Protein (nutrient)/ja: Difference between revisions

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~~There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent~~ [[protein–energy malnutrition|~~protein~~-~~energy malnutrition~~]] ~~and resulting death. They are~~ [[phenylalanine]], [[valine]], [[threonine]], [[tryptophan]], [[methionine]], [[leucine]], [[isoleucine]], [[lysine]]~~, and~~ [[histidine]]. There has been debate as to whether there are 8 or 9 essential amino acids. The consensus seems to lean towards 9 since histidine is not synthesized in adults. There are five amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are [[alanine]], [[aspartic acid]], [[asparagine]], [[glutamic acid]] ~~and~~ [[serine]]. There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are [[arginine]], [[cysteine]], [[glycine]], [[glutamine]], [[proline]] ~~and~~ [[tyrosine]]~~. Dietary sources of protein include~~ [[grain]]s, [[legume]]~~s, seeds,~~

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 [[protein/ja|タンパク質]]はアミノ酸が[[peptide bonds/ja|ペプチド結合]]で結合した[[polymer/ja|ポリマー]]鎖である。ヒトの[[digestion/ja|消化]]の際、タンパク質は胃の中で[[hydrochloric acid/ja|塩酸]]と[[protease/ja|プロテアーゼ]]の作用によってより小さな[[polypeptide/ja|ポリペプチド]]鎖に分解される。これは、体内で[[biosynthesized/ja|生合成]]できない[[essential amino acid/ja|必須アミノ酸]]を[[absorption (small intestine)/ja|吸収]]するために極めて重要である。
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+[[protein–energy malnutrition/ja|タンパク質-エネルギー栄養失調]]とその結果としての死を防ぐために、人間が食事から摂取しなければならない9つの必須アミノ酸がある。それらは[[phenylalanine/ja|フェニルアラニン]]、[[valine/ja|バリン]]、[[threonine/ja|スレオニン]]、[[tryptophan/ja|トリプトファン]]、[[methionine/ja|メチオニン]]、[[leucine/ja|ロイシン]]、[[isoleucine/ja|イソロイシン]]、[[lysine/ja|リジン]]、[[histidine/ja|ヒスチジン]]である。必須アミノ酸が8種類か9種類かについては議論がある。ヒスチジンは成人では合成されないため、コンセンサスは9に傾いているようだ。人間が体内で合成できるアミノ酸は5つある。[[alanine/ja|アラニン]]、[[aspartic acid/ja|アスパラギン酸]]、[[asparagine/ja|アスパラギン]]、[[glutamic acid/ja|グルタミン酸]]、[[serine/ja|セリン]]である。乳幼児の未熟児や重度の異化不全にある人など、特殊な病態生理学的条件下で合成が制限される6種類の条件付き必須アミノ酸がある。これらの6つは[[arginine/ja|アルギニン]]、[[cysteine/ja|システイン]]、[[glycine/ja|グリシン]]、[[glutamine/ja|グルタミン]]、[[proline/ja|プロリン]]、[[tyrosine/ja|チロシン]]である。タンパク質の食事源としては、[[grain/ja|穀物]]、[[legume/ja|豆類]]、種子類が挙げられる、
-There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent [[protein–energy malnutrition|protein-energy malnutrition]] and resulting death. They are [[phenylalanine]], [[valine]], [[threonine]], [[tryptophan]], [[methionine]], [[leucine]], [[isoleucine]], [[lysine]], and [[histidine]]. There has been debate as to whether there are 8 or 9 essential amino acids. The consensus seems to lean towards 9 since histidine is not synthesized in adults. There are five amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are [[alanine]], [[aspartic acid]], [[asparagine]], [[glutamic acid]] and [[serine]]. There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are [[arginine]], [[cysteine]], [[glycine]], [[glutamine]], [[proline]] and [[tyrosine]]. Dietary sources of protein include  [[grain]]s, [[legume]]s, seeds,
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