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 h English (en)With the onset of the [[Industrial Revolution]], it was realized that the military and economic might of nations were dependent on both the body size and strength of their soldiers and workers. Increasing the average body mass index from what is now considered underweight to what is now the normal range played a significant role in the development of industrialized societies. Height and weight thus both increased through the 19th century in the developed world. During the 20th century, as populations reached their genetic potential for height, weight began increasing much more than height, resulting in obesity. In the 1950s, increasing wealth in the developed world decreased child mortality, but as body weight increased, heart and kidney disease became more common.
During this time period, insurance companies realized the connection between weight and life expectancy and increased premiums for the obese.
 h Japanese (ja)[[:en:Industrial Revolution|産業革命]]が始まると、国家の軍事力と経済力が兵士や労働者の体格と体力の両方に左右されることがわかった。平均的な体格指数を現在の低体重とされるものから、現在の標準的な範囲まで高めることが、工業化社会の発展に重要な役割を果たした。こうして身長と体重は、先進国では19世紀を通じて増加した。20世紀には、集団が遺伝的に可能な身長に達すると、体重は身長よりもはるかに増加し始め、その結果肥満が生じた。1950年代には、先進国の富裕化が進み、子どもの死亡率は低下したが、体重が増加するにつれて、心臓病や腎臓病が多発するようになった。
この時期、保険会社は体重と寿命の関係に気づき、肥満者に対する保険料を値上げした。