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[[File:Resin with insect (aka).jpg|thumb|right|[[Insect]] trapped in resin]] ...herbivores that attack the plant.<ref>"Plant Resins: Chemistry, evolution, ecology, and ethnobotany", by Jean Langenheim, [[Timber Press]], Portland, OR. 2003 ...

...69 |title=Flower and fruit : morphology, ontogeny, phylogeny, function and ecology |date=2010 |publisher=Schweizerbart |others=Claudia Erbar |isbn=978-3-510-6 ...ctors for pollination, such as: the wind, water, animals, and especially [[insect]]s. Larger animals such as birds, bats, and even some [[pygmy possum]]s,<re ...

...g/content/Petit_How2BeATree.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=37 |pages=187–214 |doi=10.1146/annurev. ...1102063436/http://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/habitats-and-ecology/ecology/mycorrhizas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fossil evidence shows that roots hav ...

...rils of [[pea]]s and other legumes, the protective spines of cacti and the insect traps in carnivorous plants such as ''[[Nepenthes]]'' and ''Sarracenia''.{{ == Ecology == ...

...uisition of Agri-Biotech Applications}}</ref> Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www. ...e=14 July 2011 }}</ref> Some genes do not work well in bacteria, so yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells can also be used.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biotech: Wh ...

The discipline of [[plant ecology]] was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as [[Eugenius Wa == Plant ecology == ...

...nveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=1220–1231 |doi=10.1038/s41559-020-122 ...heir nutrient requirements, particularly for nitrogen and phosphorus, with insect prey that they capture. For the majority of plants to grow successfully the ...

...al=[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics|Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics]] |volume=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.0 ...volutionary history of all life forms, a major evolutionary group (e.g., [[insect]]s), or an even smaller group of closely related [[species]]. Within a tree ...

.../pbi.13261 }}</ref> The majority are engineered for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. [[Golden rice]] has been engineered with three genes that incre ...genic-tobacco-is-european-first.html|magazine=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref> An insect resistant Potato was approved for release in the US in 1995,<ref>[https://n ...

...uding [[Plant defense against herbivory|defense]] and protection against [[insect]]s, [[fungi]], [[Plant disease resistance|diseases]], and [[herbivorous]] [ ...lems.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muller-Schwarze|first=Dietland |title=Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006|isbn=978-0- ...