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...y the [[Seljuk Empire]] c. 1090, triggering the [[Crusades]], and by the [[Ottoman Empire]] c. 1453, which spurred the [[Age of Discovery]] and [[Colonialism| ...to [[Europe]] until the rise of the [[Seljuk Turks]] in 1090. Later the [[Ottoman Turks]] held the route again by 1453 respectively. Overland routes helped t ...