Translations:Fish/66/en

The cognitive capacities of fish include self-awareness, as seen in mirror tests. Manta rays and wrasses placed in front of a mirror repeatedly check whether their reflection's behavior mimics their body movement. Choerodon wrasse, archerfish, and Atlantic cod can solve problems and invent tools. The monogamous cichlid Amatitlania siquia exhibits pessimistic behavior when prevented from being with its partner. Fish orient themselves using landmarks; they may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks. Fish are able to learn to traverse mazes, showing that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination. Behavioral research suggests that fish are sentient, capable of experiencing pain.