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Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture/ja: Difference between revisions

Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture/ja
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=== 肥料 ===
=== 肥料 ===
{{Excerpt|Fertilizer/ja|Contribution to climate change|file=no}}
{{Excerpt|Fertilizer/ja|気候変動への寄与|file=no}}


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==== 稲作 ====
==== 稲作 ====
[[File:NP_Rice_Emissions18_(5687953086).jpg|right|thumb|稲作における温室効果ガス排出量を測定する[[:en:International Center for Tropical Agriculture|国際熱帯農業センター]]の研究活動。]]
[[File:NP_Rice_Emissions18_(5687953086).jpg|right|thumb|稲作における温室効果ガス排出量を測定する[[:en:International Center for Tropical Agriculture|国際熱帯農業センター]]の研究活動。]]
{{excerpt|Rice/ja#Greenhouse gases from rice production|file=no}}
{{excerpt|Rice/ja#気候変動がコメ生産に与える影響|file=no}}


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== 温室効果ガスの種類別の排出量{{Anchor|Emissions by type of greenhouse gas}} ==
== Emissions by type of greenhouse gas ==
農業活動は、[[:en:greenhouse gas|温室効果ガス]]である[[carbon dioxide/ja|二酸化炭素]]、[[methane/ja|メタン]]、[[nitrous oxide/ja|亜酸化窒素]]を排出する。
Agricultural activities emit the [[greenhouse gas]]es [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]] and [[nitrous oxide]].
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=== 二酸化炭素排出量 ===
=== Carbon dioxide emissions ===
畑の[[:en:Tillage|耕うん]]、作物の植え付け、製品の出荷などの活動は二酸化炭素排出を引き起こす。農業関連の二酸化炭素排出量は、世界の温室効果ガス排出量の約11%を占める。不耕起栽培の削減、未耕作地の減少、作物の[[:en:biomass|バイオマス]]残渣の土壌への還元、[[:en:cover crop|被覆作物]]の使用増加などの農法は、炭素排出量を削減できる。
Activities such as [[Tillage|tilling]] of fields, planting of crops, and shipment of products cause carbon dioxide emissions. Agriculture-related emissions of carbon dioxide account for around 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Farm practices such as reducing tillage, decreasing empty land, returning [[biomass]] residue of crops to the soil, and increasing the use of cover crops can reduce carbon emissions.
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=== メタン排出量 ===
=== Methane emissions ===
[[File:Methane-emissions-agriculture (OWID 0666).png|thumb|農業からのメタン排出量、2019年。メタン（CH₄）排出量は二酸化炭素換算トンで測定される。]]
[[File:Methane-emissions-agriculture (OWID 0666).png|thumb|Methane emissions from agriculture, 2019. Methane (CHa) emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents]]
[[File:The Global Methane Budget 2008–2017.png|thumb|世界のメタン収支。]]
[[File:The Global Methane Budget 2008–2017.png|thumb|Global methane budget.]][[Methane emissions]] from livestock are the number one contributor to agricultural greenhouse gases globally. Livestock are responsible for 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. One cow alone will emit 220 pounds of methane per year. While the [[residence time]] of methane is much shorter than that of carbon dioxide, it is 28 times more capable of trapping heat. Not only do livestock contribute to harmful emissions, but they also require a lot of land and may [[Overgrazing|overgraze]], which leads to unhealthy soil quality and reduced species diversity. A few ways to reduce methane emissions include switching to plant-rich diets with less meat, feeding the cattle more nutritious food, [[manure management]], and [[compost]]ing.
畜産からの[[:en:Methane emissions|メタン排出量]]は、世界的に農業温室効果ガスの最大の寄与源である。畜産は人間活動による温室効果ガス総排出量の14.5%を占める。牛1頭だけでも年間220ポンドのメタンを排出する。メタンの[[:en:residence time|滞留時間]]は二酸化炭素よりもはるかに短いものの、熱を閉じ込める能力は28倍も高い。畜産は有害な排出に寄与するだけでなく、多くの土地を必要とし、[[:en:Overgrazing|過放牧]]につながり、それが土壌の質の低下や種多様性の減少を引き起こす可能性がある。メタン排出量を削減するには、肉の少ない植物中心の食事への切り替え、家畜により栄養価の高い飼料を与えること、[[:en:manure management|糞尿管理]]、そして[[:en:compost|堆肥化]]などが挙げられる。
