Beef/ja: Difference between revisions

[[Pastrami]] is often made from beef; raw beef is [[Salt-cured meat|salted]], then partly dried and seasoned with various herbs and spices, and [[Smoked meat|smoked]].

[[Corned beef]] is a cut of beef cured or pickled in a seasoned [[brine]]. The corn in ''corned beef'' refers to the grains of coarse salts (known as corns) used to cure it. The term ''corned beef'' can denote different styles of brine-cured beef, depending on the region. Some, like American-style corned beef, are highly seasoned and often considered [[delicatessen]] fare.

[[Spiced beef]] is a cured and salted joint of round, topside, or silverside, traditionally served at [[Christmas]] in Ireland. It is a form of [[salt beef]], cured with spices and [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], intended to be boiled or broiled in [[Guinness]] or a similar [[stout (beer)|stout]], and then optionally roasted for a period after. There are various other recipes for [[pickled]] beef. [[Sauerbraten]] is a German variant.

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== Consumption ==

Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after [[pork]] and [[poultry]] at 38% and 30% respectively.

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=== Nutritional content ===

{{nutritionalvalue

| name=Ground Beef 15% fat, broiled

Beef is a source of complete protein and it is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]], [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]] and [[zinc]], but also contains high amounts of [[saturated fat]]. [[Red meat]] is the most significant dietary source of [[carnitine]] and, like any other meat (pork, fish, veal, lamb etc.), is a source of [[creatine]]. Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking.

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=== Health impact ===

{{See also|Meat#Health|l1=Health concerns associated with meat|Red meat#Health effects}}

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====Cancer====

Consumption of [[red meat]], and especially [[Processed meat|processed red meat]], is known to increase the risk of [[bowel cancer]] and some other cancers.

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====Coronary heart disease====

A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed [[red meat]] (and all [[processed meat]]) was correlated with a higher risk of [[coronary heart disease]], although based on studies that separated the two, this meta-analysis found that red meat intake was not associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease. As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease.

====Dioxins====

Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with [[sewage sludge]]. Elevated [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]] may be present in meat from these cattle.

==== ''E. coli'' recalls ====

Ground beef has been subject to recalls in the United States, due to ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (''E. coli'') contamination:

* January 2011, One Great Burger expands recall.

* February 2011, American Food Service, a Pico Rivera, Calif. establishment, is recalling approximately {{convert|3170|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of fresh ground beef patties and other bulk packages of ground beef products that may be contaminated with ''E. coli'' O157:H7.

* March 2011, {{convert|14000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} beef recalled by Creekstone Farms Premium Beef due to ''E. coli'' concerns.

* April 2011, National Beef Packaging recalled more than {{convert|60000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.

* May 2011, Irish Hills Meat Company of Michigan, a Tipton, Mich., establishment is recalling approximately {{convert|900|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef products that may be contaminated with ''E. coli'' O157:H7.

* September 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled {{convert|131100|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.

* December 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled {{convert|40000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of ground beef due to ''E. coli'' contamination.

* January 2012, Hannaford Supermarkets recalled all ground beef with sell by dates 17 December 2011 or earlier.

* September 2012, XL Foods recalled more than 1800 products believed to be contaminated with ''E. coli'' 0157:H7. The recalled products were produced at the company's plant in Brooks, Alberta, Canada; this was the largest recall of its kind in Canadian History.

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==== Mad cow disease ====

{{Main|Bovine spongiform encephalopathy}}

In 1984, the use of [[meat and bone meal]] in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in the United Kingdom.

[[File:Garske_2010_vCJD_UK_trends.png|thumb|Deaths in the UK caused by vCJD from the start of the BSE outbreak up until 2009. MM and MV refer to the two genotypes of vCJD.]]

* In May 2003, after a cow with BSE was discovered in [[Alberta]], Canada, the American border was closed to live Canadian cattle, but was reopened in early 2005.

* In June 2005, Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in [[Texas]]. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that "privileged information." The 12-year-old animal was alive at the time when [[Oprah Winfrey]] raised concerns about cannibalistic feeding practices on her show which aired 16 April 1996.

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==Restrictions==

=== Religious and cultural prohibitions ===

{{Main|Cattle in religion and mythology}}

[[File:Sacred cow2.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|300px|A pamphlet against the practice of cow slaughter]]

Most Indic religions reject the killing and eating of cows. Hinduism prohibits cow beef known as ''Go-Maans'' in [[Hindi]]. Bovines have a sacred status in [[culture of India|India]] especially the cow, due to their provision of sustenance for families. Bovines are generally considered to be integral to the landscape. However, they do not consider the cow to be a god.

Many of India's rural economies depend on cattle farming; hence they have been revered in society. Since the [[Vedic period]], cattle, especially cows, were venerated as a source of milk, and dairy products, and their relative importance in transport services and farming like [[plough]]ing, row planting, ridging. Veneration grew with the advent of [[Jainism]] and the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. In medieval India, [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] issued a proclamation on stopping cow slaughter. Conflicts over cow slaughter often have sparked religious riots that have led to loss of human life and in one 1893 riot alone, more than 100 people were killed for the cause.

In [[ancient China]], the killing of cattle and consumption of beef was prohibited, as they were valued for their role in [[agriculture]]. This custom is still followed by a few Chinese families across the world.

During the season of [[Lent]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] periodically give up meat and poultry (and sometimes dairy products and eggs) as a religious act. Observant [[Jews]] and [[Islam|Muslims]] may not eat any meat or poultry which has not been [[Ritual slaughter#Jewish and Islamic ritual slaughter|slaughtered and treated in conformance with religious laws]].

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=== Legal prohibition ===

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==== India ====

{{Main|Cattle slaughter in India}}

Most of the [[states of India|North Indian states]] prohibit the killing of cow and consumption of beef for religious reasons. Certain Hindu castes and sects continue to avoid beef from their [[Diet (nutrition)|diets]]. Article 48 of the [[Constitution of India]] mandates the state may take steps for preserving and improving the bovine breeds, and prohibit the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. [[Article 47 of the Constitution of India]] provides states must raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health as among its primary duties, based on this a reasonableness in slaughter of common cattle was instituted, if the animals ceased to be capable of breeding, providing milk, or serving as draught animals. The overall mismanagement of India's common cattle is dubbed in academic fields as  "India's bovine burden."