

Bengali cuisine can be subdivided into four different types of dishes, ''charbya'' (চারব্য), or food that is chewed, such as rice or fish; ''choṣya'', or food that is sucked, such as ''ambal'' and ''tak''; ''lehya'' (লেহ্য), or foods that are meant to be licked, like ''chuttney''; and ''peya'' (পেয়ে), which includes drinks, mainly milk.

[[File:Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg|thumb|Shorshe Pabda ([[Ompok|Pabo catfish]] in Mustard paste)]]

During the 19th century, many [[Odia people|Odia-speaking]] cooks were employed in [[Bengal]], which led to the transfer of several food items between the two regions. Bengali cuisine is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern [[service à la russe]] style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once.

Bengali cuisine differs according to regional tastes, such as the emphasis on the use of [[Chili pepper|chilli pepper]] in the [[Chittagong]] district of Bangladesh However, across all its varieties, there is predominant use of mustard oil along with large amounts of spices.

The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on [[fish]], meat, vegetables, lentils, and rice. Bread is also a common dish in Bengali cuisine, particularly a deep-fried version called ''[[luchi]]'' is popular. Fresh aquatic fish is one of its most distinctive features; Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as [[steaming]], [[braising]], or [[stew]]ing in vegetables and sauces based on [[coconut milk]] or [[mustard (condiment)|mustard]].

East Bengali food, which has a high presence in [[West Bengal]] and Bangladesh, is much spicier than the West Bengali cuisine, and tends to use high amounts of chilli, and is one of the spiciest cuisines in India and the World.

[[Sandesh (confectionery)|''Shondesh'']] and ''[[rasgulla|Rashogolla]]'' are popular dishes made of sweetened, finely ground fresh cheese. For the latter, West Bengal and neighboring [[Odisha]] both claim to be the origin of dessert. Each state also has a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of ''rasgulla''.

The cuisine is also found in the state of [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam.

===Bihar===

{{Main|Bihari cuisine}}

Bihari cuisine may include ''litti chokha'', a baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with ''[[sattu]]'' (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with ''baigan bharta'',

Among meat dishes, meat ''saalan'' is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in ''[[garam masala]]''.

''Dalpuri'' is another popular dish in Bihar. It is salted wheat-flour bread, filled with boiled, crushed, and fried gram pulses.

''[[Malpua]]'' is a popular sweet dish of Bihar, prepared by a mixture of ''[[maida (flour)|maida]]'', milk, bananas, cashew nuts, peanuts, raisins, sugar, water, and green cardamom. Another notable sweet dish of Bihar is ''[[balushahi]]'', which is prepared by a specially treated combination of ''maida'' and sugar along with ''ghee'', and the other worldwide famous sweet, ''[[khaja]]'' is made from flour, vegetable fat, and sugar, which is mainly used in weddings and other occasions. [[Silao, Nalanda|Silao]] near [[Nalanda]] is famous for its production.

During the festival of [[Chhath]], ''[[thekua]]'', a sweet dish made of ''ghee'', [[jaggery]], and whole-meal flour, flavoured with [[aniseed]], is made.

Other food items that are quite prominent in Bihar are, Pittha, Aaloo Bhujiya, Reshmi [[Kebab]], Palwal ki mithai, and Puri Sabzi.

===Chandigarh===

[[File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg|thumb|[[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] ''aloo paratha'' served with butter]]

[[Chandigarh]], the capital of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] is a city of 20th-century origin with a cosmopolitan food culture mainly involving North Indian cuisine. People enjoy home-made recipes such as ''[[paratha]]'', especially at breakfast, and other [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] foods like ''[[roti]]'' which is made from [[wheat]], [[maize|sweetcorn]], or other [[glutenous]] [[flour]] with cooked vegetables or beans. ''[[Sarson da saag]]'' and ''[[dal makhani]]'' are well-known dishes among others. Popular snacks include ''[[Panipuri|gol gappa]]'' (known as ''panipuri'' in other places). It consists of a round, hollow ''[[Puri (food)|puri]]'', fried crisp and filled with a mixture of flavoured water, boiled and cubed potatoes, [[bengal gram]] beans, etc.

===Chhattisgarh===

{{Main|Cuisine of Chhattisgarh}}

[[File:Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg|thumb|190px|Chhattisgarhi Sweets Khurmi]]

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[[Chhattisgarh]] cuisine is unique in nature and not found in the rest of India, although the staple food is rice, like in much of the country. Many Chhattisgarhi people drink [[liquor]] brewed from the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahuwa flower]] palm wine (''tadi'' in rural areas). Chhattisgarhi cuisines varies as per special occasions and festivals like Thethari and Khurmi, fara, gulgule bhajiya, chausela, chila, aaersa are prepared in regional festivals. The tribal people of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh eat ancestral dishes such as [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], bamboo pickle, bamboo vegetables, etc.

===Dadra and Nagar Haveli===

The local cuisine resembles the cuisine of Gujarat. ''Ubadiyu'' is a local delicacy made of vegetables and beans with herbs. The common foods include rice, ''roti'', vegetables, river fish, and crab. People also enjoy buttermilk and [[chutney]] made of different fruits and herbs.

===Daman and Diu===

[[Daman and Diu]] is a union territory of India which, like [[Goa]], was a former colonial possession of Portugal. Consequently, both native [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati food]] and traditional [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese food]] are common. Being a coastal region, the communities are mainly dependent on seafood. Normally, ''rotli'' and tea are taken for breakfast, ''rotla'' and ''saak'' for lunch, and ''chokha'' along with ''saak'' and curry are taken for dinner. Some of the dishes prepared on festive occasions include ''puri'', ''lapsee'', ''potaya'', ''dudh-plag'', and ''dhakanu''. While [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] is prohibited in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]], drinking is common in Daman and Diu. Better known as the "pub" of Gujarat. All popular brands of alcohol are readily available.

===Delhi===

{{Main|Mughlai cuisine}}

[[Delhi]] was once the capital of the Mughal empire, and it became the birthplace of [[Mughlai cuisine]]. Delhi is noted for its street food. The [[Gali Paranthe Wali|Paranthewali Gali]] in [[Chandni Chowk|Chandani Chowk]] is just one of the culinary landmarks for stuffed [[flatbread]] ([[Paratha#Plain and stuffed varieties|''parathas'']]).

Delhi has people from different parts of India, thus the city has different types of food traditions; its cuisine is influenced by the various cultures. Punjabi cuisine is common, due to the dominance of Punjabi communities.

Delhi cuisine is actually an amalgam of different Indian cuisines modified in unique ways. This is apparent in the different types of street food available. ''Kababs'', ''kachauri'', ''chaat'', Indian sweets, Indian ice cream (commonly called ''[[kulfi]]''), and even Western food items like sandwiches and patties, are prepared in a style unique to Delhi and are quite popular.

===Goa===

{{Main|Goan cuisine|Goan Catholic cuisine}}

The area has a tropical climate, which means the spices and flavours are intense. Use of ''[[Garcinia indica|kokum]]'' is a distinct feature of the region's cuisine.

Goan cuisine is mostly seafood and meat-based; the staple foods are rice and fish. [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|Kingfish (''vison'' or ''visvan'')]] is the most common delicacy, and others include [[pomfret]], [[shark]], [[tuna]], and [[Mackerel (food)|mackerel]]; these are often served with [[coconut milk]]. [[Shellfish]], including [[crab]]s, [[prawn]]s, [[tiger prawn]]s, [[lobster]], [[Squid (food)|squid]], and [[mussel]]s, are commonly eaten.

The cuisine of Goa is influenced by its Hindu origins, 400 years of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]], and modern techniques.

[[Bread]], introduced by the Portuguese, is very popular, and is an important part of the Goan breakfast, most frequently in the form of toast.

Tourism in the area adds an international aspect, hence vegetarianism has become quite favored.

===Gujarat===

{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}

''Sabzi'' is a dish of different combinations of vegetables and spices which may be [[Stir frying|stir fried]], spicy or sweet. Gujarati cuisine can vary widely in flavour and heat based on personal and regional tastes. [[North Gujarat]], [[Kathiawad]], [[Kachchh]], and [[South Gujarat]] are the four major regions of Gujarati cuisine.

Many Gujarati dishes are simultaneously sweet, salty (like ''[[handvo]]''), and spicy. In [[mango]] season, ''keri no ras'' (fresh mango pulp) is often an integral part of the meal. Spices also vary seasonally. For example, ''[[garam masala]]'' is used much less in summer.

Gujarati snacks include ''sev khamani'', ''[[khakhra]]'', ''dal vada'', ''methi na bhajiya'', ''[[khaman]]'', ''[[Bakarwadi|bhakharwadi]]'' and more.

Regular [[fasting]], with diets limited to milk, [[dried fruit]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], is a common practice,

===Haryana===

[[File:Kadhi Chawal from India.jpg|thumb|''Kadhi'' is a [[Haryana]] dish.]]

