Clostridium butyricum/ja

Clostridium butyricum/ja
C. ブチリカム MIYAIRI 588 錠（ミヤリサン製薬、東京、日本）
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Clostridia
Order:	Eubacteriales
Family:	Lachnospiraceae
Genus:	Clostridium
Species:	butyricum
Binomial name
butyricum Prazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980)

クロストリジウム・ブチリカムは厳密に嫌気性内胞子を形成するグラム陽性の酪酸産生桿菌である。細胞内に蓄積したアミロペクチン様α-ポリグルカン（グラニュロース）を基質として発酵する。ヒトの病原体としての報告は少なく、日本、韓国、中国ではプロバイオティクスとして広く利用されている。C. ブチリカムは世界各地の土壌に生息し、健康な子供や成人の便から培養され、酸っぱい牛乳やチーズによく含まれる。乳製品との関連性は名前からもわかるように、butyricumのbutyr-は細菌の代謝における酪酸の関連性を反映しており、ラテン語のbutyrumとギリシャ語のβούτυρονとの関連性を表している。

Industrial relevance

The study of fermentation in the 19th century was of interest not only to basic science but also as applied science funded by companies in certain industries, principally winemaking and brewing, as a means to reduce risk of bad batches through greater understanding and control of the process. Thus, early microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur were funded in their research into microbial metabolism and biochemistry. Such research led to the first understanding of anaerobic metabolism, and butyric acid fermentation was humans' initial window into that world. In 1880, Adam Prażmowski from the University of Leipzig first assigned the binomial name Clostridium butyricum.

Therapeutic uses

The first C. butyricum MIYAIRI strain was isolated by Dr. Chikaji Miyairi from feces in Japan in 1933. In 1963, CBM 588 was isolated from a soil sample in Nagano, Japan. Preparations based on CBM 588 have a long history of safe use in human populations in Japan, where such products are variously classed as pharmaceutical drugs, "quasi drugs", and OTC (Over The Counter) probiotics. The safe therapeutic use of CBM 588 in humans populations is supported by various peer-reviewed publications and case studies, including reports of CBM 588 use in severely-ill, immunocompromised, and hospitalized patients, as well as in pregnant women.

Its usefulness stems primarily from its ability to interfere with the growth of highly pathogenic Clostridium difficile by antagonizing its multiplication. It is often used in Japanese hospitals for C. difficile prophylaxis among in-patients and, particularly, during administration of certain powerful antibiotics (i.e. Levofloxacin) associated with opportunistic C. difficile infection.

CBM 588 was approved for clinical use in humans by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1970. The standard preparation as marketed by Miyarisan Pharmaceutical (Tokyo, Japan) consists of white, marked tablets each containing 0.35 × 10⁶ colony forming units (CFU) of C. butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (as active agent). CBM 588 does not establish permanently in the gut, in common with other orally administered probiotic bacteria. CBM 588 for clinical use is produced by submerged anaerobic fermentation followed by centrifugation, drying, blending and packaging.

The MIYAIRI 588 strain of C. butyricum does not carry any genes encoding any toxins and virulence factors associated with Clostridium or other enteropathogens. Absence of neurotoxin production has been demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridisation for type E botulinum toxin gene. The absence of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin A,B,F and genes encoding non-toxic haemagglutinin (NTNH) and genes encoding Clostridium perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) has been demonstrated by PCR assay.

This strain is deposited at the Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan under the strain name Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain, deposit number FERM BP-2789. Recent European Food Safety Authority opinions confirm the official strain nomenclature as Clostridium butyricum FERM BP-2789.

External links

• Clostridium butyricum at BacDive