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伝統的な[[Rice/ja|稲作]]は、[[livestock/ja|畜産]]に次ぐ農業メタンの2番目に大きな発生源であり、近年の温暖化への影響は[[:en:Climate change and aviation|航空機からの二酸化炭素排出量]]に匹敵する。トウモロコシ、小麦、牛乳などの農産物に対する需要が高いため、農業政策における政府の関与は限られている。米国国際開発庁（USAID）の地球規模の飢餓と食料安全保障イニシアチブである「Feed the Future」プロジェクトは、食料の損失と廃棄に取り組んでいる。食料の損失と廃棄に取り組むことで、温室効果ガス排出量の緩和も図られる。12カ国の20のバリューチェーンの酪農システムのみに焦点を当てることで、食料の損失と廃棄を4〜10%削減できる可能性がある。これらの数値は影響が大きく、人口を養いながら温室効果ガス排出量を緩和するだろう。
Traditional [[Rice|rice cultivation]] is the second biggest agricultural methane source after [[livestock]], with a near-term warming impact equivalent to the [[Climate change and aviation|carbon dioxide emissions from all aviation]]. Government involvement in agricultural policy is limited due to the high demand for agricultural products like corn, wheat, and milk. The United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) global hunger and food security initiative, the Feed the Future project, is addressing food loss and waste. By addressing food loss and waste, greenhouse gas emission mitigation is also addressed. By only focusing on dairy systems of 20 value chains in 12 countries, food loss and waste could be reduced by 4-10%. These numbers are impactful and would mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while still feeding the population.
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=== 亜酸化窒素排出量 ===
=== Nitrous oxide emissions ===
[[File:Global Nitrous Oxide Budget 2020.png|thumb|世界の亜酸化窒素収支。]]
[[File:Global Nitrous Oxide Budget 2020.png|thumb|Global nitrous oxide budget.]]Nitrous oxide emission comes from the increased use of synthetic and organic fertilizers. [[Fertilizer]]s increase crop yield production and allow the crops to grow at a faster rate. Agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide make up 6% of the United States' greenhouse gas emissions; they have increased in concentration by 30% since 1980. While 6% may appear to be a small contribution, nitrous oxide is 300 times more effective at trapping heat per pound than carbon dioxide and has a residence time of around 120 years. Different management practices such as conserving water through [[drip irrigation]], monitoring soil nutrients to avoid overfertilization, and using [[cover crop]]s in place of fertilizer application may help in reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
亜酸化窒素排出は、合成肥料と有機肥料の使用量の増加に由来する。[[Fertilizer/ja|肥料]]は作物の収量を増加させ、作物をより速い速度で成長させる。米国の温室効果ガス排出量に占める農業からの亜酸化窒素排出量は6%であり、1980年以降30%増加している。6%は少ない寄与に見えるかもしれないが、亜酸化窒素はポンドあたり二酸化炭素よりも300倍効果的に熱を閉じ込めることができ、滞留時間は約120年である。[[:en:drip irrigation|点滴灌漑]]による水の節約、過剰施肥を避けるための土壌栄養素の監視、肥料施用の代わりに[[:en:cover crop|被覆作物]]を使用するなど、様々な管理方法が亜酸化窒素排出量の削減に役立つ可能性がある。
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== 排出量削減{{Anchor|Reducing emissions}} ==
== Reducing emissions ==
{{Further/ja|:en:Climate change mitigation|:en:Climate-smart agriculture}}
{{Further|Climate change mitigation|Climate-smart agriculture}}
農業はしばしば政府の排出量削減計画に含まれない。例えば、農業部門はEUの温室効果ガス排出量の約40%をカバーする[[:en:European Union Emission Trading Scheme|EU排出量取引制度]]の適用外である。
Agriculture is often not included in government emissions reduction plans. For example, the agricultural sector is exempt from the [[European Union Emission Trading Scheme|EU emissions trading scheme]] which covers around 40% of the EU greenhouse gas emissions.
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{{excerpt|Climate change mitigation/ja#Agriculture, forestry and land use|file=no}}
{{excerpt|Climate change mitigation/ja#Agriculture, forestry and land use|file=no}}
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