Metabolism/ja: Difference between revisions

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===核酸===

~~===Nucleotides~~===

~~The two nucleic acids, DNA and~~ [[RNA]]~~, are polymers of~~ [[nucleotide]]~~s. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a~~ [[ribose]] or [[deoxyribose]] ~~sugar group which is attached to a~~ [[nitrogenous base]]~~. Nucleic acids are critical for the storage and use of genetic information, and its interpretation through the processes of~~ [[transcription (genetics)|~~transcription~~]] ~~and~~ [[protein biosynthesis]]~~. This information is protected by~~ [[DNA repair]] ~~mechanisms and propagated through~~ [[DNA replication]]~~. Many~~ [[virus]]~~es have an~~ [[RNA virus|~~RNA genome~~]]~~, such as~~ [[HIV]]~~, which uses~~ [[reverse transcription]] ~~to create a DNA template from its viral RNA genome. RNA in~~ [[~~ribozyme~~]]~~s such as~~ [[~~spliceosome~~]]~~s and~~ [[~~ribosome~~]]~~s is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions. Individual~~ [[~~nucleoside~~]]~~s are made by attaching a~~ [[~~nucleobase~~]] ~~to a~~ [[~~ribose~~]] ~~sugar. These bases are~~ [[heterocyclic]] ~~rings containing nitrogen, classified as~~ [[purine]]~~s or~~ [[pyrimidine]]~~s. Nucleotides also act as coenzymes in metabolic-group-transfer reactions.~~

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 炭水化物は、多くの[[hydroxyl/ja|水酸基]]が結合した[[aldehyde/ja|アルデヒド]]または[[ketone/ja|ケトン]]であり、直鎖または環として存在することができる。炭水化物は最も豊富な生体分子であり、[[energy/ja|エネルギー]]の貯蔵や輸送（[[starch/ja|デンプン]]、[[glycogen/ja|グリコーゲン]]）、構造成分（植物の[[cellulose/ja|セルロース]]、動物の[[chitin/ja|キチン]]）など、多くの役割を担っている。基本的な炭水化物単位は[[monosaccharide/ja|単糖]]と呼ばれ、[[galactose/ja|ガラクトース]]、[[fructose/ja|フルクトース]]、そして最も重要な[[glucose/ja|グルコース]]が含まれる。単糖類は連結してほとんど無限の方法で[[polysaccharide/ja|多糖類]]を形成することができる。
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+===核酸===
-===Nucleotides===
+{{Main/ja|Nucleotide/ja}}
-{{Main|Nucleotide}}
+DNAと[[RNA/ja|RNA]]という2つの核酸は、[[nucleotide/ja|核酸]]のポリマーである。各核酸は、[[ribose/ja|リボース]]または[[deoxyribose/ja|デオキシリボース]]の糖基に結合したリン酸から構成され、[[nitrogenous base/ja|窒素塩基]]に結合している。核酸は、遺伝情報の保存と利用、および[[transcription (genetics)/ja|転写]]と[[protein biosynthesis/ja|タンパク質生合成]]の過程を通してのその解釈に重要である。この情報は[[DNA repair/ja|DNA修復]]機構によって保護され、[[DNA replication/ja|DNA複製]]によって伝播する。多くの[[virus/ja|ウイルス]]は[[RNA virus/ja|RNAゲノム]]を持っており、例えば[[HIV/ja|HIV]]は[[reverse transcription/ja|逆転写]]を用いてそのウイルスRNAゲノムからDNAテンプレートを作り出す。[[spliceosome/ja|スプライソソーム]]や[[ribosome/ja|リボソーム]]などの[[ribozyme/ja|リボザイム]]に含まれるRNAは、化学反応を触媒できるので酵素に似ている。個々の[[nucleotide/ja|核酸]]は[[ribose/ja|リボース]]糖に[[nucleobase/ja|核酸塩基]]を結合させて作られる。これらの塩基は窒素を含む[[heterocyclic/ja|複素環]]であり、[[purine/ja|プリン]]または[[pyrimidine/ja|ピリミジン]]に分類される。ヌクレオチドはまた、代謝基転移反応における補酵素としても働く。
-The two nucleic acids, DNA and [[RNA]], are polymers of [[nucleotide]]s. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a [[ribose]] or [[deoxyribose]] sugar group which is attached to a [[nitrogenous base]]. Nucleic acids are critical for the storage and use of genetic information, and its interpretation through the processes of [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]] and [[protein biosynthesis]]. This information is protected by [[DNA repair]] mechanisms and propagated through [[DNA replication]]. Many [[virus]]es have an [[RNA virus|RNA genome]], such as [[HIV]], which uses [[reverse transcription]] to create a DNA template from its viral RNA genome. RNA in [[ribozyme]]s such as [[spliceosome]]s and [[ribosome]]s is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions. Individual [[nucleoside]]s are made by attaching a [[nucleobase]] to a [[ribose]] sugar. These bases are [[heterocyclic]] rings containing nitrogen, classified as [[purine]]s or [[pyrimidine]]s. Nucleotides also act as coenzymes in metabolic-group-transfer reactions.
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