Illicium verum: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Star anise, a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southeast China}} | {{Short description|Star anise, a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southeast China}} | ||
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'''''Illicium verum''''' ('''star anise''' or '''badian''', '''Chinese star anise''', '''star anise seed''', '''star aniseed''' and '''star of anise''') is a medium-sized [[evergreen]] tree native to [[South China]] and northeast [[Vietnam]]. Its star-shaped [[pericarp]]s harvested just before ripening are a [[spice]] that closely resembles [[anise]] in flavor. Its primary production country is China, followed by Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. Star anise oil is highly fragrant, used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. Until 2012, when they switched to using [[biotechnology|genetically modified]] ''[[E. coli]]'', [[Roche Pharmaceuticals]] used up to 90% of the world's annual star anise crop to produce [[oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu) via [[shikimic acid]]. | '''''Illicium verum''''' ('''star anise''' or '''badian''', '''Chinese star anise''', '''star anise seed''', '''star aniseed''' and '''star of anise''') is a medium-sized [[evergreen]] tree native to [[South China]] and northeast [[Vietnam]]. Its star-shaped [[pericarp]]s harvested just before ripening are a [[spice]] that closely resembles [[anise]] in flavor. Its primary production country is China, followed by Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. Star anise oil is highly fragrant, used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. Until 2012, when they switched to using [[biotechnology|genetically modified]] ''[[E. coli]]'', [[Roche Pharmaceuticals]] used up to 90% of the world's annual star anise crop to produce [[oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu) via [[shikimic acid]]. | ||
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==Etymology and nomenclature== | ==Etymology and nomenclature== | ||
{{infobox Chinese | {{infobox Chinese | ||
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''Illicium'' comes from the [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|illicio}} meaning "entice" or "seduce". | ''Illicium'' comes from the [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|illicio}} meaning "entice" or "seduce". | ||
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''Verum'' means "true" or "genuine". | ''Verum'' means "true" or "genuine". | ||
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The name "badian" appears to derive, via French {{Lang|fr|badiane}}, from the apparently descriptive [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name for it, {{Lang|zh|八角}}, {{Lang-zh|p=bājiǎo}}, lit. "eight horns". However, a derivation from the [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|[[wikt:بادیان|بادیان]]}} {{Transliteration|fa|bādiyān}}'','' "[[fennel]]", exists, with the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] indicating that its origin before that is unknown. | The name "badian" appears to derive, via French {{Lang|fr|badiane}}, from the apparently descriptive [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name for it, {{Lang|zh|八角}}, {{Lang-zh|p=bājiǎo}}, lit. "eight horns". However, a derivation from the [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|[[wikt:بادیان|بادیان]]}} {{Transliteration|fa|bādiyān}}'','' "[[fennel]]", exists, with the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] indicating that its origin before that is unknown. | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
Leaves are aromatic, simple and lanceolate, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, size of 5–15 cm × 2–5 cm, coriaceous to thickly coriaceous. The leaves are 5–15 cm × 1.5–5 cm, apex acute, lower side pubescent. Flowers are solitary, bisexual, pink to dark red, axillary or subterminal. The perianth has lobes 7–12, arranged spirally; stamens number of 11–20, arranged spirally, with short, thick filaments; carpels usually 8, free, arranged in a single whorl. Flower peduncle size is 1.5–4 cm, tepals number range from seven to twelve, and are broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, anthers size is 1–1.5 mm, pollen grains trisyncolpate. | Leaves are aromatic, simple and lanceolate, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, size of 5–15 cm × 2–5 cm, coriaceous to thickly coriaceous. The leaves are 5–15 cm × 1.5–5 cm, apex acute, lower side pubescent. Flowers are solitary, bisexual, pink to dark red, axillary or subterminal. The perianth has lobes 7–12, arranged spirally; stamens number of 11–20, arranged spirally, with short, thick filaments; carpels usually 8, free, arranged in a single whorl. Flower peduncle size is 1.5–4 cm, tepals number range from seven to twelve, and are broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, anthers size is 1–1.5 mm, pollen grains trisyncolpate. | ||