Cattle being common in [[Haryana]], dairy products are a common component of its cuisine.

Specific regional dishes include ''[[Kadhi#India|kadhi]]'', ''[[pakora]]'', ''[[Gram flour|besan]] [[Spice mix|masala]] roti'', ''bajra aloo roti'', ''[[churma]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', ''bathua raita'', ''methi [[Carrot|gajar]]'', ''singri ki [[Curry|sabzi]]'' and [[tomato chutney]].

In the past, its staple diet included ''bajra khichdi'', ''[[Rabri|rabdi]]'', onion chutney, and ''bajra ki roti''. In non-vegetarian cuisine it includes ''kukad kadhai'' and [[chicken tikka masala|chicken ''tikka masala'']].

''[[Lassi]]'', ''[[sharbat]]'', ''[[Lemonade|nimbu pani]]'' and ''[[Laapsi|labsi]]'' (a mixture of ''bajra'' flour and ''lassi'') are three popular non-alcoholic beverages in Haryana. However, liquor stores are common there, which cater to a large number of truck drivers.

===Himachal Pradesh===

{{Main|Culture of Himachal Pradesh#Cuisine}}

The daily diet of [[Himachal]] people is similar to that of the rest of North India, including lentils, broth, rice, vegetables, and bread, although non-vegetarian cuisine is preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include ''sidu'',''patande'', ''[[Chamba Chukh|chukh]]'', ''[[rajma]]h'', and ''[[Sesame|til]]'' chutney.

===Jammu and Kashmir===

{{Main|Cuisine of Kashmir}}

The cuisine was later influenced by the cultures which arrived with the invasion of Kashmir by [[Timur]] from the area of modern [[Uzbekistan]]. Subsequent influences have included the cuisines of [[Central Asia]] and the North Indian plains.

The most notable ingredient in Kashmiri cuisine is [[Lamb and mutton#Indian subcontinent|mutton]], of which over 30 varieties are known. ''[[Wazwan]]'' is a multicourse meal in the Kashmiri tradition, the preparation of which is considered an art. [[File:Shufta Kashmiri cuisine.jpg|thumb|Shufta]] Kashmiri pandit food is elaborate, and an important part of the Pandits' ethnic identity. Kashmiri pandit cuisine usually uses ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt), oil, and spices such as turmeric, red chilli, cumin, ginger, and [[fennel]], though they do not use onion and garlic. ''[[Biryani|Birayanis]]'' are quite popular, and are the speciality of Kashmir.

The Jammu region is famous for its ''[[Panjiri|sund panjeeri]]'', [[Soan papdi|''patisa'']], ''[[rajma]]'' with rice and [[Kalari cheese]].

[[Dogri language|Dogri]] food includes ''ambal'' (sour pumpkin dish), ''[[Macrotyloma uniflorum|kulthein di dal]]'', ''dal chawal'', ''maa da madra'' (black gram lentils in yogurt) and Uriya.

Many types of pickles are made including [[mango pickle|mango]], ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|kasrod]]'', and ''girgle''. Street food is also famous which include various types of ''[[chaat]]s'', specially [[Panipuri|''gol gappas'']], ''[[Gulgula (doughnut)|gulgule]]'', ''[[chole bhature]]'', ''rajma kulcha'' and [[Dahi vada|''dahi bhalla'']].

===Jharkhand===

{{Main|Cuisine of Jharkhand}}

Staple foods in [[Jharkhand]] are rice, ''dal'' and vegetables. Famous dishes include ''chirka roti'', ''[[Pitha|pittha]]'', ''[[malpua]]'', ''[[Dhooska|dhuska]]'', ''arsa roti'' and ''[[Litti (cuisine)|litti chokha]]''.

Local alcoholic drinks include ''[[Handia (drink)|handia]]'', a rice beer, and ''mahua [[Desi daru|daru]]'', made from flowers of the ''mahua'' tree (''[[Madhuca longifolia]])''.

===Karnataka===

{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}

[[File:Another Vegetarian Meal.jpg|thumb|Staple vegetarian meal of Karnataka is ''[[jolada rotti]], palya'', and ''anna-saaru''.]]

A number of dishes, such as ''[[idli]], [[rava idli]]'', Mysore ''[[masala dosa]]'', etc., were invented here and have become popular beyond the state of [[Karnataka]]. Equally, varieties in the cuisine of Karnataka have similarities with its three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the states of [[Maharashtra]] and Goa to its north. It is very common for the food to be served on a banana leaf, especially during festivals and functions.

Karnataka cuisine can be very broadly divided into [[Mysore]]/[[Culture of Bangalore#Cuisine|Bangalore]] cuisine, North Karnataka cuisine, [[Udupi cuisine]], [[Kodagu]]/Coorg cuisine, [[Karavali]]/coastal cuisine, and [[Saraswat cuisine]].

This cuisine covers a wide spectrum of food from pure vegetarian and vegan to meats like pork, and from savouries to sweets.

Typical dishes include ''[[bisi bele bath]]'', ''[[jolada rotti]]'', ''badanekai yennegai'', ''[[holige]]'', ''kadubu'', ''[[chapati]]'', ''[[idli|idli vada]]'', ''[[ragi rotti]]'', ''[[akki rotti]]'', ''[[rasam (dish)|saaru]]'', ''[[Sambar (dish)|huli]]'', ''[[kootu]]'', ''[[vangibath]]'', ''[[Kiribath|khara bath]]'', ''[[kesari bhath]]'', ''[[sajjige]]'', ''[[neer dosa]],'' ''mysoore'', ''haal bai'',''[[chiroti]]'', ''[[benne dose]]'', ''[[ragi mudde]],'' and ''[[uppittu]].''

The [[Kodagu district]] is known for spicy pork curries, while coastal Karnataka specialises in seafood. Although the ingredients differ regionally, a typical ''Kannadiga oota'' (Kannadiga meal) is served on a [[banana leaf]]. The coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] have slightly varying cuisines, which make extensive use of coconut in curries and frequently include seafood.

===Kerala===

{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}

Contemporary Kerala food includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Fish and seafood play a major role in Kerala cuisine, as Kerala is a coastal state. An everyday Kerala meal in most households consists of rice with fish curry made of sardines, mackerel, ''seer'' fish, king fish, pomfret, prawns, shrimp, sole, anchovy, or parrotfish, (mussels, oysters, crabs, squid, scallops are not rare), and vegetable curry and stir-fried vegetables with or without coconut traditionally known as ''[[thoran]]'' or ''mizhukkupiratti''. As Kerala has large number of inland water bodies, freshwater fish are also abundant, and part of regular meals. It is common in Kerala to have a breakfast with non-vegetarian dishes in restaurants, in contrast to other states in India. Chicken or mutton stews, lamb, chicken, beef, pork, egg curry, and fish curry with tapioca for breakfast are also widely enjoyed.

Kerala cuisine reflects its rich trading heritage. Over time, various cuisines have blended with indigenous dishes, while foreign ones have been adapted to local tastes. Significant Arab, Syrian, Portuguese, Dutch, Jewish, and Middle Eastern influences exist in this region's cuisine.

[[File:Kerala Style Prawns Roast.jpg|thumb|Kerala style prawns roast–Kerala being a coastal state has different varieties of sea food preparations]]

[[Coconut]]s grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring. Having been a major region of [[spice]] cultivation and trade for thousands of years, the spices like black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, cumin and cinnamon finds extensive use in Kerala cuisine. Kerala ''[[sadhya]]'', an elaborate vegetarian banquet prepared for festivals and ceremonies. A full-course ''sadhya'', which consists of rice with about 20 different accompaniments and desserts is the ceremonial meal, eaten usually on celebrations such as marriages, [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], etc. and is served on a [[Cooking banana|plantain]] leaf.

Most of Kerala's Hindus, except its [[Brahmin]] community, eats fish, chicken, beef, pork, eggs, and mutton. The Brahmin are famed for their vegan cuisine, especially varieties of [[Sambar (dish)|''sambar'']] and ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]''. A thick vegetable stew popular in South and Central India called ''[[avial]]'' is believed to have originated in southern Kerala. The avial, eaten widely in the state, is an important vegetarian dish in ''Kerala sadya''. In most Kerala households, a typical meal consists of rice served along with vegetables and fish or meat dishes. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[appam]]'', ''[[idiyappam]]'', ''[[puttu]]'', [[parotta]] and ''[[pathiri]]'' served with sambar, coconut chutney, mutta curry (egg curry), kadala (chickpea) curry, green peas, chicken curry, beef curry and mutton curry.

