Created page with "イスラム教がアラビアから直接カシミールに伝わったわけではないため、自然とイランと中央アジアの混合的な影響を帯びていた。同様に、カシミール・ヒンドゥー教徒は、インドの正統派ヒンドゥー教徒を驚かせたであろうことを行っていた。彼らはイスラム教徒が持ってきた水を飲み、イスラム教徒の船で調理された食物を食べ、イスラム教徒の乳..."
Created page with "==持続可能な消費{{Anchor|Sustainable consumption}}== カシミール人女性は以前、余ったマトン料理を古い新聞紙やビニール袋に詰めて持ち帰っていた。やがてこの習慣は広まり、男性もすぐに自分の「トラエム」(ワズワンの銅製の皿)に残りのマトンを乗せて持ち帰るようになった。カシミールでは、余った食べ物を持ち帰り用の袋に入れることが運動となり..."
さらに、カシミール最後の主権者である[[:en:Yousuf Shah Chak|ユースフ・シャー・チャク]]が1586年にアクバル皇帝と象徴的な主権を認める条約に署名した際、その条件の一つは、造幣所、サフラン、狩猟が帝国管理下に置かれることであった。
Moreover, when [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yusuf Shah Chak]], the last sovereign king of Kashmir signed a treaty with emperor Akbar recognising his symbolic sovereignty in 1586 one of the terms was that the mint, the saffron and game would remain under imperial control.
In Srinagar, poor people's meals were made of ghee, milk, beef, onions, wine, pickles, and vinegar. Rice, fish, and numerous vegetables were staple foods during the Mughal era. Butter and fats were not widely used in cooking since they were believed to be dangerous owing to the cold environment. The river water was not drunk by the people of South Kashmir. They drank Dal Lake water, which was warm, pleasant, and easily digestible.
In 1635–36, during Shahjahan's reign, a violent conflict flared up between the Shias and Sunnis when a group of both the sections were eating mulberries at Maisuma and some were accused of using indecent words against Muhammad. In 1641, unprecedented floods followed by a famine rendered the villages desolate. Shahjahan sent 30,000 rupees to the ''subedar'' Tarbiyat Khan to be distributed among the destitute in Srinagar and also ordered that five centres should be opened in the valley to provide free food to the needy.
Cow slaughter was declared a crime punishable by death and many people accused of killing cows were publicly hanged. Owing to the shortsighted policy of the rulers Kashmír witnessed an acute agrarian crisis. Sikh rulers imposed one half of the paddy production as a share of the government. The population of Kashmir decreased from 800,000 in 1822–1823 to 120,000 in 1835.
Coarse rice and ''haakh'' constituted the main food. Where paddy cultivation was restricted due to uneven terrain and lack of irrigation facilities, wheat and maize constituted the main items of food. In certain parts of Kashmir they lived on aquatic products such as ''singhara'' (water nuts).
Kashmiri apples were carried by coolies on their backs over 12 days to Rawalpindi in British India.
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1878年~79年の飢饉は壊滅的であった。また、飢えに駆られた人々が魚を捕獲して食べることは、マハラジャ・ランビール・シングの治世中の法令によって違法とされた。しばしば、牛を殺した者は油で煮られ、公共の場所の棒に固定されたフックに吊るされた。人々は荒れ地を所有する権利を持たず、村人が持っていた唯一の権利は、そのような土地に木を植えることができ、土地ではなく木の所有者となることであった。牛乳とバターは、役人によって''gujjars''(遊牧民の牧夫)からしばしば無償で奪われた。[[File:Canal-kashmir 0.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Six Artistic views of Kashmir<nowiki>''</nowiki> 無名イギリス人画家による。スルタン・ザイン=ウル=アビディンは農業振興のため運河を建設した。]]
The famine of 1878–79 was deadly. Also, catching and eating of fish by men driven by hunger was made unlawful by an edict during the reign of Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Often anyone who killed a cow was boiled in oil and the hung from a hook which was fixed on to a pole in a public place. People did not possess any right to waste land and the only right which the villager had was that he could plant trees on such lands, and was the owner of the trees and not of land. Milk and butter was often taken away from ''gujjars'' (nomadic herdsmen) without payment by the officials''.'' [[File:Canal-kashmir 0.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Six Artistic views of Kashmir<nowiki>''</nowiki> by unidentified British painter. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin built canals to promote agriculture.]]
[[File:Rice crop harvesting in South Kashmir.jpg|thumb|南カシミールの水田。]] [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|thumb|カシミールはムガル皇帝ジャハーンギールのお気に入りの帝国の地であった。]] [[File:Fish spearing on the lake.jpg|thumb|ダル湖での魚突き漁(1920年以前)。]]
[[File:Rice crop harvesting in South Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Rice fields in South Kashmir.]] [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|thumb|Kashmir was the most favourite part of the Empire of Mughal Emperor Jehangir.]] [[File:Fish spearing on the lake.jpg|thumb|Fish spearing on the Dal Lake (pre-1920).]]
古代カシミールの聖典・年代記・旅行者の記録に言及されている食品には以下のようなものがある:
Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri scriptures/chronicles/travellers' accounts include:
* ''Rice'', which could be imported from other countries in times of famine.Patañjali's Mahabhashya reveals that rice was already being cultivated in the valley c.150 BC. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin diverted the waters of the Dal Lake into the Mar canal which he extended up to Shadipur where it emptied itself at the confluence of Jhelum and Indus. Owing to these irrigation works, and reclamation of large areas for cultivation, Kashmir became self-sufficient in rice production. The natives considered the hot water at Dewsur sacred, and said that when one wished to know if any undertaking will prosper, they must take an earthen vessel, fill it with rice, and having secured the mouth, so that water may be excluded, throw it into the holy font. If on coming up the rice was boiled, it was deemed a fortunate omen, but unpropitious if otherwise.
* ''ピラウ'' - 黄色いピラウ、黒いピラウ、ショラ・ピラウなど。
* ''Pilau'', yellow pilau, black pilau, shola pilau etc.
* ''ビカバッタ'' - 米、ヤギの脂、水で構成される料理。
* ''Bikabatta'', a dish consisting of rice, goat's fat and water.
* ''砂糖とサトウキビを混ぜた米''
* ''Rice mixed with sugar and sugarcane''.
* ''パン'' - 17世紀初頭までは、''naan/tsoet''を食べる習慣はなかった。
* ''Bread'', it was not custom to eat ''naan/tsoet'' until the early 17th century.
* ''牛乳'' - 牛乳と恐らく水牛乳が消費されていた。
* ''Milk'', of cows and probably of buffaloes was consumed.
* ''バター''
* ''Butter''.
* ''イチゴ'' - イングランドの最高級品と競えるほどだった。
* ''Strawberries'', which could vie with the best in England.
* ''黄色いラズベリー''
* ''Yellow raspberries''.
* ''マスクメロン'' - アクバルの許可により、作物は後にカシミールから輸入された。
* ''Musk-Melons'', by the permission of Akbar, the crop was imported from Kashmir in the later season.
* ''グアバ'' - カシミールのグアバはジャハーンギールによって「並」と評価された。
* ''Guavas'', of Kashmir were considered to be 'middling' by Jahangir.
* ''Leeks''. Leeks (''gaudapraan'') were not eaten by the Hindus of the valley.
* ''アーティチョーク''
* ''Artichokes''.
* ''アスパラガス'' - 太い茎で。
* ''Asparagus'', in great stalks.
* ''レタス''
* ''Lettuce''.
* ''トマト'' - 真紅色。
* ''Tomatoes'', scarlet in colour.
* ''ディムブ'' - カシミールのダル湖とアンチャル湖でのみ見られる野菜。
* ''Dimb''. A vegetable found only in the Dal and Anchar lakes in Kashmir.
* [[File:Meat shop in market in Kashmir, India (c. 1900).jpg|thumb|カシミールの肉屋(1900年頃)]]''生肉'' - 結婚式の儀式に関連して動物の犠牲が行われた。
* [[File:Meat shop in market in Kashmir, India (c. 1900).jpg|thumb|Kashmiri butcher (c.1900)]]''Raw Flesh,'' there was an animal sacrifice in connection with the marriage ceremony.
* ''Beef'', Kashmiri mystic [[Nund Reshi]] or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali expressed his disdain for a preacher who ate beef (''moshi'') and then complained it was the ogre's greed in one of his ''shruks''. Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Zain-ul-Abidin had banned cow slaughter in the state in deference to the religious sentiment of his Hindu subjects.
* ''馬肉'' - カシミールでは好んで食べられた。
* ''Horse meat'', was taken with relish in Kashmir.
* ''Pork'', domestic pigs (''gramya sukara'') were eaten in Kashmir without any adverse notice in the 11th century AD. The fragmentary jaw of a pig was found at the trial excavations at Burzahom.
* ''Fish Soup'', eaten to keep up aphrodisiacal vigour by men addicted to women.[[File:Cashmere-lady 0.jpg|thumb|A 1930 image of a Kashmiri woman from the Times of India series. Kashmiri women are perceived to have fair white complexion and bright milk and saffron cheeks, often painted as objects of desire by European travellers.]]
* ''Grapes'', grown only in Kashmir in India, according to Hiuen Tsang and which were rare even in Heaven, according to Kalhana. The Persian writer Abul Fazl considered them to be in plenty, but the finer qualities were rare. Walter R. Lawrence praised the white and red grapes of the state vineyard at Raipur. Of the foreign varieties, ''husaini'' and ''fakhri'' varieties were from Khorasan, supposed to be the best in Persia.
* ''未熟なブドウ(kur)'' - カシミール人はそれで優れた酢を作った。
* ''Unripe grapes (kur)'', the Kashmiris made excellent vinegar of it.
* ''Garlic'', several ''Brahmanas'' who used to eat it were expelled, according to Kalhana. Both garlic and onion were considered as aphrodisiacs in ancient Kashmir.
* ''ザクロ'' - 19世紀後半にはすでに豊富に存在していた。
* ''Pomegranates'', already in abundance in the late part of the 19th century.
* ''Salt'', a precious article and according to Ksemendra, consumed by the rich alone. Two varieties were found in the bazaars of Kashmir: rock salt from the Punjab, and powder salt, called ''bota nun'' from Ladakh.
* [[File:Pure Kashmiri saffron pack 05.jpg|thumb|Kong (saffron from Kashmir), GI tag.]]''Saffron'', historians suggest Persian saffron corms were transplanted to Kashmiri soil after Persia conquered Kashmir. The first harvest occurred sometime prior to 500 BC. Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveller in his ''Travels in India'' (631 AD) says that saffron flowers were long used to adorn the neck of oxen at the autumn festival in the country of Kashmir. Reference has been made of Kashmiri saffron in the [[Ratnavali]] of Harsha. Buddhist tradition claims Mādhyandina, a disciple or companion of the Buddha's disciple Ānanda, introduced the saffron crocus in Kashmir. Kashmiri poet [[Bilhana]] in his Vikramanka Charitam says that the cultivation of saffron flowers in Kashmir originated from Takshaka Naga, a holy spring. A popular myth talks about how when a naga chieftain (a water god) fell sick with an eye complaint, he was cured by the ''vaidya'' of Padmapur (Pampore). In gratitude, the naga gave him a bulb of saffron and thus the locals began the cultivation. Ksemendra mentioned that traders used to earn a lot through trade in saffron, in his 11th century satire ''Samayamatrka''. In the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] tradition, a ceremony was performed with saffron for warriors. The Persian historian Firishta (1612) mentions that the saffron of Kashmir was particularly good. At the time of Jehangir (1605–27), the annual crop was 18.5 tonnes, more than anywhere in the world.
* ''澄ましバター'' - ランプは''ギー''で作られた。それは訪問販売人が一軒一軒回って販売していた。[[File:Doodhpathri - Mustard fields on the way southwest Jammu Kashmir India.jpg|thumb|ドゥードパトリのマスタード畑。マスタードオイルはクルミ油に取って代わって以来、カシミール料理の非常に重要な一部となっている。]]
* ''Clarified Butter'', lamps were prepared with ''ghee''. It was sold by itinerant sellers who went from door to door.[[File:Doodhpathri - Mustard fields on the way southwest Jammu Kashmir India.jpg|thumb|Mustard fields at Doodhpathri. Mustard oil has been a very important part of Kashmiri cooking since it replaced walnut oil.]]
* ''Oil''. Wooden oil presses constructed more than 200 years ago have been operating in Kashmir. Till the mid-1940s there were sixteen oil mills operating in Srinagar. Large quantities of dried apricots called ''Bote Chire'' were imported to Kashmir from Ladakh in the bygone days, and oil was pressed from their kernels at Kashmiri oil presses. The rapeseed oil was considered best for eating while walnut and almond oil were also used. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the cultivation of mustard plants grew considerably in Kashmir, and the use of walnut oil fell considerably.
