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Message definition (Vitamin ) In [[East Asia]], where polished [[white rice]] was the common staple food of the middle class, [[beriberi]] resulting from lack of vitamin B<sub>1</sub> was [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]. In 1884, [[Takaki Kanehiro]], a British-trained medical doctor of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two [[battleship]]s; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it. That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by [[Christiaan Eijkman]], who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished [[rice]] instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent a kind of [[polyneuritis]] that was the equivalent of beriberi. The following year, [[Frederick Hopkins]] postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" — in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats ''etc.'' — that are necessary for the functions of the human body.
精米された白米 が中産階級の一般的な主食であった東アジア では、ビタミンB1 の不足から生じる脚気 がendemic であった。1884年、大日本帝国海軍 のイギリス人医学者であった高木兼寛 は、米しか食べないことが多い下級乗組員の間で脚気が流行していることを観察したが、洋食を摂取する将校の間ではそうではなかった。一方の乗組員には白米だけを食べさせ、もう一方の乗組員には肉、魚、大麦、米、豆を食べさせた。白米だけを食べたグループでは161人の乗組員が脚気にかかり、25人が死亡した。この結果、高木と日本海軍は、脚気の原因は食事にあると確信したが、十分な量のタンパク質が脚気を防ぐと誤解していた。1897年、Christiaan Eijkman は鶏に精米した米 の代わりに玄米を与えると、脚気に相当する一種の多発性神経炎 を防ぐことができることを発見した。その翌年、フレデリック・ホプキンス は、タンパク質、炭水化物、脂肪など に加えて、人体の機能に必要な「アクセサリー因子」 を含む食品があることを提唱した。