The [[Muslim]] community of Kerala blend Arabian, North Indian, and indigenous [[Malabar region|Malabari]] cuisines, using chicken, eggs, beef, and mutton. ''Thalassery biryani'' is the only ''biryani'' variant, which is of Kerala origin having originated in [[Talassery]], in [[Malabar region]]. The dish is significantly different from other ''biryani'' variants. Snacks like ''Pazham nirachathu'', ''Unnakkai'', ''Bread pola''— made of bread, eggs, milk and a simple masala, Iftar preparations like ''Thari kanji'', ''Kozhi pichuporichathu'' (shredded chicken), ''Pidi''— a preparation of rice dumplings dunked in gravy,''Irachi pathiri, Chatti pathiri, Meen pathiri, Neriya pathiri and Kannu vecha pathiri'' — roti varieties usually made of powdered rice, dishes like Kaai curry etc., are also contributions of Muslim community to the broad Kerala cuisine.

The [[Pathanamthitta]] region is known for ''raalan'' and fish curries. ''[[Appam]]'' along with [[wine]] and curries of duck, pork and cured beef are popular among [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] in Central Kerala.

Popular desserts are ''[[payasam]]'' (pudding) and ''[[halwa]]''. Payasam, especially ''Ambalappuzha Paalpayasam'' also known as Gopala Kashayam (Krishnan's potion) prepared at the 17th century [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna swami temple]], is a delicacy known for its unique and flavourful taste. Interestingly, on each day the paalpayasam is prepared only after (ritualistically) seeking due permission from the presiding deity — [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]]. Kerala has a number of paayasam varieties including but not limited to ''Paalpayasam, Vermicelli Payasam, Pradhaman, Ada Pradhaman, Chakka (Jackfruit) Pradhaman, Parippu Paayasam'' and more. Paayasam like Vermicelli Payasam (Semiya payasam) also finds a place in [[Iftar]] feast of Muslim communities in Kerala.

''Halva'' is one of the most commonly found or easily recognized sweets in bakeries throughout Kerala, and originated from the Gujarathi community in Calicut. Europeans used to call the dish "sweetmeat" due to its texture, and a street in Kozhikode where became named [[S.M. Street|Sweet Meat Street]] during [[Kerala#Colonial era|colonial rule]]. This is mostly made from [[maida flour|''maida'']] (highly refined wheat), and comes in various flavours, such as banana, ''ghee'' or coconut. However, ''karutha haluva'' (black ''haluva'') made from rice is also very popular.

===Ladakh===

[[File:A bowl of Thukpa.jpg|thumb|''Thukpa'' is popular in [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] & [[North-East India]].]]

Ladakhi cuisine is from the two districts of [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]] in the union territory of [[Ladakh]]. Ladakhi food has much in common with [[Tibetan food]], the most prominent foods being ''[[thukpa]]'' (noodle soup) and ''[[tsampa]]'', known in Ladakhi as ''ngampe'' (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, ''tsampa'' makes useful trekking food.

Strictly Ladakhi dishes include ''skyu'' and ''chutagi'', both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, ''skyu'' being made with root vegetables and meat, and ''chutagi'' with leafy greens and vegetables. As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.

As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as ''[[Butter tea|gurgur cha]]'', after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea (''cha ngarmo'') is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar. Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into ''chang'', an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions.

The cuisine of [[Lakshadweep]] prominently features seafood and coconut. Local food consists of spicy non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

The culinary influence of Kerala is quite evident in the cuisines of Lakshadweep, since the island lies in close proximity to Kerala. Coconut and sea fish serve as the foundation of most meals.

The people of Lakshadweep drink large amounts of [[coconut water]], which is the most abundant aerated drink on the island. Coconut milk is the base for most of the curries. All the sweet or savory dishes have a touch of famous [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] spices. Local people also prefer to have ''dosa'', ''idlis,'' and various rice dishes.

===Madhya Pradesh===

[[File:Baati.jpg|right|thumb|''Daal bafla'', a popular dish in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Gujarat]]]]

The cuisine in [[Madhya Pradesh]] varies regionally. Wheat and meat are common in the north and west of the state, while the wetter south and east are dominated by rice and fish. Milk is a common ingredient in [[Gwalior]] and [[Indore]].

The [[street food]] of Indore is well known, with shops that have been active for generations. [[Bhopal]] is known for meat and fish dishes such as ''[[rogan josh]]'', ''[[korma]]'', ''[[qeema]]'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''[[pilaf]]'', and ''[[kebab]]s''. On a street named Chatori Gali in old Bhopal, one can find traditional Muslim nonvegetarian fare such as ''paya ''soup, ''bun kabab'', and ''nalli-nihari'' as some of the specialties.

''[[Dal Baati|Dal bafla]]'' is a common meal in the region and can be easily found in Indore and other nearby regions, consisting of a steamed and grilled wheat cake dunked in rich'' ghee'', which is eaten with ''daal'' and ''[[Laddu|ladoos]]''.

The culinary specialty of the [[Malwa]] and Indore regions of central Madhya Pradesh is ''[[Poha (rice)|poha]]'' (flattened rice); usually eaten at breakfast with ''[[jalebi]]''.

Beverages in the region include ''[[lassi]]'', [[beer]], [[rum]] and [[sugarcane juice]]. A local liquor is distilled from the flowers of the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua tree]]. [[Phoenix dactylifera|Date palm]] ''[[Palm wine|toddy]]'' is also popular. In tribal regions, a popular drink is the sap of the ''sulfi'' tree, which may be alcoholic if it has [[Ethanol fermentation|fermented]].

===Maharashtra===

{{Main|Maharashtrian cuisine}}

[[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] cuisine is an extensive balance of many different tastes. It includes a range of dishes from mild to very spicy tastes. ''[[Bajri]]'', wheat, rice, ''[[jowar]]'', vegetables, lentils, and fruit form important components of the Maharashtrian diet.

Popular dishes include ''[[puran poli]]'', ''ukdiche [[modak]]'', ''[[batata wada]]'', ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichdi]]'', ''masala bhat'', ''[[pav bhaji]]'', and ''[[Vada pav|wada pav]]''. ''Poha'' or [[flattened rice]] is also usually eaten at breakfast. ''Kanda poha'' and ''aloo poha'' are some of the dishes cooked for breakfast and snacking in evenings.

Popular spicy meat dishes include those that originated in the Kolhapur region. These are the Kolhapuri ''Sukka'' mutton, ''pandhra rassa'', and ''tabmda rassa''. ''[[Shrikhand]]'', a sweet dish made from [[strained yogurt]], is a main dessert of Maharashtrian cuisine. [[File:Vedhmi.jpg|thumb|[[Puran poli]]]]The cuisine of Maharashtra can be divided into two major sections, the coastal and the interior. The [[Konkan]], on the coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], has its own type of cuisine, a homogeneous combination of [[Malvan]]i, [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]], and [[Goan cuisine]].  In the interior of Maharashtra, the [[Paschim Maharashtra]], [[Khandesh]], [[Vidarbha]] and [[Marathwada]] areas have their own distinct cuisines.

The cuisine of Vidarbha uses [[Peanut|groundnuts]], poppy seeds, [[jaggery]], wheat, ''[[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]]'', and ''[[Pearl millet#Culinary uses|bajra]]'' extensively. A typical meal consists of rice, ''[[roti]]'', ''[[Puran poli|poli]]'', or ''[[jhunka|bhakar]]'', along with ''[[Varan bhaat|varan]]'' and ''aamtee''—lentils and spiced vegetables. Cooking is common with different types of oil.

[[Savji]] food from Vidarbha is well known all over Maharashtra.  Savji dishes are very spicy and oily. Savji mutton curries are very famous.

Like other coastal states, an enormous variety of vegetables, fish, and coconuts exists, where they are common ingredients. Peanuts and [[cashew]]s are often served with vegetables. Grated coconuts are used to flavour many types of dishes, but coconut oil is not widely used; peanut oil is preferred.

''[[Kokum]]'', most commonly served chilled, in an appetiser-digestive called ''[[Solkadhi|sol kadhi]]'', is prevalent. During summer, Maharashtrians consume ''[[Aam panna|panha]]'', a drink made from raw mango.

====Malwani====

[[File:Pathrado (Steamed Taro leaves).jpg|thumb|Pathrado (Steamed Taro leaves)]]

Malwani cuisine is a specialty of the tropical area which spans from the shore of [[Devgad taluka|Deogad Malwan]] to the southern Maharashtrian border with [[Goa]]. The unique taste and flavor of Malwani cuisine comes from Malwani ''masala'' and use of coconut and [[Garcinia indica|''kokam'']].

The staple foods are rice and fish. Various kinds of red and green fish, prawns, crab, and shellfish curries (also called ''mashacha sar'' in the Malwani language) are well known, along with ''kombadi'' (chicken) ''wade'' and mutton prepared Malwani style. ''Mohari'' mutton is also one of the distinct delicacies of Malwani cuisine.