* ''Bread (apupa)'' and ''cake (pistaka)'' made from barley. A particular day of the year was observed as a festival, when barely became ripe in the fields.
* [[File:Verinag Water Spring.jpg|thumb|ベリナグの湧水。]]''湧水'' - コカルナグの湧水は空腹を満たし、食欲を回復させると言われた。アッチバル近郊の泉は、その冷たさ、透明度、爽やかな品質においてほとんど比類がなかった。
* [[File:Verinag Water Spring.jpg|thumb|Verinag Water Spring.]]''Spring Water'', of Kokar Nag was said to appease hunger and renew appetite. A fountain in the neighbourhood of Achh Bal was scarcely equalled for its coldness, limpidity and refreshing qualities.
* ''Beer''. For Kashmiri polymath [[Abhinavagupta]], alcohol was the external essence of Shiva. Without alcohol, there was neither enjoyment nor liberation. The use of drink is admitted during the ''sautramani'' sacrifice of the brahmans, during a great battle in case of warriors, during farming in case of peasants, at great family celebrations, at the birth of a son, on the occasion of marriage or gathering of friends, and at the conclusion of the cremation ritual in case of slaves. For his commentator Jayaratha, the practitioner should drink because of a sort of ''bhairavic'' greatness, but not like a bonded animal, because of greed. The finest drink is on every occasion, the drink of average value is at the junctures, the worst is only once a month, and beyond a month he becomes a bonded animal. Hops, too, grew in Kashmir and factories were close by in which raw produce was transferred into excellent liquids.
* ''Wine'', called ''mas'' in Kashmiri language. Kashmir was the only part of India where wine was made from the juice of the grape, a fact to be attributed rather to its acescent quality, than to any scarcity of fruit. A wine culture inflected by Hellenism thrived in Kashmir in the early centuries AD. At the beaded ring of a statue of goddess Lakshmi in a distinctively Gandharan style discovered by Frenchman Albert Foucher near the village of Brar in Bandipora in 1896, one can see clusters and foliage of vines.In the ''Mulasarvastivada vinaya'', a Buddhist text from the first half of the 2nd century AD, some monks travel in the Northwest and a ''yakṣa'' presents them with some grapes, which are said to be from Kashmir and apparently a great novelty. The Buddha explains that they can be eaten after purifying them with a burning ember, and that people can also make juice/syrup from them. For Abhinavagupta, alcohol which came from grape was splendour to a supreme degree. He praised the wine of his native Kashmir as ''mahabhairava'' (the mercurial essence). Jayaratha cautions against mixing it with any other ingredient, for the reason that its effectiveness would be quite limited. [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]] was so intoxicated with wine he told his ministers that if they wished to increase the beauty of his city, they should burn ''Pravarapura'', the city built by king Sri Pravarasena of the [[Alchon Huns]] and his orders could not be disobeyed.There are many references which show that making and drinking wine was not prohibited during the early Sultanate period even though it was strongly disapproved of by the orthodox section of the society. It was a common sight to see laymen and Brahman priests alike in a state of drunkenness during Hindu festivals. Despite the Islamic ban on alcohol, the Muslims, who participated in these festivals, also freely partook of wine. Zainul Abidin took it in moderation, but Haider Shah was a confirmed drunkard. [[Sikandar Butshikan]], or the ''destroyer of idols'' (c.1416) prohibited vending wine in Kashmir. The indigenous vines were generally planted at the foot of poplar and ran up to the height of fifty or sixty feet, bearing an abundance of fruit. After harvesting grapes in October, they were kept in shallow earthen vessels till spring, then they were applied to the fabrication of wine, vinegar and brandy. In 1815, the early wine writer André Jullien compared Kashmiri wine to madeira. Maharaja Ranbir Singh introduced vines from Bordeaux in France and Marion Doughty, a woman who visited Kashmir in 1900 wrote that the Medoc and B''arsac'' were both strengthening and pleasant to taste''.'' ''Anguri'' and ''qandi'' were the cherished drinks of singers.
[[File:Sheep , Gangabal Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Local sheep in Gangabal, Kashmir.]]Apart from chicken, fish and game, Kashmiris use only mutton (meat of mature sheep) or goat's meat. More than 75% of sheep population are cross breeds and are generally called Kashmir Merino that provides the dual purpose of meat and wool. The ''Bakkarwal'' (nomadic herders) goats belong to the rare Kaghani breed, prized as one of the world's best in terms of meat.
Beef is consumed in towns and villages of Kashmir more so for its affordability. In some villages, beef-eaters are huddled separately from those supposed to be served mutton during ''wazwan'' feasts. There is a class divide between people who eat ''kat maaz'' ("small meat", mutton) considered elite and more sophisticated, and those who eat ''bad maaz'' ("big meat", beef), considered lower-class. The biggest rabbit breeding farm in North India sprawls on six hectares of land in Wussan village of Baramulla district of Kashmir. The consumption of rabbit meat as a substitute for sheep and goat meat among the general masses is becoming popular. People with cardiac problems eat rabbits as the meat is considered lean and white with high nutritious value.
The local geese of Kashmir (''Kashmir Aenz'') is the first and only recognised domestic geese breed in India. Geese rearing in the Valley dates back to ancient time as has been mentioned by Sir Walter R. Lawrence in his book 'The Valley of Kashmir'. In Srinagar, geese are mainly sold in Batmaloo and Lal Chowk, by vendors, who purchase geese from rearers in villages and sell them live or slaughtered in the city. In affluent families, geese pickles would also be made and kept aside for winter use.
The Duke of Bedford helped to send 10,000 trout eggs from the UK in 1899 but they perished on the way. A second consignment arrived from Scotland the next year. The rainbow and brown trout adapted well to the Kashmir valley, while the indigenous snow trout continues to flourish. Locally known as ''alegaad'', it can be found in both standing and flowing water bodies throughout the valley. There were 137 private fish farms in just Anantnag district, which was declared as the 'Trout District of India'.
Poultry farms are set on European standards, as Kashmir has similar geo-climatic conditions. Using permaculture and [[no-dig gardening]] technique, free-range eggs are being sold every day. People collect chick varieties like Kalinga brown, Vanraja, Kashmir Commercial Layer, etc. to dish out a regular supply of organic brown eggs. The Kashmir Duck (''batook'') is reared for its eggs in all districts of the valley with highest population in Bandipora district, followed by Kupwara, Barmulla, Srinagar and others.
Kalij pheasant (''wan kokur'') lays between 6 and 10 eggs per clutch, and are perfect served soft-boiled in their olive-green shells with a mere sprinkle of celery salt and buttered soldiers.
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===穀物===
===Cereals===
カシミールの人々は、香ばしいムシュク・ブジを含む様々な種類の米を食している。この米はカシミール渓谷の高地で栽培されており、2022年2月には地理的表示(GI)タグを取得した。この炊き上がった米は独特で、味、香り、豊かな官能特性が調和している。地元で''Zaag Batt''と呼ばれるカシミール赤米は、パキスタンとの国境にあるタングダールという小さな村で栽培されている。この小さな無精米の穀物は、その優れた食感と味から求められている。2009年には、この地域の農家が初めて伝説的なバスマティ米を収穫した。[[File:Kohlraabi and Kashmiri saag.jpg|thumb|モンジェ・ハーク([[kohlrabi/ja|コールラビ]])。]] [[File:Kashmiri Garlic.jpg|thumb|カシミール産ニンニク]]
People in Kashmir eat different varieties of rice including the nutty and fragrant ''Mushk Budji'', grown in the higher reaches of the Kashmir valley. In February 2022, ''Mushk Budji'' rice got the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. This cooked rice is unique and possesses a harmonious blend of taste, aroma and rich organoleptic properties. Kashmiri red rice, locally called ''Zaag Batt'', is grown in a small village called Tangdhar on the border with Pakistan. The small unpolished grains are sought for their superior texture and taste. In 2009, farmers in the region harvested the legendary Basmati rice for the first time.[[File:Kohlraabi and Kashmiri saag.jpg|thumb|Monje Haakh ([[kohlrabi]]).]] [[File:Kashmiri Garlic.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri garlic]]
The most important and frequently used Kashmiri vegetables are: ''haakh'' (collard greens or kale), ''monj Haak'' ( [[kohlrabi]]), ''tsochael''(mallow), ''bamchoont'' (quince), ''kral mound'' (shepherds purse), ''saze posh'' (holly hock), ''nadur'' (lotus stem), ''praan'' (shallots), ''aubuj'' (sorrel), ''mawal'' (cockscomb), ''wushkofur'' (camphor), ''tila gogul'' (mustard) and ''gor'' (water-chestnut). The floating vegetable garden on the Dal Lake is the second largest wholesale market in the world. Men, young and old, on their wooden boats, argue about the price of plump pumpkins and gourds as they share cigarettes or hookahs. The water of Kashmir is sweeter, and that affects the taste and flavour of vegetables. The items for sale include tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, turnips, water chestnuts, leafy vegetables, and the famous ''nadur''. A porous and fibrous lake vegetable, ''nadur'' has grown to become an irreplaceable ingredient in a traditional Kashmiri kitchen. Local accounts date its discovery to the 15th-century sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, who was introduced to the chewy delicacy while on a shikara ride on the Gil Sar lake located in the exteriors of Srinagar. Also, according to a popular legend, the yarn threads that Lalla Ded (1320–1392), the Kashmiri mystic saint wove were thrown into the Dal Lake when her tyrant mother-in-law ridiculed and taunted her for yarning it too thin. These got changed into the fibres of ''nadur'' for eternity.
Sun-dried vegetables, locally known as ''hokh syun'', are consumed as fresh produce dwindles. During summer, vegetables are peeled, chopped, salted and sun-dried to preserve them for winter. The various varieties of ''hokh syun'' include dried tomatoes (''ruwangun haech''), dried fenugreek leaves (''meeth''), dried lotus stem (''nadir haech''), dried Iberian knapweed (''kretch''), dried shallot leaves (''praan''), dried mint (''pudna''), dried bottle gourd (''al haech''), dried turnip slices (''gogji haech''), dried quince (''bamchount haech''), dried collard greens (''hoech haak'') and dried spinach (''hoech palak''). In the Charar Sharief area of central Kashmir, dried pears, locally known as ''tang haech'' are considered a delicacy.
Shallots, known as ''praan'', stand out, lending its unique flavour to a multitude of Kashmiri dishes, from soups and stews, to curries and kebabs. Many of Mughal Emperor Akbar's feasts in the 16th century featured shallots. Buthoo village has earned renown for producing prized organic shallots. [[Snow Mountain garlic]], also known as Kashmiri garlic, is a rare single-clove variety of ''Allium sativum''. The clove beneath is bright white to creamy-white color and offers a strong, pungent garlic flavour without the acidity present in other varieties.
Kashmir valley is the only place in India where asparagus grows. Until the 1960s, it was grown widely in Kashmir at Pulwama, Budgam, Rajbagh, Tangmarg and Gulmarg. As of now the area of asparagus cultivation is restricted to Tangmarg and Gulmarg.
Sugarcane does not grow in Kashmir. Sugar was exclusively imported from erstwhile united Punjab up to 1947 but was among the costliest imports to Kashmir. The then Dogra government suggested cultivating sugar maple and beetroot sugar but it could not materialise. In the past, when sugar was not imported, people used honey. Delicate nectar of the acacia flowers makes for honey in Tral, Verinag and other locations. ''Sidr'' honey considered one of the most distinguished types of honey in the world, is obtained from ''Sidr'' (jujube) trees in the Kashmir Valley.
Kashmiri apple is famous for its juiciness and distinct flavour as well. In 2019 alone, Kashmir produced over 1.9 million metric tonnes of apples, the highest among Indian states. Further, Kashmir accounts for 90% of India's walnut production. Kashmiri walnuts are a great source of nutrients and widely in demand across the globe. Giant walnut trees can scale 75 feet in Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Many years ago, walnut oil used to be a medium of cooking and imparted a sweeter and nuttier flavour to dishes.
[[File:Packing Strawberries (14574895731).jpg|thumb|The local climate with bright sunshine and moderate rainfall, is ideally suited for strawberry cultivation.]]
Muhammad Quli Afshar brought cherries from Kabul and planted them during Akbar's time. Mishri variety of cherry is famous in Kashmir and sweeter than other varieties. They are loaded with minerals, vitamins and plant compounds. The exotic berries from Kashmir are sweet and sour mulberry (''tuell'' and ''shah-tuell''), raspberry (''chhanchh''), barberry (''kaawducchh'') and red berry (''haapat maewaa''). Gassu area on the Srinagar outskirts is known for strawberry (''istaber'') harvesting.
