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{{short description|Dairy product}}
{{Infobox food
| cookbook = Cream
| image = 01 Mmm... Apple Crisp with Whipped Cream.jpg
| caption = Whipped cream on top of [[apple crisp]]
}}
[[File:Milk-bottle.jpg|thumb|A bottle of unhomogenised milk, with the cream clearly visible, resting on top of the milk]]
'''Cream''' is a [[dairy product]] composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of [[milk]] before [[Homogenization (chemistry)|homogenization]]. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, eventually rises to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process is accelerated by using [[centrifuge]]s called "[[Separator (milk)|separator]]s". In many countries, it is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content. It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets, and contains high levels of [[saturated fat]].
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Cream skimmed from milk may be called "sweet cream" to distinguish it from cream skimmed from [[whey]], a [[by-product]] of [[cheese]]-making. Whey cream has a lower fat content and tastes more salty, tangy, and "cheesy". In many countries partially fermented cream is also sold: [[sour cream]], [[crème fraîche]], and so on.  Both forms have many culinary uses in both sweet and savoury dishes.
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Cream produced by [[cattle]] (particularly [[Jersey cattle]]) grazing on natural [[pasture]] often contains some fat-soluble [[carotenoid]] pigments derived from the [[plant]]s they eat; traces of these intensely colored pigments concentrated during separation give cream a slightly yellow hue, hence the name of the yellow-tinged off-white color [[cream (color)|cream]]. Carotenoids are also the origin of [[butter]]'s yellow color. Cream from [[goat]]'s milk, [[water buffalo]] milk, or from cows fed indoors on grain or grain-based pellets, is white.
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==Cuisine==
[[File:Merry christmas!.jpg|thumb|[[Christmas cake]] covered with whipped cream]]
Cream is used as an ingredient in many foods, including [[ice cream]], many [[sauce]]s, [[soup]]s, stews, puddings, and some [[custard]] bases, and is also used for [[cake]]s. [[Whipped cream]] is served as a topping on ice cream [[sundae]]s, [[milkshake]]s, [[lassi]], [[eggnog]], sweet [[pie]]s, strawberries, blueberries, or peaches. Cream is also used in Indian curries such as masala dishes. Both single and double cream (see [[Cream#Types|Types]] for definitions) can be used in cooking. Double cream or full-fat crème fraîche is often used when the cream is added to a hot sauce, to prevent it separating or "splitting". Double cream can be thinned with milk to make an approximation of single cream.
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Cream (usually light/single cream or [[half and half]]) may be added to [[coffee]].
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The French word {{Lang|fr|crème}} denotes not only dairy cream but also other thick liquids such as sweet and savory [[custard]]s, which are normally made with milk, not cream.
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==Types ==
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[[File:Stewed nectarines.JPG|thumb|right|Stewed [[nectarine]]s and heavy cream]]
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Different grades of cream are distinguished by their fat content, whether they have been heat-treated, whipped, and so on. In many jurisdictions, there are regulations for each type.
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===Australia and New Zealand===
The [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]] – Standard 2.5.2 – Defines cream as a milk product comparatively rich in fat, in the form of an emulsion of fat-in-skim milk, which can be obtained by separation from milk. Cream sold without further specification must contain no less than 350 g/kg (35%) milk fat.
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Manufacturers labels may distinguish between different fat contents, a general guideline is as follows:
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{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! width=120px | Name
! Fat content %
! Main uses 
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Extra light (or 'lite')
| 12–12.5
| 
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Light (or 'lite')
| 18–20
|  
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Thickened cream
| 35–36.5
| Cream with added gelatine and/or other thickeners to give the cream a thicker texture, also possibly with stabilisers to aid the consistency of whipped cream. Such cream would not typically be used for cooking.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Cream
| >= 35
| Recipes calling for cream are usually referring to pure cream with about 35% fat. This is used for cooking as well as for pouring and whipping. It is comparable to ''whipping cream'' in some other countries.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Double cream
| 48–60
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|}
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=== Canada ===
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Canadian cream definitions are similar to those used in the United States, except for "light cream", which is very low-fat cream, usually with 5 or 6 percent butterfat. Specific product characteristics are generally uniform throughout Canada, but names vary by both geographic and linguistic area and by manufacturer: "coffee cream" may be 10 or 18 percent cream and "half-and-half" ({{Lang|fr|crème légère}}) may be 3, 5, 6 or 10 percent, all depending on location and brand.
