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Message definition (Amino acid ) Many proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions beyond being precursors to proteins and peptides.In humans, amino acids also have important roles in diverse biosynthetic pathways. [[Plant defense against herbivory|Defenses against herbivores]] in plants sometimes employ amino acids. Examples: ====Standard amino acids==== * [[Tryptophan]] is a precursor of the neurotransmitter [[serotonin]]. * [[Tyrosine]] (and its precursor phenylalanine) are precursors of the [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s [[dopamine]], [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]] and various [[trace amine]]s. * [[Phenylalanine]] is a precursor of [[phenethylamine]] and tyrosine in humans. In plants, it is a precursor of various [[phenylpropanoid]]s, which are important in plant metabolism. * [[Glycine]] is a precursor of [[porphyrin]]s such as [[heme]]. * [[Arginine]] is a precursor of [[nitric oxide]]. * [[Ornithine]] and [[S-Adenosyl methionine|''S''-adenosylmethionine]] are precursors of [[polyamine]]s. * [[Aspartate]], [[glycine]], and [[glutamine]] are precursors of [[nucleotide]]s. However, not all of the functions of other abundant nonstandard amino acids are known.
ヒトの場合、アミノ酸は多様な生合成経路においても重要な役割を担っている。植物の草食動物に対する防御 では、アミノ酸が使われることがある。例えば、以下のようなものがある:
標準アミノ酸