Orange cultivation for commercial purposes was introduced a few decades before in the Urossa village in Uri. The climate and soil is relatively warmer than the rest of Kashmir and conducive for the crop. In this mountainous region, the micro-climate is good for Mediterranean crops like lemons and olives. The lemons are better and juicier than Punjab lemons. A sub-species of wild olives that doesn't bear much fruit but grows even in hardy, rough conditions is used for grafting with fruit varieties, producing about 1,000 litres of extra virgin olive oil each year.
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公式推定によると、カシミール産ブドウは500から600ヘクタールの土地で栽培されており、年間生産量は1100から1500トンである。[[File:Famous Kalaadi of Ramnagar.jpg|thumb|ジャムとカシミールの乾燥チーズ (''maish krej'').]]
According to official estimates, Kashmiri grapes are cultivated on almost 500 to 600 hectares of land with production up to 1100 to 1500 MT per year. [[File:Famous Kalaadi of Ramnagar.jpg|thumb|Dried cheese (''maish krej'') from Jammu & Kashmir.]]
Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey cows were introduced in Kashmir several decades ago, producing 4 million litres of milk per day. Organic Kashmiri butter wrapped in Chinar leaves was common in the yesteryears, but is now sold only by a few.
[[File:Saffron From Pampore.jpg|thumb|パンポールのサフラン畑]]
[[File:Saffron From Pampore.jpg|thumb|Saffron fields in Pampore.]]
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===スパイス===
===Spices===
[[File:Kashmiri Red Chilli.JPG|thumb|カシミール産トウガラシ]]
[[File:Kashmiri Red Chilli.JPG|thumb|Kashmiri Chilli Pepper.]]
[[File:Caraway.JPG|thumb|カシミール産ブラッククミン]]
[[File:Caraway.JPG|thumb|Kashmiri black cumin.]]
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カシミール産サフランは、その香気、色、薬効で知られている。パンポール町のサフランは、イラン産がクロシン含有量6.82%であるのに対し、8.72%と superior な品質であるとされている。2020年5月、カシミール産サフランは地理的表示タグを与えられた。スパイスの''shahi zeera''(帝国クミン、またはブラッククミン)はセリ科に属し、当初はグレズ渓谷のジャングルで見られた。これらの通常の brown ''zeera''とは異なるダークな種子は、その香り、比較的珍しいこと、形状のため優れたな品質である。
Kashmiri saffron is known for its aroma, colour, and medicinal value. The saffron of Pampore town is considered to be of superior quality with 8.72% crocin content as compared to the Iranian variety which contains 6.82%. In May 2020, Kashmiri saffron was given a geographical indication tag. The spice ''shahi zeera'' or imperial cumin or black cumin belongs to Apiaceae (parsley) family and was initially available in the jungles of Gurez Valley. These darker seeds unlike the regular brown ''zeera'' are of superior quality because of their smell, relative rarity and shape.
* Kashmiri [[chilli pepper]] (''martswangun'') — chilies are grown locally in Kashmir. When they turn red, they are dried and ground into powder form. Powdered red chilies are moderately hot colouring agents that are used for most meat and some vegetarian dishes. The taste varies with the region they are being cultivated, from areas such as Bugam, Tangmarg, Bandipora, Dangerpora, Anantnag and Noorbagh. Chillies of Bugam are the most bitter in taste, while Noorbagh chillies have less seeds and are spicier than the ones grown in other areas. The local government has sought a geographical indication tag for chillies cultivated in Srinagar and Budgam districts.
* Shimla, Punjabi & Pepsi chilli pepper (''martswangun'') — Shimla variety is used for making spicy ''qormas'', while Pepsi is usually imported from Rajasthan in India, and resembles a Pepsi bottle.
* [[asafoetida]] (''yangu'') — used in much of Kashmiri Pandit cuisine, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Red asafoetida, is considered superior due to its rich aroma and unique flavor and used in special Kashmiri recipes often in its pure, unadulterated form. Kashmiri Poet Agha Shahid Ali was a connoisseur when it came to this spice, and was known to emerge from behind the clouds of ''yangu'' in his Brooklyn apartment.
* [[cardamom]] (''nich auleh'') — the seeds, derived after crushing the pods, can be used in curries such as ''yakhean'', ''qaliya'', and also in teas such as ''kahwah'' and ''sheer/noon chai''.
* [[File:Rattan Jot.jpg|thumb|''Ratan jot'' (alkanet) is used by Kashmiri Pandits to add colour to dishes.]]cloves (''rong'') — an essential ingredient in many dishes such as ''rogan josh'', ''dum olav'' and is also used in making pickles.
* fennel (''bodiyana'') — often used in making breads such as ''kulcha'' and is served by itself after food. Ground aniseed is used in almost all Kashmiri stews.
* turmeric powder (''lader'') — among the most widely used spice in Indian cooking and in Kashmiri cuisine in particular. It imparts a yellow color to curries but should never be substituted for saffron for this purpose because the two have little in common.
* coriander seeds (''danival'') — in Kashmir, it is used in dried form as well as whole seed. It is essential for making pickles and ''vari'' (Kashmiri Garam Masala).
* vari masala cakes — a quick flavouring agent for many dishes such as ''haakh'', ''gogjee nadur'', spinach, kohlrabi, ''razmah gogjee'', fish and ''shikaar'' (game).
Rock salt consumption is quite old in Kashmir. It was and is still being imported from Khewrah area of Pakistani Punjab, where it was first discovered by the troops of Alexander the Great in 326 B.C. Pre-independence, rock salt was imported via Mughal Road, which, before the advent of Mughals, was called ''Namak'' Route. After partition, its supply was barred. Because of its benefits, it is now being consumed by almost one-fourth of the population.
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==季節ごとの名物{{Anchor|Specialties by season}}==
==Specialties by season==
[[File:Cherry blossoms in Doodhpathri southwest Jammu Kashmir India.jpg|thumb|春の果樹。]]
[[File:Cherry blossoms in Doodhpathri southwest Jammu Kashmir India.jpg|thumb|A fruit tree in Spring.]]
春は、長く厳しい冬の後の再生の季節と見なされることが多い。カシミール人が非常に好むピクニックは、食べ物をテーマに計画される。田園地帯は、アーモンド(''badaam'')、モモ(''tsunun'')、サクランボ(''gilaas'')の白い花やピンクの花で一面を覆われる。カラシナ畑は、明るい黄色の花でその光景に加わる。ナシ(''tang'')の花は、厚い花の clusters で識別できる。アンズ(''Tser'')の花は白色で、しばしばピンクや赤みを帯びた色合いをしている。それらは晩春から初夏にかけて咲く。豆類は春野菜である。サクランボは晩春から夏の果物である。コリアンダー(''danival'')は、涼しい地域では春から夏にかけて多くなる涼しいハーブである。ニンニク(''rohan'')は主に春から秋にかけて見られる。メロン(''kharbooz'')は春と夏に栽培される果物である。春のやわらかい''haakh''(コラードグリーン)は''kaanul''と呼ばれる。[[File:Taobat, Neelum valley, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|カシミールのタオバット川などでのマス釣りは、夏季に解禁される。]]
Spring is often considered a season of rejuvenation after a long and harsh winter. Picnics, of which the Kashmiris are very fond, are planned around the theme of food. The countryside is awash with white and pink flowers of almond (''badaam''), peach (''tsunun'') and cherry (''gilaas'') blossoms. The mustard fields join the show with their bright-yellow blooms. The pear (''tang'') blossoms can be identified by their thick cluster of flowers. Apricot (''Tser'') blossoms are white in colour, often tinged with a pink or reddish hue. They grow from late spring through early summer. Beans are a spring vegetable. Cherries are a fruit of late spring and summer.Coriander (''danival'') is a cool herb whose season predominates between spring and summer in cooler areas. Garlic (''rohan'') is found mainly in spring and through fall season. Melons (''kharbooz'') are a fruit grown in spring and summer. Tender spring-time ''haakh'' (collard greens) are called ''kaanul''.[[File:Taobat, Neelum valley, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Trout fishing, such as here in the river Taobat in Kashmir, is open during the summer months.]]The season of harvesting lotus stem (''nadur'') starts in September. The ''samovar'' bubbles in a corner, spreading the sweet fragrance of saffron and cardamom in the air. Cookie-shaped ''kandi kulchas'' made of flour, butter, sugar and sprinkled with poppy seeds are passed around to be dipped into the tea and relished. Men fish under the shade of the chinar tree in Dalgate area. Dandelion leaves, also known as ''haand'' in Kashmir, are foraged on foot. Going to the countryside, one can see paddy being cut with sickles and then stacked in huge piles to dry. Chestnuts are roasted in the dying embers. Bulbous garlic and red potatoes jostle for space. Saffron fields in full bloom greet you in Pampore, a part of Pulwama district. Going towards the hilly areas one can see the maize and walnut trees with their fruit getting ready to be harvested. Going towards the apple producing areas of Sopore in North Kashmir or Shopian in South Kashmir, one can see cartons of apple being transported to various parts of the country.
During the long winters the days are short, sunlight and electricity in short supply, so there is not much that can liven up existence except interesting food, so it constitutes a major interest of the Kashmiris' lives. On window sills and terraces, one can spot small piles of aubergines, cherry tomatoes, gourds and turnips being sun-dried. There is ample time and the ''daan'' (Kashmiri traditional stove) with its twin stoves (''Chaer'' in Kashmiri) ignited by fire wood placed in one inlet) is always ready to oblige long hours of cooking despite the shortages of electricity. When all village roads remained blocked due to heavy snowfall and villagers have to use oil lamps or kerosene lanterns, the entire family is called to the kitchen where flavour of the overnight ''shab deg'' fills the entire space. Kohlrabi (''monje'') is cold tolerant, and continues to grow on the fields in winter, so much that a little frost even helps it.
[[File:Sheekh Kebabs.jpg|thumb|''Tujji'' and Kababs.]] [[File:Kabab wazwan.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri kababs can be eaten as a snack or a meal with rice.]]
[[File:'Seekh-Kabaab' hawker in Srinagar.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Srinagar|シュリーナガル]]での[[:en:Charcoal|炭火]]バーベキュー]]
[[File:'Seekh-Kabaab' hawker in Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Charcoal barbecue in Srinagar.]]
[[Kebab/ja|ケバブ]]の起源の一説として、[[:en:Ottoman Empire|トルコ]]の兵士たちが初めて肉の塊を[[Open fire cooking/ja|直火]]で焼いたというものがある。[[:en:Kashmir|カシミール]]のケバブは[[Local food/ja|地元の香辛料]]で調理され、[[Dip (food)/ja|ディップ]]が添えられる:
One version of the origin of kababs is the one in which Turkish soldiers were first known to grill chunks of meat on open fires. Kashmir's kababs are cooked with local spices and accompanied with dips:
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* ケバブ:[[Kebab/ja|串]]に刺して焼いたり揚げたりした、味付けした[[Minced meat/ja|挽肉]]。[[:en:Chef|シェフ]]のグラーム・ナビ・ダル(別名「ビッテ・ワゼ」)によると、ケバブ用の肉はまず非常に鋭い[[Knife/ja|ナイフ]]で刻み([[Haché au couteau/ja|アシェ・オ・クトー]])、次に[[Egg/ja|卵]]、[[Cumin/ja|クミン]]、[[Cardamom/ja|カルダモン]]、[[Garlic/ja|ニンニク]]を加え、ペースト状になるまでさらに刻み、その後[[Skewer/ja|1mの長さの串]]に刺して翌日温め直される。
* ''Kabab'', condimented minced meat, roasted or fried, on skewers. According to chef Ghulam Nabi Dar (aka ''Bitte Waaze''), the meat for the kabab is first minced with a very sharp knife (''haché au couteau''), then it requires an egg, cumin, cardamom and garlic, then it needs to be minced some more until it becomes a paste, then it is mounted on 1 m long skewers to be reheated the day after.
* コクール・ケバブ:[[Chicken/ja|鶏肉]]の[[Kebab/ja|ケバブ]]。
* ''Kokur kabab'', chicken kebab.
* ラハブダル・ケバブ:''ラハビ/モアチ''・ケバブとしても知られています。伝統的に中央が窪んだ舟形に成形された[[Mutton/ja|挽肉]]を、[[Curd/ja|カード]]ベースの[[Spicy/ja|マイルドなスパイシーソース]]で煮込む。柔らかくなった肉は、卵と、[[Onion/ja|タマネギ]]、[[Red chili powder/ja|赤唐辛子粉]]、[[Nutmeg/ja|ナツメグ]]、[[Garam masala/ja|ガラムマサラ]]、[[Ginger/ja|ショウガ]]、[[Garlic/ja|ニンニク]]、[[Coriander/ja|コリアンダー]]を含む少なくとも9種類の調味料と[[Spice/ja|スパイス]]に一晩漬け込まれる。通常は[[Yogurt/ja|ヨーグルト]]を添えて供される。
* ''Lahradar kabab'', also known as ''lahabi/moachi'' kabab. Minced mutton classically shaped like a boat with a depression in the centre, cooked in curd based mild spicy gravy. Once softened, the meat is soaked overnight in egg and at least nine different seasonings and spices, including onions, red chili powder, nutmeg, garam masala, ginger, garlic and coriander. It is typically served with yoghurt.