A large variety of fish is available in the region, which include ''[[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|surmai]]'', ''[[Dorab wolf-herring|karali]]'', ''[[Indian mackerel|bangada]]'', ''bombil'' ([[Bombay duck]]), ''paplet'' ([[pomfret]]), ''halwa'', ''tarali'', ''suandale'', ''kolambi'' (prawns), ''tisari'' ([[shellfish]]), ''kalwa'' ([[stone fish]]) and ''kurli'' (crab).

All these fish are available in dried form, including prawns, which are known as ''sode''. Local curries and ''chatanis'' are also prepared with dried fish.

Different types of rice breads and pancakes add to the variety of Malwani cuisine and include ''tandlachi bhakari'', ''ghawane'', ''amboli'', ''[[Patoleo|patole]]'', ''[[Appam|appe]]'', ''tandalachi'' and ''shavai'' (rice noodles). These rice breads can be eaten specially flavored with coconut milk, fish curries, and chicken or mutton curries.

''Sole kadi'' made from ''kokam ''and coconut milk is a signature appetizer drink .

For vegetarians, Malwani delicacies include ''alloochi bhaji'', ''alloochi gathaya'', ''kalaya watanyacha'', and ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambara]]'' (black gram stew).

The sweets and desserts include ''ukadiche modak'', ''Malawani khaje'', ''khadakahde kundiche ladu'', ''shegdanyache ladu'', ''tandalchi kheer'', and ''tandalachi shavai ani ras'' (specially flavored with coconut milk).

===Manipur===

{{Main|Manipuri cuisine}}

[[Manipur]]i cuisine is represented by the cuisine of the [[Meitei people]] who form the majority population in the central plain. Meitei food are simple, tasty, organic and healthy. Rice with local seasonal vegetables and fish form the main diet.

Most of the dishes are cooked like vegetable stew, flavored with either [[fermented fish]] called ''ngari'', or dried and smoked fish.

The most popular Manipuri dish is ''[[eromba]]'', a preparation of boiled and mashed vegetables, often including carrots, [[potatoes]] or [[beans]], mixed with [[Chili pepper|chilli]] and roasted fermented [[fish]].

Another popular dish is the savory cake called ''paknam'', made of a lentil flour stuffed with various ingredients such as banana inflorescence, [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]], fish, vegetables etc., and baked covered in [[turmeric]] leaves.

Along with spicy dishes, a mild side dish of steamed or boiled sweet vegetables are often served in the daily meals. The Manipuri salad dish called ''[[singju]]'', made of finely julienned [[cabbage]], green [[papaya]], and other vegetables, and garnished with local herbs, toasted [[sesame]] powder and lentil flour is extremely popular locally, and often found sold in small street side vendors.

''Singju'' is often served with ''bora'', which are fritters of various kinds, and also ''kanghou'', or oil-fried spicy veggies. Cooked and fermented [[soybean]] is a popular condiment in all Manipuri kitchens.

The staple diet of Manipur consists of rice, fish, large varieties of leafy vegetables (of both aquatic and terrestrial). [[Manipur]]is typically raise vegetables in a [[kitchen]] garden and rear fishes in small ponds around their house. Since the vegetables are either grown at home or obtained from local market, the cuisines are very seasonal, each season having its own special vegetables and preparations.

The taste is very different from mainland Indian cuisines because of the use of various aromatic [[herbs]] and [[root]]s that are peculiar to the region. They are however very similar to the cuisines of [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[East Asia|East]], and [[Central Asia]], [[Siberia]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]].

===Meghalaya===

{{Main|Meghalayan cuisine}}

[[File:Jadoh (Meghalaya.JPG|thumb|''Jadoh'' with mutton is characteristic of [[Meghalaya]]n cuisine.]]

[[Meghalaya]]n cuisine is unique and different from other Northeastern Indian states. Spiced meat is common, from goats, pigs, fowl, ducks, chickens, and cows. In the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills district]]s, common foods include ''jadoh'', ''ki kpu'', ''[[tung-rymbai]]'', and pickled [[bamboo shoot]]s.

Other common foods in Meghalaya include ''minil songa'' (steamed [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]]), ''sakkin gata'', and ''[[Momo (dumpling)|momo]]'' dumplings.

Like other tribes in the northeast, the Garos ferment [[Rice wine|rice beer]], which they consume in religious rites and secular celebrations.

===Mizoram===

{{Main|Mizo cuisine}}

The cuisine of [[Mizoram]] differs from that of most of India, though it shares characteristics to other regions of [[Northeast India]] and North India.

Rice is the staple food of Mizoram, while Mizos love to add non-vegetarian ingredients in every dish. Fish, chicken, pork and beef are popular meats among Mizos. Dishes are served on fresh [[Banana leaf#In Indian cuisine|banana leaves]]. Most of the dishes are cooked in [[Mustard oil#Pressed oil|mustard oil]].

Meals tend to be less spicy than in most of India. Mizos love eating boiled vegetables along with rice. A popular dish is ''bai'', made from boiling vegetables (spinach, eggplant, beans, and other leafy vegetables) with ''bekang'' (fermented soya beans) or ''sa-um'', fermented pork fat served with rice. ''Sawhchiar'' is another common dish, made of rice and cooked with pork or chicken.

===Nagaland===

{{Main|Naga cuisine}}

The cuisine of [[Nagaland]] reflects that of the [[Naga people]]. It is known for exotic pork meats cooked with simple and flavourful ingredients, like the extremely hot ''[[bhut jolokia]]'' (ghost chili) pepper, fermented bamboo shoots, and ''[[akhuni]]'' ( fermented [[Soybean|soya beans]]). Another unique and strong ingredient used by the Naga people, is the fermented fish known as ''ngari''.

Fresh herbs and other local greens also feature prominently in the Naga cuisine. The Naga use oil sparingly, preferring to ferment, dry, and smoke their meats and fish.

Traditional homes in Nagaland have external kitchens that serve as [[smokehouse]]s.

A typical meal consists of rice, meat, a chutney, a couple of stewed or steamed vegetable dishes, flavored with ''ngari'' or ''akhuni''. Desserts usually consist of fresh fruits.

===Odisha===

{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}

[[File:Odisha pakhala.jpg|thumb|Hot ''pakhaḷa'', ''jira'' (cumin) ''pakhaḷa'', ''basi'' (stale) rice, ''dhai'' (curd) ''pakhaḷa'' are popular in rural areas of Odisha.]]

The cuisine of [[Odisha]] relies heavily on local ingredients. Flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced. Fish and other seafood, such as crab and shrimp, are very popular, and chicken and mutton are also consumed.

''[[Panch phutana]]'', a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and ''kalonji'' (''[[Nigella sativa#Culinary uses|nigella]]''), is widely used for flavouring vegetables and ''dals'', while ''[[garam masala]]'' and turmeric are commonly used for meat-based curries.

''[[Pakhala]]'', a dish made of rice, water, and [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt), that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer in rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets, so [[dessert]] follows most meals.

Popular Oriya dishes include ''anna'', ''[[Kanika (food)|kanika]]'', ''[[Cuisine of Odisha#Dal|dalma]]'', ''[[Ouu khatta|khata]]'' (''tamato'' and ''oou''), ''dali'' (different types of lentils, i.e. ''harada'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pigeon pea|red gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''muga'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Mung bean|green gram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, ''kolatha'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[horsegram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, etc.), spinach and other green leaves, and ''alu-bharta'' (mashed potato) along with ''pakhala''.

Odisha and neighboring [[West Bengal]] both claim to be the origin of ''[[rasgulla]]'', each state having a [[geographical indication]] for their regional variety of the dessert. Odisha is also known for its ''[[chhena]]''-based sweets, including ''[[chhena poda]]'', ''[[chhena gaja]]'', ''[[chhena jhili]]'', and ''[[rasabali]]''.

===Puducherry===

The union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] was a [[French India|French colony]] for around 200 years, making [[French cuisine]] a strong influence on the area. [[Tamil cuisine]] is eaten by the territory's [[Tamil people|Tamil]] majority. The influence of the neighbouring areas, such as [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Kerala, is also visible on the territory's cuisine.

Some favourite dishes include coconut curry, ''[[tandoor]]i'' potato, ''[[Dosa (food)|soya dosa]]'', ''podanlangkai'' ([[snake gourd]] [[chutney]]), curried vegetables, [[Cabbage roll|stuffed cabbage]], and [[baked beans]].

===Punjab===

{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

[[File:Chickentandoori.jpg|thumb|[[Tandoori chicken|''Tandoori'' chicken]] is a popular grilled dish in Punjab.|293x293px]]

The cuisine of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] is known for its diverse range of dishes. It is closely related to the cuisine of the neighbouring Punjab province of Pakistan.

The state, being an agriculture center, is abundant with whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Home-cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly.