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The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, consisting of six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl. Each follicle is boat-shaped, 1–2 cm long, rough and rigid, color reddish-brown, with 1 seed, opening along the ventral edge when ripe. carpels size of 10 mm long, boat-shaped; they are hard and wrinkled, containing one seed. Seeds are brown, compressed ovoid, smooth, shiny and brittle with approximate size of 8–9 mm × 6 mm. | The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, consisting of six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl. Each follicle is boat-shaped, 1–2 cm long, rough and rigid, color reddish-brown, with 1 seed, opening along the ventral edge when ripe. carpels size of 10 mm long, boat-shaped; they are hard and wrinkled, containing one seed. Seeds are brown, compressed ovoid, smooth, shiny and brittle with approximate size of 8–9 mm × 6 mm. | ||
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Differences with similar taxa: | Differences with similar taxa: | ||
''Illicium anisatum'' had smaller fruits that does not form a regular star due to the abortion of some carpels. Also fruit follicles are not swollen in the middle and had a more pointed apex. Also usually had more than 8 follicles and the fruit has weaker odour. The seeds in ''Illicium anisatum'' are flat or almost spherical. | ''Illicium anisatum'' had smaller fruits that does not form a regular star due to the abortion of some carpels. Also fruit follicles are not swollen in the middle and had a more pointed apex. Also usually had more than 8 follicles and the fruit has weaker odour. The seeds in ''Illicium anisatum'' are flat or almost spherical. | ||
==Use== | ==Use== <!--T:9--> | ||
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=== Culinary use=== | === Culinary use=== | ||
[[File:Star Aniseed back.jpg|thumb|right|Reverse side of fruit]] | [[File:Star Aniseed back.jpg|thumb|right|Reverse side of fruit]] | ||
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Star anise contains [[anethole]], the same compound that gives [[anise]], an unrelated plant, its flavor. Star anise has come into use in the [[Western world|West]] as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking, as well as in [[liquor]] production, most distinctively in the production of the [[liqueur]] [[Galliano (drink)|Galliano]].Star anise enhances the flavor of meat. | Star anise contains [[anethole]], the same compound that gives [[anise]], an unrelated plant, its flavor. Star anise has come into use in the [[Western world|West]] as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking, as well as in [[liquor]] production, most distinctively in the production of the [[liqueur]] [[Galliano (drink)|Galliano]].Star anise enhances the flavor of meat. | ||
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It is used as a spice in preparation of ''[[biryani]]'' and ''[[masala chai]]'' in some parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is widely used in [[Chinese cuisine]], and in [[Malaysian cuisine|Malay]] and [[Indonesian cuisine]]s. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional [[five-spice powder]] of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of ''[[phở]]'', a [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] noodle soup. | It is used as a spice in preparation of ''[[biryani]]'' and ''[[masala chai]]'' in some parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is widely used in [[Chinese cuisine]], and in [[Malaysian cuisine|Malay]] and [[Indonesian cuisine]]s. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional [[five-spice powder]] of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of ''[[phở]]'', a [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] noodle soup. | ||
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It is also used in the French recipe of mulled wine, ''[[Mulled wine|vin chaud]]'' (hot wine). If allowed to steep in coffee, it deepens and enriches the flavor. The pods can be used in this manner multiple times by the potful or cup, as the ease of extraction of the taste components increases with the permeation of hot water. | It is also used in the French recipe of mulled wine, ''[[Mulled wine|vin chaud]]'' (hot wine). If allowed to steep in coffee, it deepens and enriches the flavor. The pods can be used in this manner multiple times by the potful or cup, as the ease of extraction of the taste components increases with the permeation of hot water. | ||
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===Drug precursor=== | ===Drug precursor=== | ||
{{Main|Oseltamivir total synthesis}} | {{Main|Oseltamivir total synthesis}} | ||
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Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound [[shikimic acid]], a primary [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] in the [[drug|pharmaceutical]] synthesis of the anti-[[influenza]] drug [[oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu). An industrial method for the production of shikimic acid using [[fermentation]] of ''[[E. coli]]'' bacteria was discovered in 2005, and applied in the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]] to address Tamiflu shortages, eventually reversing price increases for star anise as a [[raw material]] of shikimic acid. As of 2018, fermentation of ''E. coli'' was the manufacturing process of choice to produce shikimic acid for synthesis of Tamiflu. | Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound [[shikimic acid]], a primary [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] in the [[drug|pharmaceutical]] synthesis of the anti-[[influenza]] drug [[oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu). An industrial method for the production of shikimic acid using [[fermentation]] of ''[[E. coli]]'' bacteria was discovered in 2005, and applied in the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]] to address Tamiflu shortages, eventually reversing price increases for star anise as a [[raw material]] of shikimic acid. As of 2018, fermentation of ''E. coli'' was the manufacturing process of choice to produce shikimic acid for synthesis of Tamiflu. | ||