* ''Buzith tschaman'', grilled paneer marinated in yoghurt, cream and aniseed. It is said a poet wandering in the lovely forests of Kashmir, cooked this dish out in the open.
* ''Buzith gaad'', charcoal grilled fish marinated with Kashmiri spices.
* ブジス・オラヴ、ツール、マーズなど:丸い[[Oven/ja|オーブン]]で焼く[[Clay pot/ja|土鍋]]の''[[Kangir/ja|カンギール]]''は、[[Egg/ja|卵]]、[[Potato/ja|ジャガイモ]]、[[Pea bean/ja|豆]]、[[Chunk of meat/ja|肉塊]]などの食品を焼くオーブンとして機能する。
* ''Buzith olav, thool, maaz etc.'', the round oven-baked clay-pot ''kangir'' works as an oven for baking food-items such as eggs, potatoes, pea beans, chunks of meat etc.
* ''Kaleeng'', thick membrane that covers sheep's head, skull and all, chopped coarsely and set to cook with spices and minimal liquid over a low fire for hours.
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<span id="Breakfast"></span>
===Breakfast===
===朝食===
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一般的なカシミール人にとって、朝食は通常、地元のパン屋の焼きたてのパンと一杯の[[Noon chai/ja|ヌーンチャイ]](塩茶)を意味する。パンはどの季節でも朝食にありますが、その付け合わせは変わる。手頃な価格の贅沢品には以下のようなものがある:[[File:The Great Kashmiri Salt tea.png|thumb|カシミールヌーンチャイ]]
For the average Kashmiri, breakfast normally means fresh bread from the local bakery and a cup of ''noon chai'' (salt tea). While the bread is there in all the seasons for the breakfast, its accompaniments change. Some affordable luxuries include:[[File:The Great Kashmiri Salt tea.png|thumb|Kashmiri noon chai.]]
* ''Harisa''. Made by specialised cooks called ''harisaguyr'', ''Harisa'' is a popular meat preparation made for breakfast, it is slow cooked with spices in a special underground oven for a 24-hour period and hand stirred. A good ''harisa'' entails a meticulous mincing of deboned mutton, mixed with local rice, fennel seeds, cinnamon, cardamom and salt. Cooked on sim fire for at least 6 to 8 hours, boiling smoky mustard oil and some milk is poured while the wooden masher continues to stir. Small kebabs are made to be served along with and also a small serving of Methi (lamb's intestines cooked in fenugreek) and tempered onion rings. The dish is so tasty that one 18th century Afghan governor, who came here during the Afghan Rule, is believed to have over-eaten himself to death.
* ''Gaer vugra'', [[water chestnut]] flour porridge. These water chestnuts or buffalo nuts are called ''gaer'' in Kashmiri. They grow in shallow waters at many places, especially near the shore of the famous Wular lake. In India, these water chestnuts also grow but are generally bigger in size and have more water content. Generally eaten with churned yoghurt diluted with water (''gurus'').
* ''Vushki vath'', barley meal porridge. Cooked as a staple food in some hilly villages of Kashmir, where rice or maize is not easily available or grown.
Unlike most dishes of the Indian subcontinent where the flavour is added to the food while cooking on the flames, the wazwan flavours are added while the dish is still uncooked by adding flavoured water to the preparation or soaking in flavoured water (osmosis):
* ''Tabakhmaaz'', rib racks in ghee with sweet fat lodged between lacquered slips of meat Kashmiri Hindus commonly refer to this dish as ''Qabargah''. It seems to have travelled from Kazakhstan where it is known by its Pandit name, ''Qabargah''. While ''Qabargah'' is simmered on a low heat for a longer duration and then fried very quickly, ''Tabakhmaaz'' is boiled with salt and garlic and characterised by a slightly elastic texture.
* ''Tang ta lahabi kabab''は、カシミール産ナシと[[mutton kababs/ja|マトンケバブ]]の丸ごとで、しばしばトマトヨーグルトグレービーと一緒に供される。
* ''Tang ta lahabi kabab'', whole Kashmiri pears and mutton kababs that often go with a tomato-yoghurt gravy.
* ''Aab gosh'', also known as ''dodhe maaz''. A famous milk-based curry cooked in spices and ghee over a low flame. Ten litres of pure cow milk is reduced to one and then mixed with the mutton.
* ''Tsatt/maaz rass'', mutton stock with mutton pieces flavoured with aromatic spices and salt.
* ''Channa rass'':簡単に作れるヒヨコマメのスープ。
* ''Channa rass'', easily made chickpea soup.
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===国内の肉の煮込み料理===
===Domestic meat stews===
[[File:Shabdeg Main Ingredients.JPG|thumb|''Shab deg''、カシミールの''ポトフ'']]
[[File:Shabdeg Main Ingredients.JPG|thumb|''Shab deg'', the Kashmiri ''pot-au-feu'']]
* [[File:Shabdeg1.jpg|thumb|''Shab Deg''(塊肉入り)]][[File:Shabdeg..JPG|thumb|Shab Deg(ミートボール入り)]] [[File:Rogan josh02.jpg|thumb|''Rogan josh'']] [[File:Yakhni from kashmir.jpg|thumb|Yakhean]] [[File:Shaljam Gosht (Shalgam Gosht).JPG|thumb|Gogjee Ta Maaz(カブとマトン)]]''Qaliya'':赤唐辛子粉を除くすべての味が詰まったマトン料理。
* [[File:Shabdeg1.jpg|thumb|''Shab Deg'' with chunks.]] [[File:Shabdeg..JPG|thumb|Shab Deg with Meatballs.]] [[File:Rogan josh02.jpg|thumb|''[[Rogan josh]]'']] [[File:Yakhni from kashmir.jpg|thumb|Yakhein.]] [[File:Shaljam Gosht (Shalgam Gosht).JPG|thumb|Gogjee Ta Maaz (Mutton with Turnips).]]''Qaliya'', a mutton delicacy in which all flavours are included, excluding red chilly powder.
* Shab Deg:カブと肉/アヒル/鶏肉/牛肉、ひき肉の団子を一緒に調理し、一晩煮込んだ料理。
* [[Shab Deg]]: dish cooked with turnip and meat/duck/chicken/beef and balls of ground meat, left to simmer overnight.
* ''Matschgand'', lamb meatballs in a gravy tempered with red chillies. A lot of emphasis is put on the shape of the meat (oblong and not round) and the colour of the gravy.
* ''Methi matsch'', muttonballs with fenugreek leaves that have been boiled, crushed or liquidised into a paste.
* ''Matsch ta tser'':子羊の細切りとアンズ。アンズが黄色く、ひき肉が赤いため、食卓に並べると非常に色彩豊かで美しい料理。
* ''Matsch ta tser'', lamb fingers with apricot. The dish looks beautiful when laid on the table as the apricots remain yellow and the minced meat red making it very colourful.
* ''[[Rogan josh]]'', a lamb based dish, cooked in a gravy seasoned with liberal amounts of Kashmiri chillies (in the form of a dry powder), ginger (also powdered), garlic, onions or [[asafoetida]], gravy is mainly Kashmiri spices and mustard oil based. The Persian and central Asian influence is evident in the large quantities of saffron, and asafoetida, favourite Persian flavourings, and the Mughals cultivated these plants in the subcontinent to provide their cooks with a ready supply. Kashmiri Muslims use ''praan'' (a type of shallot), plus garlic and cockscomb flower for colouring. Columnist Vir Sanghvi has nominated it as world's most famous Indian curry.
* ''Vunth roghan josh'', for the past two decades, camel meat is sold on the occasion of Eid-ul-Azha in keeping with the tradition of [[Muhammad]] who mostly used to sacrifice camels on holy occasions.
*''Yakhean'', a yoghurt-based mutton gravy without [[turmeric]] or chilli powder. The dish is primarily flavoured with bay leaves, cloves and cardamom seeds. This is a mild, subtle dish eaten with rice often accompanied with a more spicy side dish. ''Yakhean'' came to be known in Kashmir during Akbar's rule. Yoghurt-based meat curries were part of Persian cuisine, and the emperor introduced this style of cooking to his new state when he annexed it in 1586.
The ''wazas'' are trained for years to learn the art of making the right cuts and grounding the meat to perfection. Traditionally, the lamb is mashed with walnut wood:[[File:Rista wazwan.jpg|thumb|Riste.]]
* ''Goshtabeh'' minced mutton balls with spices in yogurt gravy. Also known as 'The Dish of Kings' in Kashmir region and the last dish of the banquet. Jawaharlal Nehru once named it 'the cashmere of meats'. Legendary Bollywood actor Yusuf Khan aka Dilip Kumar was said to love ''goshtabeh'' the most. In December 1955, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and Nikita S. Khurschev, the first secretary of the Soviet Communist party were captured in an iconic photograph feeding each other ''goshtabeh''.
* ''Beef goshtabeh''. Pulverised beef with 25 per cent fat is pounded into a pulpy mass and seasoned before being shaped into meatballs. It is then immersed in a seasoned hot water bath, before being placed in a bubbling-hot broth of well-churned yoghurt, laced with milk and some beef stock and cooked to a semi-thick consistency. The original recipe calls for very fatty buffalo meat, which can pose quite a challenge for the unprepared palate.
* ''Dum olav/[[Dum Aloo|Dum aloo]]'', potato cooked with ginger powder, fennel and other hot spices. The most skilful part is to prick potatoes after frying them so that the gravy or the sauce gets absorbed in the potato, making them spongy and enhancing the flavour profile of the multiple potato-folds.
* ''Wazel aelwa'':主に村で調理される忘れ去られたジャガイモのレシピ。
* ''Wazel aelwa'', forgotten ''aloo'' recipe mostly cooked in the villages.
* ''Ranith bam chunth khanji'', cooked quince. Quince is a very popular fruit with Kashmiri people. In olden days, it was baked in ''daans'' (clay ovens).> The simmering heat of the leftover embers would turn them yummy.
* ''Bam chunth vangun'':マルメロとナス。
* ''Bam chunth vangun'', quince and eggplants.
* ''Bam chunth nadir'':マルメロとハスの茎。
* ''Bam chunth nadir'', quince with lotus stem.
* ''Dued vangan'':ヨーグルトとナス。
* ''Dued vangan'', eggplants with yoghurt.
* ''Karel ta vangun'':カシミール風の''karela baingan''(ゴーヤとナス)。
* ''Karel ta vangun'', Kashmiri ''karela baingan'' (bitter gourd and eggplants).
* ''Al lanej ta vangan'':カボチャの葉とナス。
* ''Al lanej ta vangan'', pumpkin greens with aubergine.
* ''Tsounth vangan'', green apple curry. Apples and aubergines, both are sliced long and fried. The oil is tempered with asafoetida (''yangu'') and the usual spices. If apples are on the sweeter side, a few drops of lemon juice are added. This sweet and tangy creation made from sour apple and aubergines is a popular one once autumn arrives in the valley.
* ''Choek vangan-hachi'':新鮮な野菜の代わりに日干ししたナス。
* ''Choek vangan-hachi'', sundried eggplant instead of the fresh vegetable.
* ''Gole al doon gooje'':カボチャとクルミ。
* ''Gole al doon gooje'', pumpkin with walnuts.
* ''Gande dued'':揚げタマネギを牛乳と混ぜたもの。
* ''Gande dued'', fried onions mixed with milk.
* ''Hoch haand'':乾燥タンポポの葉を茹でてペースト状に挽いたもの。
* ''Hoch haand'', dried dandelion greens, boiled and ground to a pasty texture.
* ''Haakh'', ''wosteh haakh'' (red orach), ''heanz haakh'', ''sotchal'' (mallow), ''kretch'' (knapweed), ''haand'' (dandelion), ''obuj'' (sorrel), ''lissa'' (amaranth), among others. Collard greens is enjoyed by Kashmiri people and they have their own versions of cooking the same with cottage cheese, mutton or chicken.
* ''Bhat haakh'', also known as ''Sabz Haakh''. ''Bhat'' is Kashmiri for Pandit. Haakh is eaten by everyone in Kashmir, but is a Kashmiri Pandit speciality.
