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| Name | Current message text |
|---|---|
| h English (en) | ==Flavour== [[File:Pfeffermuehlen S7301812.jpg|thumb|Handheld pepper mills with black (left) and mixed (right) peppercorns]] Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from [[piperine]] derived from both the outer fruit and the seed. Black pepper contains between 4.6 and 9.7% piperine by mass, and white pepper slightly more than that. Refined piperine, by weight, is about one percent as hot as the [[capsaicin]] found in [[chili pepper]]s. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains [[aroma]]-contributing [[terpene]]s, including [[germacrene]] (11%), [[limonene]] (10%), [[pinene]] (10%), [[alpha-phellandrene]] (9%), and [[beta-caryophyllene]] (7%), which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, as the fermentation and other processing removes the fruit layer (which also contains some of the spicy piperine). Other flavours also commonly develop in this process, some of which are described as off-flavours when in excess: Primarily [[3-methylindole]] (pig manure-like), [[4-methylphenol]] (horse manure), [[3-methylphenol]] (phenolic), and [[butyric acid]] (cheese). The aroma of pepper is attributed to [[rotundone]] (3,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-3α,8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl)[[azulene]]-1(2H)-one), a [[sesquiterpene]] originally discovered in the tubers of ''[[Cyperus rotundus]]'', which can be detected in concentrations of 0.4 nanograms/l in water and in wine: rotundone is also present in marjoram, oregano, rosemary, basil, thyme, and geranium, as well as in some [[Shiraz wine]]s. |