Coffee in world cultures/ja: Difference between revisions

==== Germany ====

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==== Greece ====

Greece has a surprisingly strong and present coffee culture. There are two main places where coffee is consumed: the {{transliteration|el|kafeteria}} and the {{transliteration|el|[[kafenio]]}}. The {{transliteration|el|kafeteria}}, which changes from cafe to bar at night, is mainly for young people under 35 years old to meet and hang out. The {{Lang|el-latn|kafeneio}} is where all the old gentlemen used to meet during the popular "schools of the wise". The popular drink of the {{Lang|el-latn|kafeneio}} is the {{Lang|el-latn|ellinikós kafés}}, which is very similar to [[Turkish coffee]]. Its grains are also used for fortune telling after the person finishes drinking. However, [[Frappé coffee|frappé]]s have become more popular among the young in {{transliteration|el|kafeterias}}. The Greek frappé is a mix of [[Nescafé]] [[instant coffee]], milk, and sugar frothed up and poured over ice. Recent years have seen the rise in popularity of iced espresso-based coffees, such as espresso freddo (mixed with ice, then poured over ice) and cappuccino freddo (same, but with a layer of cold frothed milk poured on top).

====Albania====

[[File:Streets of Tirana 2016.jpg|thumb|Cafes along Mustafa Matohiti St near Blloku district in central Tirana, Albania]]

==== Ireland ====

Although tea is by far the most popular drink in Ireland, the country has a long history of coffeehouses and its coffee culture has created a drink that has gained worldwide popularity. [[Irish coffee]] is a blend of hot coffee, [[whiskey]], and [[whipped cream]]. It is usually served after dinner in many Irish establishments.

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==== Italy ====

{{Main|Coffee in Italy}}

[[File:Modern espresso machine.jpg|thumb|Modern espresso machine]]

As the birthplace of the [[espresso machine]], Italy places a large emphasis on [[espresso]]. One may get their espressos suited to their tastes. The most popular coffee-based beverages are:

* {{Lang|it|Caffè}} (espresso)

* {{Lang|it|[[Caffè macchiato]]}}: espresso with a small amount of milk or milk foam

*''[[Cappuccino]]'': espresso with steamed milk foam

* {{Lang|it|[[Caffè corretto]]}}: espresso with a small amount of an alcoholic beverage, as [[brandy]], [[sambuca]], [[grappa]], or [[cognac]]

* {{Lang|it|[[Caffellatte]]}} (or {{Lang|it|caffè latte}}): coffee and milk, usually in a 1:1 proportion

* {{Lang|it|[[Latte macchiato]]}}: coffee and milk, usually in a 1:2 or 1:3 proportion

* {{Lang|it|[[Caffè americano]]}}: an espresso with more water

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==== Nordic countries ====

The well-known coffee break was created in the Nordic region, particularly Sweden and Finland. The {{Lang|sv|[[Fika (Sweden)|fika]]}} (pause) tradition calls for two breaks in the morning and afternoon, which are also common during the workday. A social event, {{Lang|sv|fika}} is usually a coming-together of loved ones, friends, and colleagues over strong coffee and a shared sweet.

==== Portugal ====

As other southern European countries, and as a former colonial power, Portugal has a strong coffee culture. Coffeehouses can be found in almost every street of every city, town and village; they are simply called {{Lang|pt|café}}, Portuguese for 'coffee'. Going to "the café" or going out to "take a coffee" are linguistic expressions, meaning "going out" or a calm encounter with someone. Like the Italian cultural trait, the Portuguese equate a {{Lang|pt|café}} to an espresso, the default way to have the drink. Café is usually served after meals but also at any other time of the day. In Portuguese homes, coffee machines or coffee pots are a staple utility. Using mainly [[robusta beans]], Portuguese coffee is made very strong, and the usual order is a {{Lang|pt|[[Bica (coffee)|bica]]}} (mainly in the Lisbon area), a very bitter shot of espresso. According to urban legend, this is an acronym for {{Lang|pt|beba isto com açúcar}}, which translates to 'drink this with sugar'.

==== Spain ====

[[File:Café Comercial Interior 1.jpg|thumb|[[Café Comercial]] coffeehouse in Madrid]]

Coffee is consumed during almost every meal, but most often during the {{lang|es|almuerzo}}, a small meal in the middle of the day, and after the {{lang|es|cena}} or dinner. The various staples of the coffee life are:

* {{Lang|es|Café solo}}: espresso

** {{Lang|es|[[Café cortado]]}}: espresso with a small amount of milk

** {{Lang|es|Café con hielo}}: iced espresso

** {{Lang|es|Café americano}}: {{Lang|es|café solo}} with more water

** {{Lang|es|Café caramel}} / {{Lang|es|[[café bombón]]}}: espresso / {{Lang|es|café solo}} with condensed milk

* {{Lang|es|Café doble}}: double espresso

* {{Lang|es|[[Café con leche]]}}: coffee with milk

* {{Lang|es|[[Carajillo]]}}: espresso with a small amount of rum, brandy, or whiskey

