Zinc and the common cold/ja

グルコン酸亜鉛 50 mg錠（GNC ブランド）

Zinc supplements （酢酸亜鉛やグルコン酸亜鉛が多い）ロゼンジは、common cold/jaの治療に一般的に使用される一群の栄養補助食品である。症状の発現から24時間以内に75 mg/日を超える用量の亜鉛サプリメントを使用すると、成人では風邪症状の持続期間が約1 日短縮することが示されている。亜鉛サプリメントの口から副作用には、悪味と吐き気がある。亜鉛を含む点鼻薬の経鼻使用は、嗅覚の喪失と関連している；その結果、2009年6月、米国食品医薬品局（USFDA）は、経鼻亜鉛の使用を中止するよう消費者に警告した。

The human rhinovirus – the most common viral pathogen in humans – is the predominant cause of the common cold. The hypothesized mechanism of action by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal inflammation and the direct inhibition of rhinoviral receptor binding and rhinoviral replication in the nasal mucosa.

Effectiveness

A 2016 meta-analysis on zinc acetate-lozenges and the common cold in 199 patients found that colds were 2.7 days shorter by zinc lozenge usage. This estimate is to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials.

A 2015 meta-analysis on zinc lozenges and the common cold found no difference in the effects of zinc acetate lozenges on diverse respiratory symptoms. Although zinc lozenges most probably lead to highest concentration of zinc in the pharyngeal region, a subsequent meta-analysis showed that the effects of high-dose zinc acetate lozenges did not significantly differ in their effects on pharyngeal and nasal symptoms. The duration of nasal discharge was shortened by 34%, nasal congestion by 37%, sneezing by 22%, scratchy throat by 33%, sore throat by 18%, hoarseness by 43%, and cough by 46%. Zinc lozenges shortened the duration of muscle ache by 54%, but there was no significant effect on the duration of headache and fever.

A 2013 review which said that zinc supplementation might be helpful for the common cold was withdrawn by the Cochrane Collaboration over concerns of plagiarism and about the data used.

Interactions

Some lozenge formulations do not contain enough zinc to effectively reduce the lengths of colds; some of them contain ingredients that bind zinc, like citric acid, which prevent the zinc from working.

Safety

There have been several cases of people using zinc nasal sprays and suffering a loss of sense of smell. In 2009 the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning that people should not use nasal sprays containing zinc.

Excessive zinc intake may result in an unpleasant taste and/or nausea.

Mechanism of action

The hypothesized mechanism of action by which zinc reduces the severity and/or duration of cold symptoms is the suppression of nasal inflammation and the direct inhibition of rhinoviral receptor binding and rhinoviral replication in the nasal mucosa. Zinc has been known for many years to have an effect on cold viruses in the laboratory. In the arteriviridae and coronaviridae families of virus that also cause the common cold, in vitro studies found that zinc ionophores block the replication of those viruses in cell culture.