Pork/ja: Difference between revisions

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== Production by country ==

[[File:HK Sai Ying Pun 豬肉 Pork hanging half n half August 2017 IX1 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Hanged pork [[Dressed carcass|carcass]] and [[offal]] in [[Sai Ying Pun]], Hong Kong]]

China was the largest producer of pork in the world in 2020 followed by the European Union and the United States.

China, EU and the United States accounted for roughly 76% of the world's pork production as per [[Foreign Agricultural Service|FAS]]/[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]

|+Top 10 Countries that produce most pork

!Rank

!Countries

!2020 (Metric tons)

!% of World

|[[China]]

|[[European Union]]

|[[United States]]

|[[Brazil]]

|[[Russia]]

|[[Philippines]]

|[[Canada]]

|[[Mexico]]

|[[South Korea]]

|[[Japan]]

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== Pork products ==

[[File:Smoked country style pork ribs.jpg|thumb|Smoked [[pork ribs]].]]

Pork may be cooked from fresh meat or cured over time. Cured meat products include [[ham]] and [[bacon]]. The carcass may be used in many different ways for fresh [[meat cuts]], with the popularity of certain cuts varying worldwide.

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=== Fresh meat ===

Most of the pig can be used to produce fresh meat and, in the case of a [[suckling pig]], the whole body of a young pig ranging in age from two to six weeks is roasted. Danish roast pork or ''[[flæskesteg]]'', prepared with crispy [[Pork rind|crackling]] is a national favourite as the traditional Christmas dinner.

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=== Processed pork ===

[[File:Bologna amazing hams sausages mortadella.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Display of [[ham]]s, [[pig's trotter]]s, [[salami]]s, and [[mortadella]] in a pork butcher's shop, [[Bologna]], Italy]]

Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in [[sausage]]s. Many traditional European sausages are made with pork, including [[chorizo]], [[fuet]], [[Cumberland sausage]] and [[salami]] giving it a succulent finish. Many brands of American [[hot dogs]] and most breakfast sausages are made from pork.  Processing of pork into sausages and other products in France is described as [[charcuterie]].

[[Ham]] and [[bacon]] are made from fresh pork by curing with salt ([[pickling]]) or [[smoking (food)|smoking]]. Shoulders and legs are most commonly [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] in this manner for Picnic shoulder and [[ham]], whereas streaky and round bacon come from the side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly).

==== Bacon ====

{{Main|Bacon}}

[[File:Bacon texture.jpg|thumb|right|Bacon texture]]

Bacon is defined as any of certain [[Primal cut|cuts]] of [[meat]] taken from the sides, belly, or back that have been cured or smoked. In continental Europe, it is used primarily in cubes ([[lardon]]s) as a cooking ingredient valued both as a source of [[fat]] and for its flavour. In [[Italy]], besides being used in cooking, bacon (''[[pancetta]]'') is also served uncooked and thinly sliced as part of an ''[[antipasto]]''. Bacon is also used for [[Bacon#Bacon fat|barding]] roasts, especially game birds. Bacon is often smoked with various wood fuels for up to ten hours. Bacon is eaten fried, baked, or grilled.

A side of unsliced bacon is a "flitch" or "slab bacon", while an individual slice of bacon is a "rasher" (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or simply a "slice" or "strip" (North America). Slices of bacon are also known as "[[collops]]". Traditionally, the skin is left on the cut and is known as "bacon rind". Rindless bacon, however, is quite common. In both [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]], bacon comes in a wide variety of cuts and flavours, and is predominantly known as "streaky bacon", or "streaky rashers". Bacon made from the meat on the back of the pig is referred to as "[[back bacon]]" and is part of traditional [[full breakfast]]s commonly eaten in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]]. In the United States, back bacon may also be referred to as "Canadian-style Bacon" or "Canadian Bacon".

The canned meat [[Spam (food)|Spam]] is made of chopped pork shoulder meat and ham.

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== Industrial raw material ==

== {{anchor|cuts}} Cuts ==

{{Main article|Cut of pork}}

[[File:Kowloon Market (46068705804).jpg|thumb|Fresh pork meat cuts]]

Its [[myoglobin]] content is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of chicken, so the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] treats pork as a [[red meat]]. In 1987, the U.S. [[National Pork Board]] began an advertising campaign to position pork as "[[Pork. The Other White Meat|the other white meat]]"—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with the slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011.

Pork is very high in [[thiamin]] (vitamin B₁). Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated animals, but is high in [[cholesterol]] and [[saturated fat]].

== Religious beliefs ==

{{Main article|Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork}}

Eating of pork is prohibited by [[Jewish dietary laws]] and [[Islamic dietary laws]], and is also avoided by mainstream [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Rastafarian]]s, and members of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].  There is also a theory that pork was [[Scottish pork taboo|taboo in Scotland until roughly 1800]].

=== Judaism ===

Pork is a well-known example of a [[kosher foods|non-kosher food]]. This prohibition is based on [[Leviticus]] chapter 11 and [[Deuteronomy]] chapter 14:

<blockquote>These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat.

:—Leviticus 11:2–4, 7–8</blockquote>

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<blockquote>And the pig, because it possesses split hooves and does not bring up its cud—from its flesh you may not eat.