Restaurant-style Punjabi cooking puts emphasis on creamy textured foods by using  ''ghee'', butter and cream, while home-cooked meals center around whole wheat, rice, and other ingredients flavored with various kinds of ''[[Masala (spice)|masalas]]''.

Common dishes cooked at home are ''[[roti]]'' with ''[[Dal|daal]]'' and ''[[dahi (curd)|dahi]]'' (yogurt) with a side [[chutney]] and [[salad]] that includes raw onion, tomato, cucumber, etc.

The meals are also abundant of local and seasonal vegetables usually sautéed with spices such as cumin, dried coriander, red chili powder, turmeric, black cloves, etc. [[Masala chai]] is a favorite drink and is consumed in everyday life and at special occasions.

Many regional differences exist in the Punjabi cuisine based on traditional variations in cooking similar dishes, food combinations, preference of spice combination, etc. It is clear that "the food is simple, robust, and closely linked to the land."

Certain dishes exclusive to Punjab, such as ''[[makki di roti]]'' and ''[[sarson da saag]]'', ''[[dal makhani]]'', and others are a favorite of many.

The ''masala'' in a Punjabi dish traditionally consists of onion, garlic, ginger, cumin, ''[[garam masala]]'', salt, turmeric, tomatoes sauteed in mustard oil. ''[[Tandoori]]'' food is a Punjabi specialty. Dishes like [[Bhatti da murgh]] also known as ''tandoori chicken'', [[Chicken hariyali kabab]], [[Achari paneer tikka]], [[fish ajwaini tikka]] and [[Amritsari kulcha]] are some popular tandoori foods from Punjab.

[[File:New Punjab Club food spread.jpg|thumb|Punjabi platter.]]

Common meat dishes in this region are Bhakra curry (goat) and fish dishes. Dairy products are regularly enjoyed and usually accompany main meals in the form of [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']], milk, and milk-derived products such as ''[[lassi]]'', ''[[paneer]]'', and more.

Punjab has a large number of people following the [[Sikh]] religion who traditionally follow a vegetarian diet (which includes plant-derived foods, milk, and milk by-products. See [[diet in Sikhism]]) in accordance to their beliefs.

No description of Punjabi cuisine is complete without the myriad of famous desserts, such as ''[[kheer]]'', ''[[gajar ka halwa]]'', ''sooji'' (cream of wheat) ''[[halwa]]'', ''[[rasmalai]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'' and ''[[jalebi]]''. Most desserts are ''ghee'' or dairy-based, use nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pistachios, cashews, and, raisins.

Many of the most popular elements of [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]], such as ''tandoori'' foods, ''[[naan]]'', ''[[pakora]]s'' and vegetable dishes with ''[[paneer]]'', are derived from Punjabi styles.

Punjabi food is well liked in the world for its flavors, spices, and, versatile use of produce, and so it is one of the most popular cuisines from the sub-continent. Last but not least are the [[Chole bhature|''chhole bhature'']] and ''chhole kulche''> which are famous all over the North India.

===Rajasthan===

{{Main|Rajasthani cuisine}}

[[File:The delicious Rajasthani food.png|thumb|Rajasthani ''thali'']]

Cooking in [[Rajasthan]], an arid region, has been strongly shaped by the availability of ingredients. Food is generally cooked in milk or ''ghee'', making it quite rich. [[Gram flour]] is a mainstay of [[Marwar]]i food mainly due to the scarcity of vegetables in the area.

Historically, food that could last for several days and be eaten without heating was preferred. Major dishes of a Rajasthani meal may include ''[[Baati|daal-baati]]'', ''tarfini'', ''raabdi'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''bail-gatte'', ''panchkoota'', ''chaavadi'', ''[[laapsi]]'', ''[[kadhi]]'' and ''[[boondi]]''. Typical [[Snack food|snacks]] include ''[[bikaneri bhujia]]'', ''[[mirchi bada]]'', ''[[Pyaaj Kachori|pyaaj kachori]]'', and ''[[Kachori|dal kachori]]''.

''[[Baati|Daal-baati]]'' is the most popular dish prepared in the state. It is usually supplemented with ''[[Churma|choorma]]'', a mixture of finely ground baked ''rotis'', sugar and ''ghee''.

[[Rajasthan]] is also influenced by the [[Rajput]] community who have liking for meat dishes. Their diet consisted of [[game meat]] and gave birth to dishes like ''[[laal maans]]'', ''safed maas'',

===Sikkim===

{{Main|Sikkimese cuisine}}

[[File:Dal bhat Birethani.jpg|thumb|Nepalese-style ''dal bhat'' is popular in Sikkim.|293x293px]]

In [[Sikkim]], various ethnic groups such as the [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]], [[Bhutias]], and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] have their own distinct cuisines. [[Nepalese cuisine]] is very popular in this area.

Rice is the staple food of the area, and meat and dairy products are also widely consumed. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20 percent of the local diet.

Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetables, potatoes, and soybeans are grown. ''[[Dhindo]]'', ''[[Dal bhat|daal bhat]]'', ''[[gundruk]]'', ''[[Momo (dumpling)|momo]]'', ''gya thuk'', ''[[Fiddlehead#Indian cuisine|ningro]]'', ''phagshapa'', and ''[[sel roti]]'' are some of the local dishes.

Alcoholic drinks are consumed by both men and women. Beef is eaten by [[Bhutias]].

===Sindh===

{{Main|Sindhi cuisine}}

[[File:Sindhi Sai Bhaji.JPG|thumb|''Sai bhaji'' is a Sindhi dish.]]

Sindhi cuisine refers to the native cuisine of the [[Sindhi people]] from the [[Sindh]] region, now in [[Pakistan]]. While Sindh is not geographically a part of modern India, its culinary traditions persist, due to the sizeable number of Hindu Sindhis who migrated to India following the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, especially in Sindhi enclaves such as [[Ulhasnagar]] and [[Gandhidam]].

A typical meal in many Sindhi households includes wheat-based flatbread (''[[phulka]]'') and rice accompanied by two dishes, one with gravy and one dry. [[Lotus stem]] (known as ''kamal kakri'') is also used in Sindhi dishes. Cooking vegetables by deep frying is common.

Some regular Sindhi dishes are ''sindhi kadhi'', ''[[sai bhaji]]'', ''koki'' and ''besan bhaji''. Ingredients frequently used are mango powder, tamarind, [[Garcinia indica#Culinary uses|''kokum'' flowers]], and dried pomegranate seeds.

===Tamil Nadu===

{{Main|Cuisine of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Tamil Nadu]] is noted for its deep belief that serving food to others is a service to humanity, as is common in many regions of India. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.

[[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] food is characterised by its use of rice, legumes, and lentils, along with distinct aromas and flavours achieved by the blending of spices such as [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]], [[Curry tree|curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]], [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], [[nutmeg]], [[coconut]] and [[rose water]].

The traditional way of eating involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a plantain leaf, and using the right hand to eat. After the meal the plantain leaf is discarded but becomes food for free-ranging cattle and goats.

A meal (called ''saapadu'') consists of rice with other typical Tamil dishes on a plantain leaf. A typical Tamilian would eat on a plantain leaf as it is believed to give a different flavour and taste to food. Also growing in popularity are stainless-steel trays, plates with a selection of different dishes in small bowls.

Tamil food is characterized by ''[[tiffin]]'', which is a light food taken for breakfast or dinner, and meals which are usually taken during lunch. The word "curry" is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kari'', meaning something similar to "sauce".

Southern regions such as [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Chettinad]] and [[Kongu Nadu]] are noted for their spicy non-vegetarian dishes. ''[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]'', ''[[idli]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'' and ''[[biryani]]'' are some of the popular dishes that are eaten with ''[[chutney]]'' and ''sambar''. Fish and other seafoods are also very popular, because the state is located on the coast. Chicken and goat meat are the predominantly consumed meats in Tamil Nadu.

A typical Tamil vegetarian meal is heavily dependent on rice, vegetables and lentil preparations such as ''rasam'' and ''sambar'', but there are variations. They have influenced Kerala as well in their ''kootu'', ''arachi vitta sambhar'' and ''molagootals'' ([[mulligatawny]] soup).

As mentioned above, the Chettinad variety of food uses many strong spices, such as pepper, garlic, fennel seeds and onions. Tamil food tends to be spicy compared to other parts of India so there is a tradition of finishing the meal with [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt) is considered a soothing end to the meal.

Notably, [[Tamil Brahmin]] cuisine, the food of the [[Iyer]]s and [[Iyengar]] community, is characterized by slightly different meal times and meal structures compared to other communities within the state.

Historically vegetarian, the cuisine is known for its milder flavor and avoidance of onion and garlic (although this practice appears to be disappearing with time).