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Regulations allow cream to contain [[acidity regulator]]s and [[stabilizer (food)|stabilizer]]s. For whipping cream, allowed additives include skim milk powder (≤ 0.25%), glucose solids (≤ 0.1%), calcium sulphate (≤ 0.005%), and xanthan gum (≤ 0.02%). The content of milk fat in canned cream must be displayed as a percentage followed by "milk fat", "B.F", or "M.F".
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=120px | Name
! Minimum <br />milk fat %
! Additional definition
! Main uses
|-
| Manufacturing cream
| 40
|Crème fraîche is also 40–45% but is an acidified cultured product rather than sweet cream.
| Commercial production.
|-
| Whipping cream
| 33–36
| Also as cooking or "thick" cream 35% with added stabilizers. Heavy cream must be at least 36%. In Francophone areas: crème à fouetter 35%; and for cooking, crème à cuisson 35%,  crème à l'ancienne 35% or crème épaisse 35%.
| Whips into a creamy and smooth topping that is used for pastries, fresh fruits, desserts, hot cocoa, etc. Cooking version is formulated to resist breaking when heated (as in sauces).
|-
| Table cream
| 15–18
| Coffee cream. Also as cooking or "thick" cream 15% with added stabilizers. In Francophone areas: crème de table 15% or crème à café 18%; and for cooking, crème champêtre 15%, crème campagnarde (country cream) 15% or crème épaisse 15%.
| Added as rich whitener to coffee. Ideal for soups, sauces and veloutés. Garnishing fruit and desserts. Cooking version is formulated to resist breaking when heated.
|-
| Half and half
| 10
| Cereal cream. Product with the most butterfat in the light cream category. In Francophone areas: crème à café 10% and sometimes crème légère 10%. Approximately equal to a 50/50 blend of table cream (at 16–18%) and whole milk (at 3.25%), hence the common name in English.
| Poured over hot cereal as a garnish. Ideal in sauces for vegetables, fish, meat, poultry, and pasta. Also in cream soups.
|-
| Light cream
| 3–10
| Light cream 6%. In Francophone areas: mélange de lait et de crème pour café 5%, Crémette™ 5% or crème légère 3% to 10%. A mixture of milk and cream.
| 5% product is similar to the richest Guernsey or Jersey milk. A lower fat alternative to table cream in coffee.
|}
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=== France ===
In France, the use of the term "cream" for food products is defined by the decree 80-313 of April 23, 1980. It specifies the minimum rate of milk fat (12%) as well as the rules for [[Pasteurization|pasteurisation]] or [[Ultra-high-temperature processing|UHT sterilisation]]. The mention "crème fraîche" (fresh cream) can only be used for pasteurised creams conditioned on production site within 24h after pasteurisation. Even if food additives complying with French and European laws are allowed, usually, none will be found in plain "crèmes" and "crèmes fraîches" apart from lactic ferments (some low cost creams (or close to creams) can contain thickening agents, but rarely). Fat content is commonly shown as "XX% M.G." ("matière grasse").