==Toxicity of related species== | ==Toxicity of related species== <!--T:15--> | ||
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''Illicium verum'' is not toxic. However, other related species are toxic. | ''Illicium verum'' is not toxic. However, other related species are toxic. | ||
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[[Japanese star anise]] (''Illicium anisatum''), a similar tree, is highly toxic and inedible; in Japan, it has instead been burned as [[incense]]. Cases of illness, including "serious [[neurological]] effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of deliberate [[economically motivated adulteration]] with this species. Japanese star anise contains the [[neurotoxin]] [[anisatin]], which also causes severe [[inflammation]] of the [[kidneys]] ([[nephritis]]), [[urinary tract]], and [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive organs]] when ingested. | [[Japanese star anise]] (''Illicium anisatum''), a similar tree, is highly toxic and inedible; in Japan, it has instead been burned as [[incense]]. Cases of illness, including "serious [[neurological]] effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of deliberate [[economically motivated adulteration]] with this species. Japanese star anise contains the [[neurotoxin]] [[anisatin]], which also causes severe [[inflammation]] of the [[kidneys]] ([[nephritis]]), [[urinary tract]], and [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive organs]] when ingested. | ||
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Swamp star anise ''[[Illicium parviflorum]]'', a similar tree found in the southern United States, is highly toxic and should not be used for folk remedies or as a cooking ingredient. | Swamp star anise ''[[Illicium parviflorum]]'', a similar tree found in the southern United States, is highly toxic and should not be used for folk remedies or as a cooking ingredient. | ||
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==ISO Standardization== | ==ISO Standardization== | ||
* [[ISO]] 676:1995 – contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars | * [[ISO]] 676:1995 – contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars | ||
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===Identification=== | ===Identification=== | ||
* Refer to the 4th edition of the ''[[European Pharmacopoeia]]'' (1153) | * Refer to the 4th edition of the ''[[European Pharmacopoeia]]'' (1153) | ||
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===Differentiation from other species=== | ===Differentiation from other species=== | ||
Joshi ''et al.'' have used [[fluorescent microscopy]] and [[gas chromatography]] to distinguish the species, while Lederer ''et al.'' employed [[thin layer chromatography]] with [[HPLC]]-[[MS/MS]]. | Joshi ''et al.'' have used [[fluorescent microscopy]] and [[gas chromatography]] to distinguish the species, while Lederer ''et al.'' employed [[thin layer chromatography]] with [[HPLC]]-[[MS/MS]]. | ||
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===Specifications=== | ===Specifications=== | ||
* [[ISO]] 11178:1995 – a specification for its dried fruits | * [[ISO]] 11178:1995 – a specification for its dried fruits | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Commons|Illicium verum|position=left}} | {{Commons|Illicium verum|position=left}} | ||
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{{Herbs & spices}} | {{Herbs & spices}} | ||
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[[Category:Illicium|verum]] | [[Category:Illicium|verum]] | ||
[[Category:Spices]] | [[Category:Spices]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:16, 15 June 2025
| Illicium verum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Illicium verum at the United States National Arboretum | |
| |
| Star anise fruits and seeds | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Order: | Austrobaileyales |
| Family: | Schisandraceae |
| Genus: | Illicium |
| Species: | verum
|
| Binomial name | |
| verum | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Illicium verum (star anise or badian, Chinese star anise, star anise seed, star aniseed and star of anise) is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to South China and northeast Vietnam. Its star-shaped pericarps harvested just before ripening are a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor. Its primary production country is China, followed by Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. Star anise oil is highly fragrant, used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. Until 2012, when they switched to using genetically modified E. coli, Roche Pharmaceuticals used up to 90% of the world's annual star anise crop to produce oseltamivir (Tamiflu) via shikimic acid.
