Translations:Internal medicine/32/en

Internists who pursue sub-specialties have additional diagnostic tools, including those listed below.

• Cardiology: angioplasty, cardioversion, cardiac ablation, intra-aortic balloon pump
• Critical care medicine: mechanical ventilation
• Gastroenterology: endoscopy and ERCP
• Nephrology: dialysis
• Pulmonology: bronchoscopy

Other tests are ordered, and patients are also referred to specialists for further evaluation.  The effectiveness and efficiency of the specialist referral process is an area of potential improvement.