:—Deuteronomy 14:8</blockquote>

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As indicated by the Torah verses, pork is non-kosher because Jews may not consume an animal that possesses one trait but not the other of cloven hooves and regurgitating [[cud]]. Hogs, which are not [[ruminant]]s, do not chew cud as [[cattle]] and [[sheep]] do. Practicing Jews suffice on the biblical explanation of the swine as 'unclean'. Maimonides shared this view in classifying the swine as an unclean creature in both its habit and diet.

The prohibition of swine-eating in [[Ancient Israelite cuisine]], according to Douglas, was because the pig was raised by non-Israelites, ate [[carrion]] and did not fit into the classification of [[ungulates]]. Harris disagrees and points out that Egyptians and Sumerians also restricted pigs and that goats also ate corpses, yet were not declared unclean in Ancient Israel. Harris offers an explanation based on environmental and economic factors instead.

In [[Israel]], pig-raising  has been limited by law to certain areas and institutions. Some pig-related laws are openly circumvented. Swine production has increased from an estimated annual slaughter of 50,000 swine in 1960 to 180,000 in 2010. Pig meat consumption per capita was 2.7&nbsp;kg in 2009.  Although pork marketing is prohibited in some religious localities, pork products are available elsewhere at non-kosher butchers and by the Mizra and [[Tiv Ta'am]] non-kosher supermarket chain, which caters to [[Russian Jews in Israel|Russian immigrants]]. A modern Hebrew euphemism for pork is "white meat".

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=== Islam ===

[[File:Dubai Pork Shop.jpg|thumb|A pork shop in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], with sign: for Non Muslims.]]

Pork meat is prohibited by the [[Islamic dietary laws]]. Throughout the [[Islamic world]] many countries severely restrict the importation or consumption of pork products. Examples are [[Iran]],[[Mauritania]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]],[[Saudi Arabia]], [[Algeria]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Yemen]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Djibouti]], [[Kuwait]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], [[Libya]], [[Pakistan]] (except in some communities) and the [[Maldives]]. However, in other Muslim-majority countries with significant non-Muslim minorities, such as [[Indonesia]] (except the province of [[Aceh]]), [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]], [[Morocco]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Jordan]], [[Albania]],  [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkey]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], [[Syria]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Guinea]], [[Chad]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (except the [[Emirate of Sharjah]]), pork is available in hotels, restaurants and supermarkets that cater to a significant non-Muslim population.

The [[Qur'an]]ic basis for the Islamic prohibition of pork can be found in surah.

{{Blockquote|He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ [[carrion]], blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—they will not be sinful. Surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|}}

{{bq|Forbidden to you are [[carrion]], blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on [[altar]]s. You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|{}}

{{bq|Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden to eat except carrion, running blood, swine—which is impure—or a sinful offering in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely your Lord is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”|}}

{{bq|He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|}}

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=== Christianity ===

[[File:Christmas table (Serbian cuisine).jpg|thumb|Grilled pork as a main dish on a [[Cuisine of Serbia|Serbian Christmas table]]]]

While most Christians do consume pork, some sects prohibit it based on [[Leviticus]] chapter 11, [[Deuteronomy]] chapter 14, and [[Isaiah]] chapters 65 and 66. Some denominations that forbid pork consumption are:

* [[Hebrew Roots]]

* [[Messianic Judaism]]

* [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]]

* [[United Church of God]]

* [[Sacred Name Movement]]

When pork was not included on the menu of the Liverpool Council's first Christian Orthodox Interfaith lunch some members of the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church|Macedonian Orthodox]] community objected, citing the historical significance of the dish to the community during the [[Ottoman era]] and raising complaints that the council was discriminating against [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christians]]. A spokeswoman for the council explained that the council had not prepared a pork menu option because Muslims, Jews and Hindus do not consume pork and it had seemed inconsistent with the purpose of bringing together persons of different faiths, though after the complaints raised by the Orthodox community a pork alternative was added.

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== Disease in pork ==

[[File:Pork.jpg|thumb|[[Vacuum packing|Vacuum-packed]] pork loin fillets.]]

Pork is known to carry some diseases such as [[pork tapeworm]] and [[trichinosis]] and [[pigbel]], thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume, although [[Mett|raw pork]] products are sometimes still consumed in [[Central Europe]]an and [[Eastern European]] countries of which the Eastern European countries are believed to have a higher risk of trichinosis.

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Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the [[Food Safety and Inspection Service]] (FSIS) detected ''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]'' in {{cvt|460|lb|kg|order=flip}} of [[Polidori Sausage|Polidori brand]] fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one was made ill from consumption of the product. The FSIS has previously stated that ''listeria'' and other microorganisms must be "...destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of {{cvt|160|°F|°C|order=flip}}," and that other microorganisms, such as ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats. The FSIS, a part of the USDA, currently recommends cooking [[ground meat|ground pork]] to {{cvt|160|°F|°C|order=flip}} and whole cuts to {{cvt|145|°F|°C|order=flip}} followed by a 3-minute rest.

Pigs can be carriers of various [[helminths]], such as [[roundworm]]s, [[pinworm]]s, [[hookworm]]s. One of the more common is ''[[Taenia solium]]'', a type of [[tapeworm]], which may transplant to the intestines of humans after consuming undercooked meat. Raw and undercooked pork can also cause other diseases, such as [[toxoplasmosis]].

Although not a common cause of illness, ''[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]''—which causes gastroenteritis—is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat.

Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute [[hepatitis E]] (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans.

Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a [[parasitic disease]] caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the [[larva]]e of a species of roundworm ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]'', commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the [[First World|developed world]]. From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source was unknown. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game products.