* ''Gogjee haakh'', turnip greens with a pinch of asafoetida. The hardy leafy green, thrives in winter conditions and becomes a crucial ingredient in the local cuisine. By using mustard oil, cumin seeds, and a medley of aromatic spices, the dish infuses the flavours of its distinctive blend.
* ''Sotchal nadur'', mallow (''Malva Parviflora'') is a wild vegetable found anywhere on the roadsides, parks, playgrounds, grazing lands, etc. The earliest account of this plant appears to have been written by a Greek author named Pedamus Dioscorides in the first century AD. The dish is liked by all, young and old particularly because of its limited availability in foreign markets.
* ''Sotchal vangan'', mallow leaves and ''baigan''. The dish is made from ''sotchal'' and ''thool-vangan''. ''Thool-Vangan'' is a small eggplant that has not grown into its full size. It is soft and fleshy with a minimal amount of seeds.
* ''Mujji mulivian'':マッシュした大根の葉のカレー。
* ''Mujji mulivian'', mashed radish leaves curry.
* ''Mujje patar ta vangan'':大根の葉とナス。
* ''Mujje patar ta vangan'', radish leaves with aubergine.
* ''Zamutdodh cuar'':弱火で絶えずかき混ぜて調理するヨーグルトカレー。
* ''Zamutdodh cuar'', yoghurt curry stirred continuously on low heat.
Native to the Himalayan foothills, ''Guchhi'' or ''kanaguchhi'' mushrooms (species in the genus ''[[Morchella]]'', commonly known as ''morels'' elsewhere) are highly prized not only in Kashmir but internationally, particularly in European gastronomy. With the exception of a few very limited and experimental successes, efforts to [[Fungiculture|cultivate]] ''(kana)guchhi'' or ''morels'' at a large scale have been unsuccessful and consumption relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms. As a result, these mushrooms rank among the most expensive of all fungi, with a kilogram of such mushrooms costing up to 30,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]] in India (as of 2023; approximately €330/kg, or US$350/kg).
* ''Guchhi Ver'', ''kanaguchhi'' (''[[Morchella esculenta]]'') mushroom with traditional Kashmiri spice mix, an uncommon dish cooked by Suman Kaul, a self-trained masterchef.
[[Paneer]] is called ''tschaman'' in Kashmiri. The spicing falls into the sweet-savoury spectrum which means using a lot of cinnamon, mace and clove alongside earthier spices like cumin seed and ground coriander. The scarcity of fresh ginger in mountain geography also means that ground ginger is a spice staple. Paneer recipes are:
* ''Lyader Tschaman.'' ''lyadur'' means yellow which is due to the presence of turmeric, and tschaman is cottage cheese. The term 'yellow gravy' might not do justice to the complexity of flavor you get from layering nine spices, some of them whole, with green chilies and simmering them in water before thickening the sauce with milk. British Indian chef Romy Gill called it 'a bowl of golden yellow deliciousness'.
Called the shadowy underbelly of the Kashmiri wazwan, they add real colour to the dishes. They are expected to be served free, when Kashmiris go out to eat or pack food. The varieties of spicy spreads are:
* ''Muj Chetein'', translates to radish in yoghurt. A unique blend of grated radish and yoghurt, seasoned with a pinch of roasted cumin. The Kashmiri version of the quintessential ''raita''.
The age-old practice of shadow fishing is locally known as ''Tchaayi Gaad'' in Anchar lake in the Soura vicinity of Srinagar city. Fishermen row their boats early in the morning, breaking the frozen part of the lake to catch fish with a harpoon. They create a shadow on the nook of their boat by hiding themselves under a blanket or a makeshift umbrella made of straw to attract the fish and later strike the approaching fish with the harpoon. The banks of the lake of yore used to be dotted with thickets of willow trees under whose shadow the fish would take refuge during summers, thereby easing the task for the local fishermen to catch them. Common fish dishes are:
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* ''Nader ti Gaad''、イード、ナウルーズ、ガーディー・バッティ(カシミール・パンディットの祭り)などの祝日に調理される珍味で、レンコンと共に調理された魚(ビロース、ゾブ、インディアン・メジャー・カープ、カトラ、ロフ、マルガリータ、マフシール、スノートラウト、ナイジャー、チュシュ、クロント、チュルなど)。
* ''Nader ti Gaad'', fish (''Bilose'', ''Zob'', ''Indian Major Carp'', ''Catla'', ''Rohu'', ''Margarita'', ''Mahseer'', ''Snow Trout'', ''Niger'', ''Chush'', ''Khront'', ''Churu'' etc.) cooked with lotus stem, a delicacy cooked on festival days like Eid, Navroze and Gaadi Batti (Festival of Kashmiri Pandits).
* ''Mujh Gaad''、大根と好みの魚を使った料理。
* ''Mujh Gaad'', a dish of radishes with a choice of fish.
* ''Haak Gaad''、カシミールほうれん草で調理された魚のカレー。
* ''Haak Gaad'', Fish curry cooked with kashmiri spinach.
* ''Gada Ta Gogjee/Monjje/Band Gupi''、カブ、コールラビ、またはキャベツと共に調理された魚。
* ''Gada Ta Gogjee/Monjje/Band Gupi'', Fish cooked with Turnips, or Knol Khol, or Cabbage.
* ''Gaad Ta Chounth''、青リンゴと共に調理された魚。
* ''Gaad Ta Chounth'', fish cooked with green apples.
* ''Gaad Leij'', trout fish cooked in traditional Kashmiri style and served with vegetables such as ''nadur'', etc.
* ''Gaad Ta Obuj''、魚と野生の''obuj''(ギシギシ)。
* ''Gaad Ta Obuj'', wild ''obuj''(rumex obtusifolius) with fish.
* ''Hogada Ta Haakh/Bum''、乾燥魚(ボリナオなど)と'karam'菜または乾燥スイレンの茎。
* ''Hogada Ta Haakh/Bum'', dried fish (''bolinao'' and others) with 'karam' saag or dried water-lily stems.
* ''Kanz Ta Gaad/Guran''、魚または小魚、または非常に小さな乾燥魚を、わずかに発酵させたが非アルコール性の飲み物''sadre kaenz''と共に調理したもの。昔は、近所の家族が''kaenz''を作ると、必要なときにいつでも残りの家族も同様に使えるものと理解されていた。この人気料理の唐辛子やショウガ粉のような惜しみなく使われるスパイスの辛さは、このライスビールのような醸造物の冷却効果によって和らげられることになっている。
* ''Kanz Ta Gaad/Guran'', fish or small fish or very small dried fish, cooked with slightly fermented but non-alcoholic drink ''sadre kaenz''. In the old days, when one family in a neighbourhood would make ''kaenz'' it was understood it belonged equally to the rest to be used whenever required. The heat of the generously used spices like chili and ginger powder in this popular dish is supposed to be tempered by the cooling effect of this rice beer-like brew.
* ''Fari/Phari'', smoked fish. A winter delicacy prepared in a particular method by only a few remaining households in Srinagar's Tiploo Mohalla. The fish used is a variety of trout belonging to the genus ''Schizothorax''.
* ''Phari Ta Haakh''、燻製魚とコラードグリーン。燻製魚の皮は剥がれ、赤褐色になるまで揚げられる。魚はコラードグリーンに加えられ、すべての水分が吸収され、油が浮いてくるまで調理される。蒸しご飯と一緒に食べるのが最適であり、再加熱しないのが一番である。
* ''Phari Ta Haakh'', smoked fish with collard greens. The skin of the smoked fish is removed and it is fried until it turns reddish-brown. The fish is added to collard greens and cooked until all the water is absorbed and oil floats on top. Best had with steamed rice, and best not to reheat the dish.
* ''Salaad'', a plate of sliced vegetables precisely cucumber, tomatoes and carrots, decorated in concentric circles on a plate. A side with lemon squeezed on top.
* ''Vaer'', Salted Rice Pudding with kernels of walnuts or intestines of sheep or goat. Always cooked by Kashmiri Pandits at the beginning of Weddings or 'Yagneopavit' ceremony.
* ''Mayir'', saltish pudding of rice cooked with diluted curd from which generally butter has been separated. Mostly prepared in rural areas particularly after a week or so on the happy occasion of the delivery of a cow.
* ''Yaji''、茹でて蒸し焼きにした塩味の米粉ケーキ。
* ''Yaji'', boiled and steam-cooked salty rice-flour cakes.
* ''Byael Tomul'', leftover fermented newly sprouted paddy seeds yield this delicious snack. It is sun-dried and baked in an earthen vessel placed upon a ''choola'' (oven), cooled and pounded in a wooden mortar. After cleaning the husk, it is eaten with dry walnut kernels and salt tea.
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<span id="Breads"></span>
===Breads===
===パン===
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* ''Kinke Tschut''、鉄板で焼いた全粒粉の無発酵フラットブレッド。
* ''Kinke Tschut'', a whole wheat unleavened flatbread cooked on a griddle.
* ''Parott'', a buttery flatbread. A one-kilo paratha is served outside a Sufi shrine in Kashmir. Celebrity chef Sanjeev Kapoor has stated he used to make ''rumali roti'' but not such a big paratha.
In certain rural areas, the tradition of putting an egg or two in ''kanger'' (fire pot) is known to each individual. The fragrance of an egg cooking in the ''kanger'' would trigger the enzymes signalling the egg is ready:
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* ''Thool Mond''、オムレツ。
* ''Thool Mond'', omelette.
* ''Haak Ta Thool''、コラードグリーンと卵。
* ''Haak Ta Thool'', collard greens and Eggs together.
* ''Prezdar Ta Thool''、クプワラで地元で食べられているフォックステールリリーと卵。
* ''Prezdar Ta Thool'', Foxtail lilies with eggs, eaten locally in Kupwara.
* ''Wosteh Haakh Ta Thool''、赤ほうれん草と卵。
* ''Wosteh Haakh Ta Thool'', red spinach with eggs.
* ''Zombre Thool Ta Dal''、カシミールの伝統的な赤レンズ豆(''masoor'')とゆで卵の料理。
* ''Zombre Thool Ta Dal'', a Kashmiri traditional dish of red lentils (''masoor'') and hard-boiled eggs.
* ''Thool Zambur''、カシミール風卵カレー。
* ''Thool Zambur'', Kashmiri egg curry.
* ''Gogjee-aare Ta Zombre Thool''、干しカブとゆで卵。
* ''Gogjee-aare Ta Zombre Thool'', dried turnip and boiled egg.
* ''Zombre Thool Ta Ruwangan Hachi''、ショウガ、ニンニク、青唐辛子を使ったトマト煮込みの目玉焼き。
* ''Zombre Thool Ta Ruwangan Hachi'', fried eggs in a tomato reduction with ginger, garlic and green chillies.
* [[File:Capra falconeri hepteneri.jpg|thumb|''Markhor'' (''capra falconeri'').]]''Thool Ta Obuj''、カシミールの''obuj''(酸味のある野生植物)と卵。
* [[File:Capra falconeri hepteneri.jpg|thumb|''Markhor'' (''capra falconeri'').]]''Thool Ta Obuj'', kashmiri ''obuj'', a wild growing plant with a sour taste, with eggs.
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===野生鳥獣肉(''shikaar'')===
===Game (''shikaar'')===
[[File:Ducks on Lake Dal, Kashmir (8142492655).jpg|thumb|ダール湖のカモ]]
[[File:Ducks on Lake Dal, Kashmir (8142492655).jpg|thumb|Ducks on Dal Lake.]]
Going by estimates, on an average 50-60 birds are killed every day in wetlands across Kashmir: Hunted game (''shikaar'') is not generally cooked immediately. It has to be hung for some days (''faisander'') before dressing it for cooking. Hanging makes the meat suppler and less fibrous, making it tastier to eat.
In British India, ''markhor'' (screw horn goat) was considered to be among the most challenging game species. It is the largest wild goat in the world. It is locally regarded as the tastiest wild meat.
Indian wild boar was introduced in the Himalayan region by Maharaja Gulab Singh, a Dogra military general. Its meat was a great delicacy for the Dogras and Sikhs, but after 1947 its population started dwindling in the Muslim-majority region.
* ''Pacchin Dumpokhta'', pintail. Called the king of the winter cuisine in Kashmir, it is a delicacy enjoyed by Kashmiri Pandits who would not normally eat chicken. The migratory bird looks like a duck but can fly with great speed. It comes to wetlands of Kashmir during winter. It is deep fried and cooked with hot spices.> The meat under the shining bluish golden feathers is tough but delicious and has a warming effect.
* ''Batook Palak''、アヒルとほうれん草。
* ''Batook Palak'', duck with spinach.
* ''Batook Ta Zamut Dodh''、カードカレーに入ったアヒル。
* ''Batook Ta Zamut Dodh'', duck in a curd curry.
