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Message definition (Cytochrome P450 ) Microbial cytochromes P450 are often soluble enzymes and are involved in diverse metabolic processes. In bacteria the distribution of P450s is very variable with many bacteria having no identified P450s (e.g. ''E.coli''). Some bacteria, predominantly actinomycetes, have numerous P450s. Those so far identified are generally involved in either biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds (e.g. [[Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase|CYP105A1]] from ''[[Streptomyces griseolus]]'' metabolizes [[sulfonylurea herbicide]]s to less toxic derivatives) or are part of specialised metabolite biosynthetic pathways (e.g. [[CYP170B1]] catalyses production of the [[sesquiterpenoid]] albaflavenone in ''[[Streptomyces albus]]''). Although no P450 has yet been shown to be essential in a microbe, the [[CYP105 family]] is highly conserved with a representative in every [[streptomycete]] genome sequenced so far. Due to the solubility of bacterial P450 enzymes, they are generally regarded as easier to work with than the predominantly membrane bound eukaryotic P450s. This, combined with the remarkable chemistry they catalyse, has led to many studies using the [[heterologously expressed protein]]s in vitro. Few studies have investigated what P450s do in vivo, what the natural substrate(s) are and how P450s contribute to survival of the bacteria in the natural environment.Three examples that have contributed significantly to structural and mechanistic studies are listed here, but many different families exist. * [[Cytochrome P450 cam]] (CYP101A1) originally from ''[[Pseudomonas putida]]'' has been used as a model for many cytochromes P450 and was the first cytochrome P450 three-dimensional protein structure solved by X-ray crystallography. This enzyme is part of a camphor-hydroxylating catalytic cycle consisting of two electron transfer steps from [[putidaredoxin]], a 2Fe-2S cluster-containing protein cofactor. * [[Cytochrome P450 eryF]] (CYP107A1) originally from the actinomycete bacterium ''[[Saccharopolyspora erythraea]]'' is responsible for the biosynthesis of the [[antibiotic]] [[erythromycin]] by C6-hydroxylation of the macrolide 6-deoxyerythronolide B. * [[Cytochrome P450 BM3]] (CYP102A1) from the soil bacterium ''[[Bacillus megaterium]]'' catalyzes the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of several [[long-chain fatty acid]]s at the ω–1 through ω–3 positions. Unlike almost every other known CYP (except CYP505A1, cytochrome P450 foxy), it constitutes a natural fusion protein between the CYP domain and an electron donating cofactor. Thus, BM3 is potentially very useful in biotechnological applications. * Cytochrome P450 119 ([[CYP119A1]]) isolated from the [[thermophillic]] archea ''[[Sulfolobus solfataricus]]'' has been used in a variety of mechanistic studies. Because thermophillic enzymes evolved to function at high temperatures, they tend to function more slowly at room temperature (if at all) and are therefore excellent mechanistic models.
微生物のシトクロムP450は多くの場合可溶性酵素であり、多様な代謝過程に関与している。細菌におけるP450の分布は非常に多様で、多くの細菌はP450を持たない(例えば大腸菌 )。放線菌を中心に、多数のP450を持つ細菌もいる。これまでに同定されているものは、一般的に、異種化合物の生体内変換(例えば、Streptomyces griseolus 由来のCYP105A1 はスルホニルウレア除草剤 を毒性の低い誘導体に代謝する)に関与しているか、特殊な代謝産物生合成経路の一部である(例えば、CYP170B1 はStreptomyces albus のセスキテルペノイド アルバフラベノンの生産を触媒する)。微生物において必須であることが示されているP450はまだないが、CYP105ファミリー は高度に保存されており、これまでに配列決定されたすべての放線菌 ゲノムに代表的なものが存在する。バクテリアのP450酵素は溶解性が高いため、主に膜に結合している真核生物のP450よりも扱いやすいと一般に考えられている。このことは、P450が触媒する驚くべき化学反応と相まって、試験管内で異種発現タンパク質 を用いた多くの研究につながっている。P450が生体内でどのような働きをするのか、天然の基質は何なのか、そしてP450が自然環境におけるバクテリアの生存にどのように貢献しているのかを調べた研究はほとんどない。構造的・機構的研究に大きく貢献した3つの例をここに挙げるが、多くの異なるファミリーが存在する。