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!width=200px | Name
!Milk fat %
!Definition
!Main uses
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<small>Without lactic ferments added (<u>liquid</u> texture)</small>'''
|-
|Crème fraîche crue
|30-40
|Directly from the farm production. [[Local food]] circuits. No [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilisation]] and no [[Pasteurization|pasteurisation]].
|
|-
|Crème fleurette
|30
|No [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilisation]] but [[Pasteurization|pasteurised]]. Liquid and soft the first days, it gets heavier and develops a more pronounced taste with time.
|Commonly used by cooks in restaurants.
|-
|Crème entière liquide
|22-40
|[[Ultra-high-temperature processing|UHT sterilised]] (in France, a cream can not legally be called "fraîche" if it has been [[Ultra-high-temperature processing|UHT sterilised]]).
|
|-
|Crème fraîche liquide:
|30-40
<small>(usually 30%)</small>
|Pasteurised (can be called "fraîche").
|Mostly used for fruit desserts and to make [[Whipped cream|crème chantilly]] or [[ganache]]s. Can also be used to make white sauces or added in soups or pastas.
|-
|Crème fraîche légère liquide
|12-21
<small>(usually 15)</small>
|Pasteurised (can be called "fraîche"). Less fat.
|Can be used for the same recipes as the non diet one but sometimes considered as less  tasty and/or less convenient to cook with.
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<small>With lactic ferments added (<u>heavy</u> texture)</small>'''
|-
|Crème crue maturée
|30-40
|Directly from the farm production. Local food circuits. No [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilisation]] and no [[Pasteurization|pasteurisation]].
|
|-
|Crème entière épaisse
|22-40
|[[Ultra-high-temperature processing|UHT sterilised]] (in France, a cream can not legally be called "fraîche" if it has been [[Ultra-high-temperature processing|UHT sterilised]]).
|
|-
|Crème fraîche épaisse
|30-40
<small>(usually 30)</small>
|Pasteurised (can be called "fraîche").
|Suits best for cooking especially [[Reduction (cooking)|reductions]] and [[Liaison (cooking)|liaisons]] (used as a binding agent). Also used to cook [[quiche]]s (such as [[quiche Lorraine]]).
|-
|Crème fraîche légère épaisse
|12-21
<small>(usually 15)</small>
|Pasteurised (can be called "fraîche"). Less fat.
|Can be used for the same recipes as the non diet one but sometimes considered as less  tasty and/or less convenient to cook with.
|-
|Crème aigre
|16-21
|More acidic taste.
|Same product as the American [[sour cream]] or the Canadian crème sure, but rarely used in France.
|}
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=== Russia ===
Russia, as well as other [[Eurasian Conformity mark|EAC countries]], legally separates cream into two classes: normal (10–34% butterfat) and heavy (35–58%), but the industry has pretty much standardized around the following types:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Russian !! Transliteration !! Milk fat ([[Mass percent#Mass percentage|wt%]])
|-
| Low-fat or drinking cream || Нежирные (питьевые) сливки || Nezhirnÿe (pityevÿe) slivki || 10%
|-
| (Normal) Cream || Сливки || Slivki || 15–20
|-
| Whipping cream || Сливки для взбивания || Slivki dlya vzbivaniya || 33–35
|-
| Double cream || Двойные (жирные) сливки || Dvoinÿe (Zhirnÿe) slivki || 48
|}
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===Sweden===
In [[Sweden]], cream is usually sold as:
*Matlagningsgrädde ("''cooking cream''"), 10–15%
*Kaffegrädde ("''Coffee cream''"), 10–12%, earlier mostly 12%
*Vispgrädde (''whipping cream''), 36–40%, the 36% variant often has additives.
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Mellangrädde (27%) is, nowadays, a less common variant. 
Gräddfil (usually 12%) and Creme Fraiche (usually around 35%) are two common sour cream products.