After a light morning meal of [[filter coffee]] and different varieties of porridges (oatmeal and ''janata kanji'' are immensely popular), the main meal of the day, lunch/brunch is usually at 11 am and typically follows a two-three course meal structure. Steamed rice is the main dish, and is always accompanied by a seasonally steamed/sauteed vegetable (''[[poriyal]]''), and two or three types of tamarind stews, the most popular being [[Sambar (dish)|''sambhar'']] and [[Rasam (dish)|''rasam'']]. The meal typically ends with ''[[Curd rice|thair sadham]]'' (rice with yogurt), usually served with pickled mangoes or lemons.

''Tiffin'' is the second meal of the day and features several breakfast favorites such as ''[[idli]]'', ''[[rava idli]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''dosa'' varieties, and ''[[Vada (food)|vada]]'', and is usually accompanied by ''chai''.

Dinner is the simplest meal of the day, typically involving leftovers from either lunch or ''tiffin''. Fresh seasonal fruit consumed in the state include bananas, papaya, honeydew and canteloupe melons, jackfruit, mangos, apples, [[Calamansi|''kasturi'' oranges]], pomegranates, and ''nongu'' ([[hearts of palm]]).

===Telangana===

{{Main|Telangana cuisine}}

[[File:Chickenbiryani.JPG|thumb|''[[Hyderabadi biryani]]'' from Hyderabad]]

The cuisine of [[Telangana]] consists of the [[Telugu cuisine]], of Telangana's [[Telugu people]] as well as [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] (also known as [[Nizam]]i cuisine), of Telangana's [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim community]].

[[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi food]] is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients, while [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu food]] is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents.

Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil [[soup]]s or [[broth]]s. Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular.

Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as ''[[Hyderabadi Biryani|biryani]]'', ''[[Hyderabadi Haleem|haleem]]'', ''[[Baghara baingan]]'' and ''kheema,'' while Hyderabadi day-to-day dishes see some similarities to Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat.

===Tripura===

{{Main|Tripuri cuisine}}

[[File:Tripuri cusine.jpg|thumb|A Tripuri ''[[thali]]''|259x259px]]

The [[Tripuri people]] are the original inhabitants of the state of [[Tripura]] in northeast India. Today, they comprise the communities of [[Tripuri people|Tipra]], [[Reang]], [[Jamatia]], [[Noatia]], and [[Uchoi]], among others. The Tripuri are non-vegetarian, although they have a minority of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] vegetarians.

The major ingredients of Tripuri cuisine include vegetables, herbs, pork, chicken, mutton, fishes, turtle, shrimps, crabs, freshwater mussels, periwinkles, edible freshwater snails and frogs.

===Uttar Pradesh===

{{Main|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|Uttar Pradeshi ''[[thali]]'' (platter) with ''[[naan]]'', ''[[rice]]'', ''[[Dal|daal]]'', ''[[raita]]'', ''[[shahi paneer]]'', and [[salad]]]]

Traditionally, [[Uttar Pradesh]]i cuisine consists of [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri cuisine|Bhojpuri]], and [[Mughlai cuisine]], though a vast majority of the state is vegetarian, preferring ''dal'', ''roti'', ''sabzi'', and rice. ''[[Poori]]s'' and ''[[kachori]]s'' are eaten on special occasions.

''[[Chaat]]'', ''[[samosa]]'', and ''[[pakora]]'', among the most popular snacks in India, originate from Uttar Pradesh.

Well-known dishes include ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[Biryani|dum biryani]]'', and various [[mutton]] recipes. ''[[Sheer khurma|Sheer qorma]]'', ''[[ghevar]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', and ''[[ras malai]]'' are some of the popular desserts in this region.

[[Awadhi cuisine]] ({{lang-hi|अवधी खाना}}) is from the city of [[Lucknow]], which is the capital of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[Central Asia|Central-South Asia]] and [[Northern India]], and the cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and other parts of [[Northern India]]. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.

[[Awadh]] has been greatly influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cooking techniques]], and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of [[Central Asian Cuisine|Central Asia]], [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The city is also known for its [[Nawab]]i foods. The ''bawarchis'' and ''rakabdars'' of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|''dum'' style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today. Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like ''[[kebab]]s'', ''[[korma]]s'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''kaliya'', [[Kulcha|''nahari-kulchas'']], ''[[zarda (food)|zarda]]'', ''[[sheermal]]'', [[Rumali roti|''roomali rotis'']], and [[Paratha|''warqi parathas'']].

The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], ''[[paneer]]'', and rich spices, including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

[[Mughlai cuisine]] is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the [[Wikt:imperial|imperial]] kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It represents the cooking styles used in [[North India]] (especially [[Uttar Pradesh]]).

The cuisine is strongly influenced by [[Central Asian cuisine]], the region where the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai-Turkic]] Mughal rulers originally hailed from, and has strongly influenced the regional cuisines of [[Kashmiri cuisine|Kashmir]] and the [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjab]] region.

The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy, and is often associated with a distinctive [[aroma]] and the taste of ground and whole spices.

A Mughlai course is an elaborate [[buffet]] of main course dishes with a variety of [[Side dish|accompaniments]].

===Uttarakhand===

{{Main|Kumauni cuisine}}

[[File:Saag Paneer.jpg|thumb|''[[Saag]]'', a popular Kumauni dish from Uttarakhand, made from green vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[fenugreek]]]]

Food from [[Uttrakhand]] is known to be healthy and wholesome to suit the high-energy necessities of the cold, mountainous region. It is a high-protein diet that makes heavy use of [[pulses]] and vegetables. Traditionally, it is cooked over wood or charcoal fire mostly using iron utensils.

While making use of condiments such as ''jeera'', ''haldi'' and ''rai'' common in other Indian cuisines, Uttarakhand cuisine also use exotic ingredients such as ''jambu'', ''timmer'', ''ghandhraini'' and ''[[Perilla frutescens#India|bhangira]]''.

Although the people in Uttarakhand also make dishes common in other parts of northern India, several preparations are unique to Uttarakhand such as ''rus'', ''chudkani'', ''dubuk'', ''chadanji'', ''jholi'', ''kapa'', and more.

Among dressed salads and sauces, ''kheere ka raita'', ''nimbu mooli ka raita'', ''daarim ki khatai'' and ''aam ka fajitha'' are also popular.

The cuisine mainly consists of food from two different sub-regions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], though their basic ingredients are the same. Both Kumaoni and Garhwali styles make liberal use of ''ghee'', lentils or pulses, vegetables and ''bhaat'' (rice). They also use ''badi'' (sun-dried ''[[Vigna mungo#Cooking|urad dal]]'' balls) and ''mungodi'' (sun-dried ''[[Mung bean#South Asia|moong dal]]'' balls) as substitutes for vegetables at times.

During festivals and other celebrations, the people of Uttarakhand prepare special refreshments which include both salty preparations such as ''bada'' and sweet preparations such as ''pua'' and ''singal''. Uttarakhand also has several sweets (''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'') such as ''[[Singori|singodi]]'', ''[[Bal Mithai|bal-mithai]]'', and ''malai laddu'', native to its traditions.

==Gallery==

;North India:

</gallery>

== Hindu fasting cuisine ==

[[File:Sabudana Khichdi.jpg|thumb|''Sabudana khichadi'', a snack, popular on Hindu fasting days|191x191px]]

Hindu people fast on days such as [[Ekadashi]], in honour of Lord [[Vishnu]] or his [[Avatar]]s, [[Chaturthi]] in honour of [[Ganesh]], Mondays in honour of [[Shiva]], or Saturdays in honour of [[Hanuman]] or [[Saturn]].

Only certain kinds of foods are allowed to be eaten. These include milk and other dairy products (such as [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']]), fruit, and Western food items such as ''[[sago]]'', [[potato]]es, purple-red [[sweet potato]]es, [[amaranth]] seeds, [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and ([[shama millet]]).

Popular fasting dishes include ''farari chevdo'', ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichadi]]'', and [[peanut soup]].

==Diaspora and fusion cuisines==

The interaction of various [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] communities with the native cultures in their new homes has resulted in the creation of many [[fusion cuisine]]s, which blend aspects of Indian and other international cuisines. These cuisines tend to interpolate Indian seasoning and cooking techniques into their own national dishes.

===Indian Chinese cuisine===

{{Main|Indian Chinese cuisine}}

[[File:Chicken Manchurian (Hyderabad Style) (11960049916).jpg|thumb|Chicken Manchurian served in [[Hyderabad]]]]

Indian Chinese cuisine, also known as Indo-Chinese cuisine originated in the 19th century among the [[Chinese in India|Chinese community of Calcutta]], during the immigration of [[Hakka Chinese]] from [[Guangzhou|Canton]] (present-day Guangzhou) seeking to escape the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s and political instability in the region. Upon exposure to local Indian cuisine, they incorporated many spices and cooking techniques into their [[Hakka cuisine|own cuisine]], thus creating a unique fusion of Indian and Chinese cuisine.