* ''Gogji Ta Batook''、カブとアヒル。秋(''harud'')のアヒルは風味豊かである。柔らかいアヒル肉とカブの素朴な甘さのこの組み合わせは、''Dum''として知られる崇高な煮込み料理に象徴される、この地域の料理の腕前を反映している。カシミールの冬の体に優しい食べ物である。
* ''Gogji Ta Batook'', duck with turnip. Autumn (''harud'') duck has a lot of flavor in it. This combination of tender duck meat with the earthy sweetness of turnips reflects the region's culinary prowess, emblematic in the sublime slow-cooked method known as ''dum''. It is winter comfort food in Kashmir.
* ''Razmah Dal'', a red kidney bean stew with classic Kashmiri spice flavours of powdered ginger and fennel.
* ''Razmah Gogjee''、キドニービーンズをカブと一緒に調理したもの。
* ''Razmah Gogjee'', Kidney beans cooked with turnips.
* ''Gogji aare ta Razmah''、カブの輪切りを、すりおろしショウガとフェンネルシードで風味付けしたクリーミーな''rajma'' ダルと共に、弱火でゆっくりと煮込んだもの。
* ''Gogji aare ta Razmah'', turnip circles are slow simmered with creamy ''rajma'' dal flavoured with ground ginger and fennel seeds over a gentle flame.
* ''Razmah Hemb''、様々なインゲンを柔らかい莢と一緒に調理したもの。
* ''Razmah Hemb'', Various green beans cooked with tender pods.
* ''Dal Dabbi''、牛乳とスパイスで調理された伝統的なレンズ豆料理。
* ''Dal Dabbi'', Traditional lentil preparation cooked in milk with spices.
* ''Buzith Gaer'', roasted water chestnuts. Excursionists sit around a hot roasted small heap of nuts and with the help of two stones, one big and the other small, pound these one by one and extract the kernels.
* ''Monje Guel'', fritters of water chestnut kernels. Also called ''mesa'' or ''gaer guel'' in Kashmiri.
* [[File:Puris (Kashmiri Fried Bread) with Vendor - Old City - Srinagar - Jammu & Kashmir - India (26564862530).jpg|thumb|''Puer (pooris)'', 巨大なパン。]]''Nadur Maunj''、レンコンのスライスをスパイシーなペーストにマリネして揚げたもの。
* [[File:Puris (Kashmiri Fried Bread) with Vendor - Old City - Srinagar - Jammu & Kashmir - India (26564862530).jpg|thumb|''Puer (pooris''), giant breads.]]''Nadur Maunj'', sliced lotus stems marinated in spicy paste and deep fried.
* ''Kruhun Masale/Dub Maha'', a poor man's shawarma, a thin ''lavas'' is made of refined flour in which boiled chickpeas are rolled and then dipped in tomato chutney.
* ''Masale Tschot'', chickpea masala spread over a ''lavas'' (kashmiri naan). The preparation for making ''masaal'' begins during the night or early hours of the morning. Then different kinds of chutneys or sauces are prepared. Radish chutney mixed with fresh curd, green chilli, coriander, pepper and salt is served with it and lastly the soft bread is used for wrapping.
* ''Egg Roll''
* ''Egg Roll''
* ''Dastar Katlam''、有名な''Halwai''の食べ物。
* ''Dastar Katlam'', famous ''halwai'' food.
* ''Tobruk Halweh Parothe''、ハルワを添えた揚げた''poori''。
* ''Tobruk Halweh Parothe'', deep fried poori with halwa.
The nomadic shepherds of the Kashmir valley, ''Gujjars'' and ''Bakerwals'' move their herd of dairy cattle and their own settlements up and down the mountains based on changing seasons:
* ''Maesh Crari''., described as ''the mozzarella of Kashmir''. The discs are first coated with chilli, turmeric and salt, and then fried in mustard oil until they form a crisp, golden outer layer and the inside stays soft and creamy.
* ''Kudan'', a rare Gujjar goat cheese that looks like paneer but is more crumbly and akin to feta. Kudan is prepared in Bakerwal tents by heating some mustard oil in a pot on fire and then mixing some salt, turmeric and chilli along with the ''kudan'' cheese curds. Everything melts together into a golden liquid flecked with red chilli and small nuggets of ''kudan''.
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===デザート===
===Desserts===
カシミール人は[[Sugar/ja|砂糖]]を好む。一般的な砂糖菓子は以下の通りである:
Kashmiris are fond of sugar. Common sweetmeats are:
* ''Halwa'', sweetmeat originally made of honey, camel's milk, cashew nuts, and many other ingredients and brought from the Persian Gulf, ''via'' Bombay, in saucers to United India in the nineteenth century. ''Halwa'' tradition reached Kashmir towards the end of the nineteenth century.
* ''Chounth Halwa''
* ''Chounth Halwa''.
* ''Barfi''、牛乳ベースの甘い料理。
* ''Barfi'', a milk-based sweet dish.
* ''Khatai''、一口ごとに崩れるカシミールの甘いビスケット。
* ''Khatai'', a Kashmiri sweet biscuit that crumbles on each bite.
* ''Phirin'', a sweet pudding of condensed milk with ''soji'' mixed with dry fruit like raisins, almonds, cashews, and pistachios, sprinkled with rose-water.
* ''Kong Phirin''、サフラン風味のライスプディングで、ナッツが添えられている。
* ''Kong Phirin'', saffron flavoured rice pudding garnished with nuts.
* ''Shufta'', a traditional dessert made with chopped dry fruits, spices like pepper powder, cardamom and more, in sugar syrup, garnished with rose petals.
* [[File:Roath.JPG|thumb|Kashmiri ''Roth''.]]''Roth'', something between a cake and a bread, these sweet ''rotis'' made with flour, ghee, yoghurt, poppy seeds, eggs (on special occasions) and sugar are a domestic favourite. The art of baking a perfect ''roth'' is as much an acquired skill as it is a relearned discipline passed down from generations.
* ''Basrakh''、小麦粉に少量のギーを加えて作られた甘い珍味。
* ''Basrakh'', A sweet delicacy made from flour with a touch of ghee.
* ''Tosha''、古くからのカシミールデザート。
* ''Tosha'', an age-old Kashmiri dessert.
* ''Lyde''、全粒粉で作られたカシミールデザート。
* ''Lyde'', kashmiri dessert made with whole wheat flour.
* ''Nabad'', sugar crystallised in an earthen pot or a copper container like ''Naat'' and then carved out as a solid sugar ball in a semi-round shape, bigger than a football.
* ''Gulkand'', indigenous rose (''koshur gulaab'') preserved in a sugar base. Non-Kashmiri roses are not used in this formulation. In place of sugar, honey can also be mixed with rose petals.
* ''Matka Kulfi''、冷たい麺をトッピングしたクルフィ。
* ''Matka Kulfi'', kulfi topped with cold noodles.
* ''Kesar Kulfi''
* ''Kesar Kulfi''.
* ''Dry Fruit Kulfi''
* ''Dry Fruit Kulfi''.
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<span id="English_pastry"></span>
===English pastry===
===イギリス風ペイストリー===
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1918年以前、AhdoosのAbdul Ahad Bhatは、オーストリア系スイス人のMichael Nedouがスリナガルで所有するホテルNedou'sでイギリス人パン職人の指導を受けていた。彼はすぐに製パン技術を習得し、当時カシミール人としては初めての小さなベーカリーを開業した。Ahdoosの得意分野はイギリス風の菓子であり、インドがイギリスの支配からの解放へと近づくにつれて、メニューにカシミール料理を追加した。Mughal Darbarは1984年にレジデンシーロードに設立され、それに並行する道には、1972年にGhulam Nabi Sofiによって設立されたJee Ennがある。これらの新しいベーカリーのオーナーやスタッフの多くはAhdoosで訓練を受けている。ペイストリーの種類には以下が含まれる。
Before 1918, Abdul Ahad Bhat, of Ahdoos, was under the tutelage of English bakers at Nedou's, a hotel in Srinagar owned by Austro-Swiss Michael Nedou. He quickly picked up the art of baking, and started a small bakery, the first by a Kashmiri at that time. Ahdoos's forte was English goodies, and as India inched towards freedom from British Rule he added Kashmiri items to the menu. Mughal Darbar was established on Residency Road in 1984 and on the road parallel is Jee Enn, founded by Ghulam Nabi Sofi in 1972. Many of the owners and staff of these new bakeries have trained in Ahdoos. The variety of pastries include:
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* ''Chicken or Mutton Patty''、塩、コショウ、ニンニクで味付けした肉を層状のパフペイストリーで包んだもの。
* ''Chicken or Mutton Patty'', meat seasoned with salt, pepper and garlic, encased in layered puff pastry.
* ''Puffs''。
* ''Puffs''.
* ''Cream Rolls''
* ''Cream Rolls''.
* ''Cream Buns''
* ''Cream Buns''.
* ''Coconut Macaroons''
* ''Coconut Macaroons''.
* ''Walnut Macaroons''
* ''Walnut Macaroons''.
* ''Walnut Tart''、カシミールでのクルミの実の入手が容易なため可能となった。
* ''Walnut Tart'', made possible by the easy availability of walnut kernels in Kashmir.
* ''Walnut Fudge'', an exclusivity of Kashmir's Moonlight Bakery, the recipe contains 'snow-white walnuts' from Uri and honey and dates from local market.
The Kashmir Valley is noted for its bakery tradition, that of the ''qandarwan''. Nowhere else in the Indian subcontinent can be found such a huge variety of leavened breads, another pointer to the Central Asian influence on Kashmiris' food habits. On the [[Dal Lake]] in Kashmir or in downtown Srinagar, bakery shops are elaborately laid out. Bakers sell various kinds of breads with golden brown crusts topped with sesame and poppy seeds.
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様々な種類の伝統的なカシミールパンには以下が含まれる:
Different kinds of traditional Kashmiri breads include:
* ''Tsoet'' and ''Tsoechvor/Tilvor'' are crisp and flaky small round breads topped with ''khaskhash'' (poppy) and ''til'' (sesame) seeds. A local bagel of about three inches diameter and six inches circumference, the upper half is soft and the lower crust is crispy. It is the evening/afternoon bread.
* ''Sheermal'', a saffron flavoured traditional flatbread said to have originated in Iran. It is offered in both sweet and flavourful versions. The ''sheermal'' bread is usually dented with multiple patterns bordering on corresponding lines.
* ''Baqerkhayn'' (puff pastry), Kashmiri [[Bakarkhani|bakerkhani]] has a special place in Kashmiri cuisine. It is similar to a round naan in appearance, but crisp and layered, and sprinkled with sesame seeds. It is typically consumed hot during breakfast.
* ''Lavasa'', thin unleavened flat bread, white in colour, made of ''maida'' (finely-milled wheat flour). It is a paper-thin blistered naan. Some lavasas are soft while others are crispy.
* ''Girda'', made with dough that has been fermented overnight, rolls of dough are flattened out by hand and finger impressions are pressed into it to give you lines that run down its length. ''Girda'' and ''lavas'' are served with butter.
* ''Kulcha'', baked exclusively with ghee, this small, hard, dry, crumbly bread, is usually round in shape. It is decorated by placing a peanut in the centre of the upper face.
* ''Roth khabar'', a cake-like sweet bread made in traditional tandoor and covered with dry fruits.
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===ワズワーン===
===Wazwan===
{{excerpt|Wazwan/ja|paragraph=2-3}}
{{excerpt|Wazwan|paragraph=2-3}}
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<span id="Beverages"></span>
==Beverages==
==飲料{{Anchor|Beverages}}==
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===Noon Chai または Sheer Chai===
=== Noon Chai or Sheer Chai ===
カシミール人はかなりの量の茶を飲む。カシミール人は「カシミール・チャイ」という言葉を使用しない。「''Noon''」という言葉はカシミール語で[[Salt/ja|塩]]を意味する。最も人気のある飲み物は、「[[Noon Chai/ja|ヌーン・チャイ]]」と呼ばれるピンクがかった色の塩味の茶である。これは紅茶、牛乳、塩、そして[[bicarbonate of soda/ja|重曹]]で作られる。この茶の独特な色は、その独特な調製方法とソーダの添加によるものである。カシミール・ヒンドゥー教徒は一般的にこの[[Chai/ja|チャイ]]を「[[Sheer Chai|シアー・チャイ]]」と呼ぶ。[[:en:Kashmiri Muslims|カシミール・イスラム教徒]]はこれを「ヌーン・チャイ」または「ナムキーン・チャイ」と呼び、どちらも塩味の茶を意味する。
Kashmiris are heavy tea drinkers. Kashmiris don't use the word "Kashmiri Chai". The word "''Noon''" in Kashmiri means salt. The most popular drink is a pinkish coloured salted tea called "[[Noon Chai|noon chai]]." It is made with black tea, milk, salt and [[bicarbonate of soda]]. The particular color of the tea is a result of its unique method of preparation and the addition of soda. The Kashmiri Hindus more commonly refer to this chai as "Sheer Chai." The [[Kashmiri Muslims]] refer to it as "Noon Chai" or "Namkeen Chai", both meaning salty tea.