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=== Switzerland ===
{{see also|Swiss cheeses and dairy products}}
In Switzerland, the types of cream are legally defined as follows:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! German !! French !! Italian !! Typical<br/>milk fat<br/>[[Mass percent#Mass percentage|wt%]] !! Minimum<br />milk fat<br/>wt%
|-
| Double cream|| Doppelrahm || double-crème || doppia panna || 45 || 45
|-
| Full cream <br/>Whipping cream<br/>Cream || Vollrahm<br/>Schlagrahm<br/>Rahm/Sahne || crème entière<br/>crème à fouetter<br/>crème || panna intera<br/>panna da montare<br/>panna || 35 || 35
|-
| Half cream || Halbrahm || demi-crème || mezza panna || 25 || 15
|-
| Coffee cream || Kaffeerahm || crème à café || panna da caffè || 15 || 15
|}
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Sour cream and crème fraîche (German: Sauerrahm, Crème fraîche; French: crème acidulée, crème fraîche; Italian: panna acidula, crème fraîche) are defined as cream soured by bacterial cultures.
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Thick cream (German: {{Lang|de|verdickter Rahm}}; French: {{Lang|fr|crème épaissie}}; Italian: {{Lang|it|panna addensata}}) is defined as cream thickened using [[thickening agents]].
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===United Kingdom===
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In the United Kingdom, these types of cream are produced. Fat content must meet the Food Labelling Regulations 1996.
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Minimum <br />milk fat
! Additional definition
! Main uses
|-
| [[Clotted cream]]
| 55
| is clotted (by heat treatment)
| Clotted cream is the thickest cream available and a traditional part of a [[cream tea]] and is spread onto scones like butter.
|-
| Extra-thick double cream
| 48
| is heat-treated, then quickly cooled
| Extra-thick double cream is the second thickest cream available. It is spooned onto pies, puddings, and desserts due to its heavy consistency.
|-
| Double cream
| 48
|
| Double cream whips easily and produces heavy whipped cream for puddings and desserts.
|-
| Whipping cream
| 35
|
| Whipping cream whips well and produces lighter whipped cream than double cream.
|-
| [[Whipped cream]]
| 35
| has been whipped
| Whipped cream is used for decorations on cakes, topping for ice cream, and fruit.
|-
| Sterilized cream
| 23
| is sterilized
|
|-
| Cream or single cream
| 18
| is not sterilized
| Single cream is poured over puddings, used in sauces, and added to coffee.
|-
| Extra-thick single cream
| 18
| not sterilized; homogenised for consistency like double cream
|
|-
| Sterilized half cream
| 12
| is sterilized
|
|-
| Half cream
| 12
|
| Uncommon. Used in some cocktails.
|}
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===United States===
In the United States, cream is usually sold as:
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{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Name
! Fat content
! Main uses 
|- style="text-align: center;"
| [[Half and half#Canada and the United States|Half and half]]
| 10.5-18
| Half and half is equal parts milk and light cream, and is added to coffee.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Light cream
| 18–30
| Light cream is added to coffee and hot cereal, and is also used as an ingredient in sauces and other recipes.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Whipping cream
| 30–36
| Whipping cream is used in sauces and soups, and as a garnish. Whipping cream will only produce whipped cream with soft peaks.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Heavy (whipping) cream
|  36+
| Heavy whipping cream produces whipped cream with stable peaks.
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Manufacturer's cream
|  36-40  
| Used in commercial and professional production applications. Not generally available at retail until recently.
|- style="text-align: center;"
|}
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Not all grades are defined by all jurisdictions, and the exact fat content ranges vary. The above figures, except for "manufacturer's cream", are based on the [[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title 21, Part 131.
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==Processing and additives==
Cream may have [[thickening agent]]s and [[Food additive|stabilizer]]s added. Thickeners include [[sodium alginate]], [[carrageenan]], [[gelatine]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[tetrasodium pyrophosphate]], and [[alginic acid]].
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Other processing may be carried out. For example, cream has a tendency to produce oily globules (called "feathering") when added to [[coffee]]. The stability of the cream may be increased by increasing the non-fat solids content, which can be done by partial demineralisation and addition of [[sodium caseinate]], although this is expensive.