After 1947, many [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] immigrants opened their own restaurants in [[Calcutta]], whose dishes combined aspects of Indian cuisine with [[Cantonese cuisine]]. In other parts of India, Indian Chinese cuisine is derived from [[Calcutta]]-[[Chinese cuisine]], but bears little resemblance to their Chinese counterparts as the dishes tend to be flavoured with [[cumin]], [[coriander]] seeds, and [[turmeric]], which with a few regional exceptions, are not traditionally associated with Chinese cuisine. [[Chili pepper|Chilli]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]] and [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt) are also frequently used in dishes.

Popular dishes include [[Chicken Manchurian]], [[chicken lollipop]], [[chilli chicken]], Hakka noodles, Hunan chicken, [[chow mein]], and Szechwan [[fried rice]].

Soups such as [[Manchow soup]] and [[Corn soup|sweet corn soup]] are very popular, whereas desserts include ice cream on honey-fried noodles and date pancakes.

Chowmein is now known as one of the most favorite Chinese dishes in India. Especially in West Bengal, it is one of the most loved street foods.

=== Indian Thai cuisine ===

Thai cuisine was [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia#Thailand|influenced]] by Indian cuisine, like as recorded by the Thai monk [[Buddhadasa]] Bhikku in his writing ‘India's Benevolence to Thailand’. He wrote that Thai people learned how to use [[Ayurveda|spices]] in their food in various ways from Indians. Thais also obtained the methods of making [[Ayurveda|herbal medicines]] (Ayurveda) from the Indians. Some plants like sarabhi of family [[Clusiaceae|Guttiferae]], kanika or [[Parijata|harsinghar]], phikun or ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' and bunnak or the [[Mesua ferrea|rose chestnut]] etc. were brought from India.

===Malaysian Indian cuisine===

{{Main|Malaysian Indian cuisine}}

[[File:Indian rojak.JPG|thumb|Indian ''rojak'' in Malaysia]]

Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia.

A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms.

''Ghee'' is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens.

===Indian Singaporean cuisine===

{{Main|Indian Singaporean cuisine}}

Indian Singaporean cuisine refers to foods and beverages produced and [[Singaporean cuisine|consumed]] in [[Singapore]] that are derived, wholly or in part, from South Asian culinary traditions.

The great variety of Singaporean food includes Indian food, which tends to be Tamil cuisine, especially local Tamil Muslim cuisine, although North Indian food has become more visible recently.

Indian dishes have become modified to different degrees, after years of contact with other Singaporean cultures, and in response to locally available ingredients, as well as changing local tastes.

===Indian Indonesian cuisine===

{{Main|Indian Indonesian cuisine}}

Indian-Indonesian cuisine refers to food and beverages in Indonesian cuisine that have influenced Indian cuisine—especially from [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]], [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]], and [[Gujarati cuisine]]. These dishes are well integrated, such as ''[[appam]]'', ''[[biryani]]'', ''[[murtabak]]'' and [[curry]].

=== Indian Filipino cuisine ===

[[Filipino cuisine]], found throughout the [[Philippines]] archipelago, has been [[History of the Philippines#Indianised|historically influenced by the Indian cuisine]]. Indian influences can also be noted in rice-based delicacies such as ''[[bibingka]]'' (analogous to the Indonesian ''[[Bibingka#Bibingka in Indonesia|bingka]]''), ''[[Puto (food)|puto]]'', and ''[[puto bumbong]]'', where the latter two are plausibly derived from the [[South Indian cuisine|south Indian]] ''[[puttu]]'', which also has variants throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] (e.g. ''[[kue putu]]'', ''[[putu mangkok]]'').

The ''[[kare-kare]]'', more popular in Luzon, on the other hand could trace its origins from the [[Seven Years' War]] when the [[British occupation of Manila|British occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 with a force that included Indian [[sepoy]]s, who had to improvise Indian dishes given the lack of spices in the Philippines to make [[curry]]. This is said to explain the name and its supposed thick, yellow-to-orange [[annatto]] and peanut-based sauce, which alludes to a type of curry.

[[Atchara]] of Philippines originated from the Indian ''[[South Asian pickle|achar]]'', which was transmitted to the Philippines via the [[acar]] of the [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Brunei]].

===Anglo-Indian cuisine===

{{Main|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}

[[Anglo-Indian cuisine]] developed during the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India, as British officials interacted with their Indian cooks.

Well-known Anglo-Indian dishes include [[chutney]]s, salted [[beef tongue]], [[kedgeree]], ball curry, fish [[rissole]]s, and [[mulligatawny soup]].

==Desserts==

{{Main|List of Indian sweets and desserts}}

Many Indian desserts, or ''[[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'', are fried foods made with sugar, milk or [[condensed milk]]. Ingredients and preferred types of dessert vary by region. In the eastern part of India, for example, most are based on milk products.

Many are flavoured with almonds and pistachios, spiced with cardamon, nutmeg, cloves and black pepper, and decorated with nuts, or with gold or silver leaf. Popular Indian desserts include ''[[rasogolla]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', ''[[jalebi]]'', ''[[laddu]]'', and ''[[peda]]''.

==Beverages==

{{See also|List of Indian drinks}}

===Non-alcoholic beverages===

[[Tea]] is a staple beverage throughout India, since the country is one of the largest producers of tea in the world. The most popular varieties of tea grown in India include [[Assam tea]], [[Darjeeling tea]] and [[Nilgiri tea]]. It is prepared by boiling the tea leaves in a mix of water, milk, and spices such as cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and ginger. In India, tea is often enjoyed with snacks like [[biscuit]]s and ''[[Pakora|pakoda]]''.

[[Coffee]] is another popular beverage, but more popular in South India. Coffee is also cultivated in some parts of India. There are two varieties of coffee popular in India, which include [[Indian filter coffee]] and [[instant coffee]].

''[[Lassi]]'' is a traditional [[dahi (curd)|''dahi'']] (yogurt)-based drink in India. It is made by blending yogurt with water or milk and spices. Salted ''lassi'' is more common in villages of Punjab and in [[Porbandar]], Gujarat. Traditional ''lassi'' is sometimes flavoured with ground roasted cumin. ''Lassi'' can also be flavoured with ingredients such as sugar, rose water, [[mango]], [[lemon]], [[strawberry]], and saffron.

''[[Sharbat]]'' is a sweet cold beverage prepared from fruits or flower petals. It can be served in concentrate form and eaten with a spoon, or diluted with water to create a drink. Popular ''sharbats'' are made from plants such as [[rose]], [[sandalwood]], ''bel'', ''gurhal'' ([[hibiscus]]), lemon, [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[pineapple]], [[Hemidesmus indicus|''sarasaparilla'']] and ''kokum'', ''falsa'' (''[[Grewia asiatica]]''). In [[Ayurveda]], ''sharbats'' are believed to hold medicinal value.

''[[Thandai]]'' is a cold drink prepared with a mixture of [[almond]]s, [[fennel]] seeds, [[watermelon]] kernels, [[rose]] petals, [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[Papaver somniferum|poppy seeds]], [[cardamom]], [[saffron]], [[milk]] and [[sugar]]. It is native to [[India]] and is often associated with the [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Holi]] or [[Hola Mohalla|Holla mahalla]] festival. Sometimes ''[[Bhang|bhaang]]'' (cannabis) is added to prepare special thandai.

Other beverages include ''[[Lemonade|nimbu pani]]'' (lemonade), ''[[chaas]]'', ''badam doodh'' ([[almond milk]] with nuts and cardamom), ''[[Aam panna]]'', ''[[kokum]] sharbat'', and coconut water.

Modern carbonated cold drinks unique to southern India include beverages, such as ''panner soda'' or ''goli soda'', a mixture of [[carbonated water]], rose water, rose milk, and sugar, ''naranga soda'', a mixture of [[carbonated water]], salt and lemon juice, and ''nannari sarbath'', a mixture with [[Hemidesmus indicus|''sarasaparilla'']].

''Sharbats'' with carbonated water are the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Street shops in Central Kerala and Madurai region of Tamil Nadu are well known for these drinks which are also called ''kulukki sarbaths'' in Kerala.<gallery widths="180">

File:Darjeeling, India, Darjeeling tea in variety, Black tea.jpg|[[Darjeeling tea]] in varieties.

</gallery>

====Beer====

{{Main|Beer in India}}

Most [[beer]]s in India are either lagers (4.8 [[Alcohol by volume|percent alcohol]]) or strong lagers (8.9 percent). The Indian beer industry has witnessed steady growth of 10–17 percent per year over the last ten years. Production exceeded 170 million cases during the 2008–2009 financial year. With the average age of the population decreasing and income levels on the rise, the popularity of beer in the country continues to increase.