Etymology and nomenclature
| Star anise | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 八角 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "eight-horns" | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Illicium comes from the Latin illicio meaning "entice" or "seduce".
Verum means "true" or "genuine".
The name "badian" appears to derive, via French badiane, from the apparently descriptive Chinese name for it, 八角, pinyin: bājiǎo, lit. "eight horns". However, a derivation from the Persian بادیان bādiyān, "fennel", exists, with the Oxford English Dictionary indicating that its origin before that is unknown.
Description
Leaves are aromatic, simple and lanceolate, obovate-elliptic or elliptic, size of 5–15 cm × 2–5 cm, coriaceous to thickly coriaceous. The leaves are 5–15 cm × 1.5–5 cm, apex acute, lower side pubescent. Flowers are solitary, bisexual, pink to dark red, axillary or subterminal. The perianth has lobes 7–12, arranged spirally; stamens number of 11–20, arranged spirally, with short, thick filaments; carpels usually 8, free, arranged in a single whorl. Flower peduncle size is 1.5–4 cm, tepals number range from seven to twelve, and are broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, anthers size is 1–1.5 mm, pollen grains trisyncolpate.
The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, consisting of six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl. Each follicle is boat-shaped, 1–2 cm long, rough and rigid, color reddish-brown, with 1 seed, opening along the ventral edge when ripe. carpels size of 10 mm long, boat-shaped; they are hard and wrinkled, containing one seed. Seeds are brown, compressed ovoid, smooth, shiny and brittle with approximate size of 8–9 mm × 6 mm.
Differences with similar taxa: Illicium anisatum had smaller fruits that does not form a regular star due to the abortion of some carpels. Also fruit follicles are not swollen in the middle and had a more pointed apex. Also usually had more than 8 follicles and the fruit has weaker odour. The seeds in Illicium anisatum are flat or almost spherical.
Use
Culinary use
Star anise contains anethole, the same compound that gives anise, an unrelated plant, its flavor. Star anise has come into use in the West as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking, as well as in liquor production, most distinctively in the production of the liqueur Galliano.Star anise enhances the flavor of meat.
It is used as a spice in preparation of biryani and masala chai in some parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in Chinese cuisine, and in Malay and Indonesian cuisines. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup.
It is also used in the French recipe of mulled wine, vin chaud (hot wine). If allowed to steep in coffee, it deepens and enriches the flavor. The pods can be used in this manner multiple times by the potful or cup, as the ease of extraction of the taste components increases with the permeation of hot water.
Drug precursor
Star anise is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu). An industrial method for the production of shikimic acid using fermentation of E. coli bacteria was discovered in 2005, and applied in the 2009 swine flu pandemic to address Tamiflu shortages, eventually reversing price increases for star anise as a raw material of shikimic acid. As of 2018, fermentation of E. coli was the manufacturing process of choice to produce shikimic acid for synthesis of Tamiflu.
Illicium verum is not toxic. However, other related species are toxic.
Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is highly toxic and inedible; in Japan, it has instead been burned as incense. Cases of illness, including "serious neurological effects, such as seizures", reported after using star anise tea may be a result of deliberate economically motivated adulteration with this species. Japanese star anise contains the neurotoxin anisatin, which also causes severe inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis), urinary tract, and digestive organs when ingested.
Swamp star anise Illicium parviflorum, a similar tree found in the southern United States, is highly toxic and should not be used for folk remedies or as a cooking ingredient.
ISO Standardization
- ISO 676:1995 – contains the information about the nomenclature of the variety and cultivars
Identification
- Refer to the 4th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia (1153)
Differentiation from other species
Joshi et al. have used fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography to distinguish the species, while Lederer et al. employed thin layer chromatography with HPLC-MS/MS.
Specifications
- ISO 11178:1995 – a specification for its dried fruits
References
 | この記事は、クリエイティブ・コモンズ・表示・継承ライセンス3.0のもとで公表されたウィキペディアの項目Illicium verum(24 May 2025, at 09:49編集記事参照)を素材として二次利用しています。 Item:Q22454  |