Noon Chai or Sheer Chai is a common breakfast tea in Kashmiri households and is taken with breads like [[baqerkhani]] brought fresh from ''Qandur (Kashmiri : کاندر )'' or bakers. It is one of the most basic and essential food items in a Kashmiri household. Tea was as served in large [[samovar|samavar]]s. Now, the use of Samavars is limited to special occasions and normally kettles are used.
Nuts like almonds and pistachios and edible rose petals can also be added before serving and sometimes ''malai'' or fresh cream is added to give the tea viscosity and richness.
According to a 2022 study by the University of Kashmir, 87% of springs in Kashmir valley have excellent to good water quality. A large part of the society, particularly those living in rural and backward areas, depends on spring water. Most villagers believe spring water is the purest form of water due to a spiritual connection with the shrines.
From one of the oldest and purest spring waters of Kashmir, the Kokernag Spring, Bringi Spring Water has high alkalinity and is well balanced with minerals.
Made from yoghurt or kefir, Kashmiri lassi (''lyaess'') is a liquid, salty way to drink up yoghurt. The process of churning the buttermilk with a wooden ''choomph'' or churner is rhythmic and there is an art involved. The yoghurt has to be churned the right way, the buttery fats have to float to the top in a nice froth, the spices and dried mint leaves have to be just right.
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===Sadr-e-kaenz===
===サドル・カエンズ===
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この発酵させた米水飲料は、肝臓の働きが鈍い場合に非常に良いとされている。
This fermented rice water drink is supposed to be very good for a sluggish liver.
Made by extracting the juice of different berries, it is prepared at home during Ramadan. It features in 1977 Kashmiri film ''Arnimaal'' where guests are sipping on the beverage during wedding festivities.
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<span id="Food_and_beverage_pairings"></span>
==Food and beverage pairings==
==食べ物と飲み物のペアリング{{Anchor|Food and beverage pairings}}==
The traditional Kashmiri wazwan, which comprises slow-cooked meat dishes is a wonderful pairing that enhances the spicy notes of whisky. The Loire Valley wine [[Sancerre]] goes well with Kashmiri ''goshtabeh''. A ripe fruity red works well with the full bodied ''roghan josh''. A recommended wine to try with is Montepulciano.
While on fast, Muslims avoid consuming food during the day, while at dusk, they indulge in extra-special, bountiful meals prepared during the day. The menu for Ramadan month includes ''khajur ka laddoo'' (date balls), ''babribyol'' (basil seeds), ''kulfi'', ''phirin'', ''seemni'', fruit chaat, fruit custard, ''kateer'' (a drink loaded with health benefits) and ''noon chai''. The smell of slow-cooked mutton hovers, fragrant and sultry in the air, and despite the familiar air of unpredictability in Srinagar, spirits are high and streets are filled with happy greetings of ''Eid Mubarak''.
Eid-ul-Fitr marks the end of 30 days of Ramadan. After attending Eid prayers at a mosque or [[Eidgah]], families return home to welcome guests. A common tradition on Eid morning is serving [[Kahwah|Kehwa]] (saffron tea) and chai (milk tea), accompanied by an assortment of bakery items such as cakes, cookies, ghee tchot (a tandoor-baked flatbread), pastries, and savoury snacks like chicken and mutton patties.
Well-to-do families often prepare select [[Wazwan]] dishes, including kebabs, rista (meatballs in gravy), shami kebabs, and chicken pieces. Other delicacies like kanti (stir-fried meat), mutton or chicken tikki are served with sauces and green chutney (dhaniya chutney), especially when entertaining special guests like sons-in-law.
For lunch, rice is the staple, served with a variety of homemade dishes, almost all featuring meat. A notable preparation is yakhni, a traditional dish made with fresh curd and mild spices, offering a rich yet subtle flavor.
The day begins with the ''Fajr'' (dawn) prayer and a breakfast of bakery goods with ''dodh kehwa'' (milky green tea). As the festival draws to a close, most well-to-do families start placing orders with the ''wazas'' for the feast, which is cooked by chefs at their own places and then sold to the customers for serving at their homes. Sacrificial animals include Delhi Walla, Merino Cross, Bakerwal and Kashmiri varieties of sheep.
Only vegetarian food is supplied to devotees. Majority of people in Batmaloo and adjoining areas turn vegetarian and do not eat meat or chicken. They widely consume dried turnips (''gogji aare'') because it is believed, during Dawood's time, sundried turnips helped Kashmir survive a famine.
The people of Pampore cook dried vegetables, eggs, cheese and other food stuff except meat and invite their relatives, friends on lunch or dinner to keep the tradition of the saint alive.
In Khanyar and Sarai Bala areas of Srinagar, the devotees are seen outside the shrines where local and non-local business establishments install their carts and are seen selling the Kashmiri traditional food stuff. Pious men sing hearty hymns over offerings of dates and sweets.
People in Anantnag district in southern Kashmir quit eating meat as a mark of respect for the 16th century mystic. Rarely is a butcher shop open during these seven days. For three-and-a-half days each before and after the saint's Urs, people eat radish braised in tamarind.
For Kashmiri Pandits, the ''prasad'' offering at Shivratri puja is a charger piled high with rice, cooked lamb and fish, and a luscious raw fish in its entirety atop the pile.
On the 9th day of the month of ''ashad'', Pandits in Kashmir offer the deity Sharika yellow rice cooked with turmeric, a little oil and salt along with ''tsarvan'' (goat's liver).
The festival of [[Navreh]], the Kashmiri [[New Year]], is incomplete without ''nadur''. A celebration often confused with the [[Nowruz]] of the [[Persians]] and [[Persianate culture]]s, Navreh is the welcoming of spring in the Northern hemisphere, and its date fluctuate, but always around to the [[March equinox]].
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==Diaspora and fusion cuisines==
==ディアスポラとフュージョン料理{{Anchor|Diaspora and fusion cuisines}}==
Tibetan exiles in Kashmir, including members of Tibet's small Muslim population live in Srinagar, mainly in a small area near the 18th-century Hari Parbat fort. Popular ''momo'' (beef dumplings) shops and Tibetan restaurants are run by their children. Tibetan options include Cantonese chicken and ''kumloo'' wonton, fried pasta stuffed with minced mushrooms.
Kashmiri Sikh cuisine has a bit of influence from Punjab with onions and tomatoes, but the flavouring goes the Kashmiri way with elements such as ''badyaan'' (''saunf''). A large number of Indian tourists depend entirely on ''Vaishno Dhabas'', the Valley's generic non-A/C restaurants that serve all-vegetarian North Indian fare.
The leaves of Kashmiri ''haakh'' are braised in lots of water. It is very important to ensure that the ''haakh'' stays submerged underwater during the initial cooking process using a wooden spatula or large spoon to continuously push the greens down. Mustard oil, which is used extensively in Kashmiri cuisine, imparts an extra flavour to the dish.
Much of Kashmiri cooking relies on a fragrant meat stock. The main skill of a ''wazwan'' lies in the preparation of this stock made of onions and shallots. Freshly shaped meatballs (''rista'' and ''goshtabeh'') are poached in this lamb stock flavoured with cinnamon and black cardamom, and simmered.
Whole spices must be fried in oil – clove, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves. Fried too little, and the dish will be lifeless, without fragrance. A second too much, and one will be left with nothing but bitterness. Hot ghee or mustard oil is poured on top and garnished with fried ''praan'' (shallots) paste & saffron extract.
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===キャラメル化===
===Caramelisation===
スライスしたタマネギを黄金色になるまで炒め、少量の水でピューレにする。
Sliced onions are fried until golden brown and pureed with minimal water.
Relevant dishes are further enhanced in colour by saffron extract (''rogan josh'' and ''rista'') or ''mawal'' (dried cockscomb flower). Kashmiri chilli is also added in excess sometimes to produce a red colour. Tomato is incorrectly used as a substitute when ''mawal'' and ''rattanjot'' are not available. No authentic version cooked in Kashmir has tomatoes.
The food gets its flavours and textures from the spices being slow cooked with ingredients until they let out their inherent juices and fats and melt together.
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===発煙点===
===Smoke point===
マスタードオイルを燻製にするのは「ドゥルスト」と呼ばれる処理で、冷ましてから使えるようになる。
Smoking mustard oil is a treatment known as ''durust'', and gets it ready to use after cooling off.
The cooking vessel in the ''shab deg'' is sealed with dough before being cooked over a simmering fire through the long winter night. Dum cooking was made popular by the Mughal courts around the 16th century.
''Goshtabeh'' and ''rista'', the two meatball dishes are rarely found outside the valley because their unique texture is enormously challenging. The sheep has to be freshly slaughtered and the meat pounded before rigor mortis sets. To incorporate air to make them light and fluffy, the meat undergoes a process of being folded while beaten.
The quality of pots is important, according to ''wosta'' (ustad) or chef Nazir Ahmed Aram. He says they must have the right content of copper. Using wood (walnut and apple are the best) is important too. Cooking on gas is not the same.
Much like Kashmir, its people, and its narrative traditions, Kashmiri cuisine too is an amalgam of influences from Central Asia, Persia, China, and the Indian subcontinent. Food recipes passed down from one culture to another are:
* ''Aab Gosh'' (Kashmiri). ''Abgoosht'' or ''Abgusht'' is more so a one-pot Persian comfort food that is a rustic dish with wholesome ingredients. It has been enjoyed by Persians for centuries. There is a similar dish in Armenia, called Abgoosht stew, using beef instead of lamb.
* ''Batte'' (カシミール)。アフガニスタンでは短粒米、もち米を''bata''と呼ぶ。
* ''Batte'' (Kashmiri). Short-grain, sticky rice is called ''bata'' in Afghanistan.
* ''Harise'' (Kashmiri). ''Al Harees'' is a traditional Emirati dish consisting of wheat, meat(chicken) and salt. A simple, traditional Saudi dish using crushed wheat is called ''jareesh''. ''Harissa'', also known as ''herisseh'', ''harisa'' or ''keshkeg'' in Armenia is a wheat berry and meat porridge. The wheat, usually known as ''korkot'', is shelled making them quicker to cook. ''Boko Boko Harees'' in Burundian cuisine is a delicacy prepared with chicken, turmeric and bulgur wheat. ''Amritsari Hareesa'' is a famous dish of the winter season in Lahore, Pakistan and made with wheat and meat. It is seasoned with desi ghee and served with hot naan.
* ''Kabab'' (Kashmiri). The Turkish word ''kebap'' derives from Arabic ''kabaab'' meaning roasted meat. A likely East Semitic root means ''to burn'', ''to char'' or ''to roast''. The Babylonian Talmud even teaches that offerings in the temple should not be ''kabbaba'' (''burnt''). Ibn Battuta, the famous Moroccan traveller mentioned that ''kebab'' was an integral part of the daily diet of Indian royalty as early as 1200 AD. Some of the world's best and most flavourful ''kebabs'' such as Adana Kebab, Urfa kebab, Iskender kebab come from Turkey's southeastern provinces. The Döner kebab was invented by İskender Efendi, who lived in Bursa and hung meats vertically to grill. One of the most popular ''kabobs'' you can find on the streets of Iran is ''kabob koobideh'', ground lamb or beef or a combination of the two. The traditional method of cooking Afghan ''chapli kebab'' is frying.
* ''Katlam'' (Kashmiri). Qatlama in traditional Turkish means ''folded'' which comes from the verb ''qatlamaq'' (to fold). Plain ''katmer'' is eaten with Turkish white cheese and Turkish tea. In Turkmenistan, a type of bread in baked from flour which is mixed with milk and egg. This is called ''katlama''. It is also cooked in Azerbaijan, and various herbs are added to it. The fried Kazakh bread ''Kattama'' is very popular in Central Asia. ''Katama'' is an onion-filled swirled flatbread from Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, ''katlama'' is a traditional bread of Sunday mornings served with homemade butter. ''Qatlama'' is an Afghan fried sweet pastry topped with sugar or sugar syrups. ''Qator Gambir'' or ''Gambir'' are Mongolian pancakes which may often be a byproduct, when there is leftover dough from making some other dish. ''Kutluma'' is a layered Pakistani flatbread with a crispy, buttery texture.