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==Other cream products==
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[[File:Milkproducts v2.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Chart of 50 types of milk products and relationships, including cream (click on image to enlarge)]]
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*'''[[Butter]]''' is made by [[Churning (butter)|churning]] cream to separate the [[butterfat]] and [[buttermilk]]. This can be done by hand or by machine.
*'''[[Whipped cream]]''' is made by [[whisk]]ing or [[mixer (cooking)|mixing]] [[air]] into cream with more than 30% fat, to turn the liquid cream into a soft solid. [[Nitrous oxide]], from [[whipped-cream charger]]s may also be used to make whipped cream.
*'''[[Sour cream]]''', produced in many countries, is cream (12 to 16% or more milk fat) that has been subjected to a [[bacteria]]l culture that produces [[lactic acid]] (0.5%+), which [[souring|sours]] and thickens it.
*'''[[Crème fraîche]]''' (28% milk fat) is slightly soured with bacterial culture, but not as sour or as thick as sour cream. Mexican '''[[Crema (dairy product)|crema]]''' (or '''cream espesa''') is similar to crème fraîche.
*'''[[Smetana (cream)|Smetana]]''' is a heavy cream-derived (15–40% milk fat) Central and Eastern European sweet or sour cream.
*'''Rjome''' or '''rømme''' is Norwegian sour cream containing 35% milk fat, similar to Icelandic '''sýrður rjómi'''.
*'''[[Clotted cream]]''' in the United Kingdom is made through a process that starts by slowly heating whole milk to produce a very high-fat (55%) product, similar to Indian '''[[malai]]'''.
*'''[[Reduced cream]]''' is a cream product in New Zealand, often used to make [[Kiwi dip]].
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==Other items called "cream"==
Some non-edible substances are called creams due to their consistency: shoe cream is runny, unlike regular waxy shoe polish;  hand/body "creme" or "skin cream" is meant for moisturizing the skin.
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Regulations in many jurisdictions restrict the use of the word ''cream'' for foods. Words such as ''creme'', ''kreme'', ''creame'', or ''whipped topping'' (e.g., [[Cool Whip]]) are often used for products which cannot legally be called cream, though in some jurisdictions even these spellings may be disallowed, for example under the doctrine of ''[[idem sonans]]''. [[Oreo]] and [[Hydrox]] cookies are a type of sandwich cookie in which two biscuits have a soft, sweet filling between them that is called "crème filling." In some cases, foods can be described as cream although they do not contain predominantly milk fats; for example, in Britain, "[[ice cream]]" can contain non-milk fat (declared on the label) in addition to or instead of cream, and [[salad cream]] is the customary name for a non-dairy condiment that has been produced since the 1920s.
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In other languages, cognates of "cream" are also sometimes used for non-food products, such as [[wikt:fogkrém|fogkrém]] (Hungarian for toothpaste), or [[wikt:Sonnencreme|Sonnencreme]] (German for sunscreen).
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Some products are described as "cream alternatives". For example, ''Elmlea Double'', etc. are blends of buttermilk or lentils and vegetable oil with other additives sold by [[Upfield (company)#Products and operations|Upfield]] in the United Kingdom packaged and shelved in the same way as cream, labelled as having "a creamy taste".
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==See also==
*[[Creaming (chemistry)]]
*[[Buttercream]]
*[[Condensed milk]]
* [[Crème (disambiguation)|Crème]], a French culinary term for cream-like preparations
**[[Crème liqueur]]
*[[Ice cream]]
*[[Kaymak]], which is similar to clotted cream
* [[Cream soup#List of cream soups|List of cream soups]]
* [[Milk skin]]
*[[Plant cream]]
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Cream}}
*[http://www.carnamah.com.au/milk-cream-butter Virtual Museum Exhibit on Milk, Cream & Butter]
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{{Milk navbox}}
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{{portal bar|Food}}
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[[Category:Condiments]]
[[Category:Dairy products]]
{{二次利用|date=7 May 2025, at 03:16}}
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