====Others====

[[File:Chhyang or Chhaang - Fermented rice drink! (8902831091).jpg|thumb|Nepalese ''chhaang'' brewed from rice|255x255px]]

Other popular alcoholic drinks in India include ''[[Feni (liquor)|fenny]]'', a Goan liquor made from either coconut or the juice of the [[cashew apple]]. The state of Goa has registered for a [[Geographical indication|geographical indicator]] to allow its ''fenny'' distilleries to claim exclusive rights to production of liquor under the name "''fenny''."

''[[Handia (drink)|Hadia]]'' is a rice beer, created by mixing herbs with boiled rice and leaving the mixture to ferment for around a week. It is served cold and is less alcoholic than other Indian liquors. ''[[Chuak]]'' is a similar drink from [[Tripura]].

[[Palm wine#South Asia|Palm wine]], locally known as ''[[neera]]'', is a sap extracted from [[inflorescence]]s of various species of [[Cocos nucifera|toddy palms]].

''[[Chhaang]]'' is consumed by the people of [[Sikkim]] and the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] of West Bengal. It is drunk cold or at room temperature in summer, and often hot during cold weather. ''Chhaang'' is similar to traditional beer, brewed from barley, millet, or rice.

''Kallu'' (''Chetthu Kallu'') is a popular natural alcohol extracted from coconut and pine trees in Kerala. It is sold in local ''Kallu'' shops and is consumed with fried fish and chicken. Its alcoholic content is increased by addition of distilled alcohol.

==Eating habits==

[[File:South Indian style Paan, Dakshin Sheraton, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|''[[Paan]]'' is often eaten after a meal.|220x220px]]

Indians consider a healthy breakfast important. They generally prefer to drink tea or coffee with breakfast, though food preferences vary regionally. North Indian people prefer ''[[roti]]'', ''[[paratha]]s'', and a vegetable dish accompanied by ''[[Indian pickle|achar]]'' (a pickle) and some curd. Various types of packaged pickles are available in the market. One of the oldest pickle-making companies in India is Harnarains, which started in the 1860s in [[Old Delhi]].

People of Gujarat prefer ''[[dhokla]]'' and milk, while south Indians prefer ''idli'' and ''dosa'', generally accompanied by ''sambhar'' or ''sagu'' and various ''[[chutney]]s''.

Traditional lunch in India usually consists of a main dish of rice in the south and the east, and whole-wheat ''rotis'' in the north. It typically includes two or three kinds of vegetables, and sometimes items such as ''[[kulcha]]'', ''[[naan]]'', or ''[[paratha]]s''. ''[[Paan]]'' (stuffed, spiced and folded [[betel leaves]]) which aids digestion is often eaten after lunch and dinner in many parts of India.

Indian families often gather for "evening snack time", similar to [[Tea (meal)|tea time]] to talk and have tea and snacks.

Dinner is considered the main meal of the day. Also, many households, especially in north and central India, prefer having sweets after the dinner (similar to the Western concept of dessert after meals).

==Dietary practices==

In India people often follow dietary practices based on their religious belief:

* Except in certain [[Northeast India|North-Eastern regions]], canines are not considered suitable for consumption.

==Etiquette==

{{Main|Etiquette of Indian dining}}

[[File:Eating by hands.jpg|thumb|Eating by hands]]

Traditionally, meals in India are eaten while seated either on the floor, or on very low stools or mattress. Food is most often eaten with the hands rather than cutlery.

Often ''[[roti]]'' is used to scoop [[curry]] without allowing it to touch the hand. In the wheat-producing north, a piece of ''roti'' is gripped with the thumb and middle finger and ripped off while holding the ''roti'' down with the index finger.

A somewhat different method is used in the south for ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]i'', ''adai'', and ''[[Uttapam|uththappam]]'', where the middle finger is pressed down to hold the bread and the forefinger and thumb used to grip and separate a small part. Traditional serving styles vary regionally throughout India.

Contact with other cultures has affected Indian dining etiquette. For example, the Anglo-Indian middle class commonly uses spoons and forks, as is traditional in Western culture.

In South India, cleaned [[banana leaves]], which can be disposed of after meals, are used for serving food. When hot food is served on banana leaves, the leaves add distinctive aromas and taste to the food. Leaf plates are less common today, except on special occasions.

==Outside India==

[[File:Chicken Tikka.jpg|thumb|''Chicken tikka'']]

Indian migration has spread the culinary traditions of the subcontinent throughout the world. These cuisines have been adapted to local tastes, and have also affected local cuisines. The international appeal of [[curry]] has been compared to that of [[pizza]]. Indian ''[[tandoor]]'' dishes such as ''[[chicken tikka]]'' also enjoy widespread popularity.

A [[Roy Morgan Research]] survey taken between 2013 and 2018 found that Indian cuisine was the top-rated international food among 51% of Australians, behind Chinese, Italian, and Thai.

As in the United Kingdom and the United States, Indian cuisine is widely available in [[Canada]], especially in the cities of [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]], and [[Ottawa]] where the majority of Canadians of [[Asian Canadian|South Asian heritage]] live.

===China===

Indian food is gaining popularity in [[China]], where there are many Indian restaurants in [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Shenzhen]]. [[Hong Kong]] alone has more than 50 Indian restaurants, some of which date back to the 1980s. Most of the Indian restaurants in Hong Kong are in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]].

===Middle East===

The Indian culinary scene in the [[Middle East]] has been influenced greatly by the large [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] in these countries. Centuries of trade relations and cultural exchange resulted in a significant influence on each region's cuisines. The use of the ''[[tandoor]]'', which originated in northwestern India,< is an example.

The large influx of Indian expatriates into Middle Eastern countries during the 1970s and 1980s led to a boom in Indian restaurants to cater to this population and was also widely influenced by the local and international cuisines.

===Nepal===

Indian cuisine is available in the streets of Nepalese cities, including [[Kathmandu]] and [[Janakpur]].

===Southeast Asia===

[[File:Komala's Restaurant, Serangoon Road, Singapore - 20060827.jpg|thumb|An Indian restaurant in [[Singapore]]]]

Other cuisines which borrow inspiration from Indian cooking styles include [[Cambodian cuisine|Cambodian]], [[Lao cuisine|Lao]], [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], and [[Burmese cuisine|Burmese]] cuisines. The spread of vegetarianism in other parts of Asia is often credited to Hindu and Buddhist practices.

Indian cuisine is very popular in [[Southeast Asia]], due to the strong Hindu and Buddhist cultural influence in the region. Indian cuisine has had considerable influence on Malaysian cooking styles and also enjoys popularity in [[Singapore]]. There are numerous North and South Indian restaurants in Singapore, mostly in [[Little India, Singapore|Little India]].

Singapore is also known for [[fusion cuisine]] combining traditional [[Singaporean cuisine]] with Indian influences. Fish head curry, for example, is a local creation. Indian influence on [[Malay cuisine]] dates to the 19th century.

===United Kingdom===

[[File:Chicken Tikka Masala.jpg|thumb|''Chicken tikka masala'', a modified version of Indian ''chicken tikka'', has been called "a true British [[national dish]]."|221x221px]]

The UK's first Indian restaurant, the [[Hindoostanee Coffee House]], opened in 1810. By 2003, there were as many as 10,000 restaurants serving Indian cuisine in [[England]] and [[Wales]] alone. According to [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s [[Food Standards Agency]], the Indian food industry in the United Kingdom is worth 3.2 billion [[Pound sterling|pounds]], accounts for two-thirds of all eating out in the country, and serves about 2.5 million customers every week.

One of the best known examples of British Indian restaurant cuisine is ''[[chicken tikka masala]]'', which has also been called "a true British national dish."

=== Ireland ===

Ireland's first Indian restaurant, the Indian Restaurant and Tea Rooms, opened in 1908 on Sackville Street, now [[O'Connell Street]], in Dublin. Today, Indian restaurants are commonplace in most Irish cities and towns. Non-Chinese Asians are the fastest growing ethnic group in Ireland.

===United States===

A survey by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 2007 stated that more than 1,200 Indian food products had been introduced into the [[United States]] since 2000. There are numerous Indian restaurants across the US, which vary based on regional culture and climate. [[North India]]n and [[South India]]n cuisines are especially well represented. Most Indian restaurants in the United States serve [[Americanization|Americanized]] versions of North Indian food, which is generally less spicy than its Indian equivalents.

At sit-down restaurants with [[North Indian cuisine]] (the most common), complimentary ''[[papadum]]'' is served with three dipping sauces—typically ''hari chutney'' (mint and cilantro), ''imli chutney'' (taramind), and a spicy red chili or onion ''[[chutney]]''—in place of European-style bread before the meal.

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Food}}

{{div col end}}

{{Refbegin}}

==Bibliography==

* [[Pat Chapman]]. ''India: Food & Cooking'', New Holland, London — {{ISBN|978-1-84537-619-2}} (2007)

{{Refend}}

{{二次利用|date=24 December 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Cuisine of India}}

[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]

[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]