* ''Kulche'' (Kashmiri). In Afghanistan and Northeast Iran, these dried bread biscuits are called ''kulcha-e-khataye''. ''Koloocheh'' in Iranian cuisine is a cookie stuffed with cinnamon, sugar and crushed walnuts.
* ''Lavas'' (Kashmiri). The word ''lavash'' is repeatedly found in early Turkic written sources. ''Lavash'' is a Turkish bread made with flour, water and salt. It can be eaten hot or cold. This paper-thin, blanket-sized bread is one of Armenia's most ancient breads and is still being made today. In Azerbaijan, ''lavash'' is baked not only in traditional ovens (''tandir'') but also in ''saj'', a large convex pan under which fire is made. In Azerbaijan and Iran, it is put on the bride's shoulders or crumbled over her head to wish the couple prosperity.
* ''Nabad'' (Kashmiri). ''Nabat'' in Persian is a type of confectionary mineral composed of relatively large sugar crystals, with bits of saffron in it.
* ''Nadur'' (カシミール)。アフガン料理では、''Qormah e Nadroo''はラム肉または仔牛肉、ヨーグルト、レンコン、コリアンダーを使ったタマネギとトマトベースのシチューである。
* ''Nadur'' (Kashmiri). In Afghan cuisine, ''Qormah e Nadroo'' is an onion-and-tomato-based stew using lamb meat or veal, yogurt, lotus roots and coriander.
* ''Polav'' (Kashmiri). It looks as if ''pilaf'' was invented in Iran some time after the 10th century.The Turks call plain rice ''sade pilav''. Turkey sees ''pilav'' primarily as a side dish rather than a main course. Iran is famous for its ''polos'' made with aromatic ''domsiyah'' rice. The most characteristic ones are based on fruits such as cherries, quinces, or apricots. In Central Asia, the simplest recipe uses onions, meat and carrots. The extravagant court traditions of the Moghul school of cookery makes India home to some very elaborate ''pulaos''. Laborers from western India brought pilaf to the Caribbean, where it is garnished with butter, almonds and pimiento-stuffed green olives.
* ''Roth''(Kashmiri). The Afghan version of the universal West Asian and European sweet egg bread is called ''rot''. In Afghanistan, it is traditionally served when a newborn child is forty days old.
* ''Yakhein'' (Kashmiri). ''Patates Yahni'' or Greek potato stew is a traditional Greek recipe which falls under the category of ''ladera'', meaning dishes prepared only with olive oil with no addition of other fat. Turkish ''Yahni'' is a beef stew that is great in cold weather. A 19th century cookbook by Mehmet Kamil listed a total of 14 classic ''yakhnis''. ''Yakhni nokhod'' is a traditional Shirazi dish that uses meat, peas, potatoes, onions, salt and turmeric.
Kashmiris are gregarious and like to share. Language and Food are the two vital parts of the region's identity. 'One who eats properly shall rule the country' it is said. An interesting wedding tradition from Kashmir involves newlyweds making ''roti'' together. While the bride flattens the dough and puts it on the griddle, the groom is responsible for flipping it and making sure it is cooked.Kashmiris are very particular about the taste of dishes. Food connoisseurs can easily taste a single morsel and name the ''waza'' (chef) who cooked it. They can smell an aubergine from four other kinds, and tell you which one is from Kashmir. When filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri wrote a presumptuous tweet proposing the idea of vegetarian wazwan, social media erupted in spontaneous protest. Also, Gordon Ramsay, multi-Michelin-starred chef and television personality, found himself at the receiving end of criticism for his ''Rogan Josh'' by Kashmiris who commented that the cut of the meat and the gravy were wrong.
[[File:Kashmiri family food.jpg|thumb|カシミールの家族]]
[[File:Kashmiri family food.jpg|thumb|A Kashmiri family.]]
In Kashmir, it is said that food should both taste and look good. Its aroma must be appetising. Success of a meal lies in its appeal to the eyes, nose and then the tongue. Any event, from a minor one such as receiving a guest in one's home, to a major one such as a circumcision or a wedding, becomes a celebration of preparing, laying out, serving and consuming together the most delicious victuals. Delicacies are passed on to neighbours to be relished and there is no shame in asking for something when the nostrils are tickled and tempted by the mouth-watering smells from a neighbour's kitchen.
Giant ''dastarkhaans'' (white sheets) are spread on the floor on which the meal is served. However humble or lofty the fare on it, the ''dastarkhaan'' has always been the center of warm hospitality and conviviality. In big Kashmiri dinners, a hundred to five hundred people are usually invited. Since insurgency and the resultant violence and bloodshed, food has come to hold even greater meaning as each meal signifies a celebration of life itself. It is worth mentioning that ''wazas'' (the descendants of Samarkandi cooks), whose shops are located in particular areas of the city of Srinagar, form a significant political group in Kashmir.
All dishes are eaten by hand as Kashmiris believe in an intimate relationship with food. Even spiritual and religious old biddies feel no qualms in chomping on ear cartilage or marrow bones long after the meal is done, pulverising everything into a heap on the thali. No one bats an eyelid. Kashmiris consider it disrespectful if one refuses food varieties or an extra helping. They can go great lengths to persuade, swearing to die if you refuse an extra serving!
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==食べ物に関することわざ{{Anchor|Food-related proverbs}}==
==Food-related proverbs==
カシミール語にはことわざや慣用句が豊富である。食べ物に関する慣用句には以下が含まれる:
Kashmiri language is rich in proverbs and idioms. Food-related idioms include:
* ''Akh chhiwyov masah byak hakah rasah'' — one man is intoxicated with the juice of the grape, another with juice of vegetables. Pride dwells in everyone, whether he be rich or poor.
* ''Akh duda biyi maji kyut toak'' — 招かれざる客が、自分だけでなく母親のためにも(toak)一皿分を要求する。''Toak''はかつてカシミールで一般的に使われていた土の皿である。貧困や珍味を味わいたいという欲求から、物乞いや招かれざる人々が客の中に押し入ることがあった。これは、快く提供されたものに満足せず、さらに多くを要求する人に適用される。
* ''Akh duda biyi maji kyut toak'' — an uninvited guest wants a (''toak'') plateful for his mother, in addition to himself. ''Toak'' was an earthen plate, in general use in Kashmir in the past. Beggars and some uninvited people pushed themselves in among the guests because of their poverty, or their desire for tasting the delicacies. It is applied where a person is not content with what is willingly offered to him, and demands more.
* ''Batah gajih ruhun'' — as garlic upon the hearth of a Pandit, so your presence is to me. The ancestors of the Hindus would not eat garlic because of their aphrodisiac effects, having devoted themselves to religion.
* ''Chaanis haakhas chha paakuk haajat'' — does your ''haakh'' require hard cooking? A sort of ironic flattery with the sense that your ''haakh'' is so delicate, it takes hardly any time to cook.
* ''Hardas gurus metras, sontah gurus shetras'' — autumn butter-milk for the friend, and spring butter-milk for the enemy. Consequently, the milk is better in the autumn.
* ''Hari tang tah zulahnai, muhuri tsont tah zulit'' — if the pear cost only a cowrie it should not be peeled, but if the apple cost a sovereign it should be peeled. Natives of Kashmir seldom skin a pear, but always skin an apple. Apple-skin, they say, is not easily digested.
* ''Haruch gugaj tah Laruch gunas chhih barabar'' — a June turnip and a Lar serpent are equal. A native would not eat June turnip on any account, while ''Gunas'' is a round-headed serpent met with principally in Lar parganah, whose bite is generally fatal.
* ''Majji bhatee'' — 母親が作った食べ物が最高の食べ物だ。
* ''Majji bhatee'' — food served by mother is the best food.
* ''Phata Wangun'' — a burst eggplant, literally, a sly young man often too clever for his own good.
* ''Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur'' — ギーとサフランはパンポール、野菜はラタプール、米はヌプール、ラムはナンダプール、''pattu''と魚はソポール、ダルはクララプール、小麦粉はカンプール、牛乳はシャディプール、ブドウはレプール。
* ''Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur'' — Pampore (the place) for ghee and saffron, Letapur for vegetables. Nipur for rice. Nandapur for lamb. Sopore for ''pattu'' and fish. Kralapur for dal. Khampur for flour. Shadipur for milk. And grapes from Repur.
* ''Talwe peyi na tangah'' — 天井からナシが落ちてくることを願うのは無駄な希望だ。
* ''Talwe peyi na tangah'' — wishing a pear falls from ceiling is a vain hope.
Kashmiri women would previously take extra mutton dishes by packing them in old newspapers or plastic bags that they would carry. With time, this tradition became popular, and men soon began travelling with the remaining mutton on their ''traem'' (''wazwan'' copper dish). In Kashmir, taking leftover food into carrying bags evolved into a movement, and people also granted it social legitimacy. Even the elites have joined the cause and begun providing specially made carry bags of leftover food. Even the leftover rice is not wasted in marriage functions and is served to animals (dogs, cattle etc.).
カシミール産サフランは、その香気、色、薬効で知られている。パンポール町のサフランは、イラン産がクロシン含有量6.82%であるのに対し、8.72%と superior な品質であるとされている。2020年5月、カシミール産サフランは地理的表示タグを与えられた。スパイスのshahi zeera(帝国クミン、またはブラッククミン)はセリ科に属し、当初はグレズ渓谷のジャングルで見られた。これらの通常の brown zeeraとは異なるダークな種子は、その香り、比較的珍しいこと、形状のため優れたな品質である。
Nader ti Gaad、イード、ナウルーズ、ガーディー・バッティ(カシミール・パンディットの祭り)などの祝日に調理される珍味で、レンコンと共に調理された魚(ビロース、ゾブ、インディアン・メジャー・カープ、カトラ、ロフ、マルガリータ、マフシール、スノートラウト、ナイジャー、チュシュ、クロント、チュルなど)。
Mujh Gaad、大根と好みの魚を使った料理。
Haak Gaad、カシミールほうれん草で調理された魚のカレー。
Gada Ta Gogjee/Monjje/Band Gupi、カブ、コールラビ、またはキャベツと共に調理された魚。
Gaad Ta Chounth、青リンゴと共に調理された魚。
Gaad Qaliya、黄色いグレービーの魚。
Ruwangan/Tamatar Gaad、トマトグレービーで繊細に調理された白い川魚。
Kong Gaad、サフランの花と魚。
Gaad Leij、伝統的なカシミール様式で調理され、nadurなどの野菜と共に提供されるマス。
Gaad Ta Obuj、魚と野生のobuj(ギシギシ)。
Hogada Ta Haakh/Bum、乾燥魚(ボリナオなど)と'karam'菜または乾燥スイレンの茎。
Kanz Ta Gaad/Guran、魚または小魚、または非常に小さな乾燥魚を、わずかに発酵させたが非アルコール性の飲み物sadre kaenzと共に調理したもの。昔は、近所の家族がkaenzを作ると、必要なときにいつでも残りの家族も同様に使えるものと理解されていた。この人気料理の唐辛子やショウガ粉のような惜しみなく使われるスパイスの辛さは、このライスビールのような醸造物の冷却効果によって和らげられることになっている。
Hari tang tah zulahnai, muhuri tsont tah zulit — ナシがたった1カウリー硬貨の価値しかなければ皮を剥くべきではないが、リンゴが1ソブリン硬貨の価値があれば皮を剥くべきだ。カシミールの原住民はめったにナシの皮を剥かないが、リンゴの皮は常に剥く。リンゴの皮は消化しにくいと彼らは言う。
Haruch gugaj tah Laruch gunas chhih barabar — 6月のカブとラル地方のヘビは等しい。原住民はどんな理由があっても6月のカブは食べないが、Gunasは主にラル・パルガナで見られる丸頭のヘビで、その噛みつきは一般的に致命的である。
Majji bhatee — 母親が作った食べ物が最高の食べ物だ。
Phata Wangun — 破裂したナス、文字通り、自分のためにならないほど賢すぎるずる賢い若者。
Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur — ギーとサフランはパンポール、野菜はラタプール、米はヌプール、ラムはナンダプール、pattuと魚はソポール、ダルはクララプール、小麦粉はカンプール、牛乳はシャディプール、ブドウはレプール。
Talwe peyi na tangah — 天井からナシが落ちてくることを願うのは無駄な希望だ。
Chaki pechni ras, yath poshi tas — 誰かが通常持っていないものについて自慢し続けるとき。
Khar kya zani zaffran kya gow — ロバはサフランの味を理解できない。
badhshah saab khar ne khewan zab, yeli poras teli kheyi zab — 通常、食べ物を受け入れない感謝しない人に対して言われる。
In Kashmir, a now-abandoned practice would use green Chinar leaves in packaging delicate things like mulberry, butter, mutton and cheese. This would help these easily contaminable items to stay nontoxic till consumption.