** {{Lang|ca|Trifasico}} (Catalan): {{Lang|es|Carajillo}} with milk

* {{Lang|es|Café sombra}} / {{Lang|es|café manchada}}: a glass of milk with a small amount of coffee

* {{Lang|es|Café suizo}}: coffee with whipped cream

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====United Kingdom====

{{excerpt|History of coffee|United Kingdom}}

====Yugoslavia====

{{main|Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia}}

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=== Latin America ===

{{excerpt|Coffee production in Colombia|paragraphs=2}}

==== Brazil ====

Coffee's popularity in Brazil reaches all ages and demographics. One of the most popular drinks of the country is {{Lang|pt|café com leite}}, which is strong coffee blended with a large amount of milk. This drink is usually served at breakfast to adults and children alike. Another popular Brazilian drink is the {{Lang|pt|cafezinho}}, made with a strong coffee blend similar to that used in {{Lang|pt|café com leite}} and a large portion of sugar.

==== Ecuador ====

Coffee in Ecuador is often pre-sweetened and made using instant coffee. When one orders a {{Lang|es|café con leche}}, they receive a large glass of steamed milk with a small pile of [[instant coffee]]. In order to request coffee made in the traditional sense, the correct way to order is to request a {{Lang|es|café filtrado}}.

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==== Cuba ====

Much like in Brazil, coffee is best enjoyed within the family in Cuba. Cuban coffee is usually a coffee ration mixed with a store-bought coffee blend. It is usually made very strong, but sweet. One popular form is the {{Lang|es|[[café cubano]]}}, or the {{Lang|es|cafecito}}, which is an espresso made with sugar. A less sweet version is the ''[[cortadito]]'', an espresso with steamed milk.

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==== Peru ====

{{excerpt|Coffee production in Peru|paragraphs=2}}

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==== Venezuela ====

{{excerpt|Coffee production in Venezuela|paragraphs=2}}

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=== North America ===

Although Canada consumes more coffee than the United States, the populations of both countries enjoy quick, fast, and sugary consumptions of coffee. Both are dominated by coffee chains (e.g. [[Tim Hortons|Tim Horton's]] and [[Starbucks]]), yet have different [[coffee culture]]s from region to region. For example, the Northeastern U.S. mostly wants fast coffee (e.g. [[Dunkin' Donuts|Dunkin Donuts]]' "Everybody runs on Dunkin" slogan), while places like Portland, Oregon, and San Francisco, California, have developed a more [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]-esque style café-roaster coffee culture.

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=== East Asia ===

Coffee culture is a relatively new, yet large phenomenon in East Asia. Coffee shops, both Starbucks and smaller businesses, have been growing exponentially in urban areas. The most popular coffee shops are those in which tradition has blended with the new surge of coffee culture.

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==== China ====

{{excerpt|Coffee production in China|paragraphs=2}}

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==== Japan ====

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==== Korea ====

{{Main|Coffee in Korea}}

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=== Southeast Asia ===

''[[Kopi tiam|Kopitiam]]'' is a traditional Southeast Asian coffeehouse, and is most popular in Singapore and Malaysia. All generations hang out at ''kopitiams'', while drinking strong green tea and coffee with milk in their traditional forms. While these exist in almost every neighborhood, more modern versions of coffee are spreading across major cities and coffee centers.

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While urban areas have adopted the trend of nano- and micro-roasters, coffee growing cities (e.g. Bangkok and Jakarta) have created their own speciality blends that are sold in local speciality coffee shops. Indonesia in particular is one of the world's [[Coffee production in Indonesia|leading producers of coffee]], and one of the product's leading exporters.

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==== Philippines ====

{{excerpt|History of coffee|Philippines}}

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{{excerpt|Coffee production in Thailand|paragraphs=2}}

==== Vietnam ====

[[File:Vietnamese coffees (4381041370).jpg|thumb|Vietnamese iced coffee in preparation]]

As the French brought coffee to Vietnam, it bears its influence heavily. Similarly, coffee is a large part of both cultures. For example, the Vietnamese take their coffee very seriously, only importing the best roasts and blends. However, when referring to Vietnamese coffee, words like ''success'' and ''discover'' are used. The most popular coffee drink in Vietnam is {{Lang|vi|[[cà phê sữa đá]]}}, or 'coffee, milk, ice'. This drink is created by mixing strong coffee poured through a water drip and sweetened condensed milk, and then pouring that over ice.

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===India===

Coffee was first smuggled into India in the 16th century and has been grown in the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ever since. While tea is the preferred beverage of most Indians, coffee found a foothold among families in southern India. The morning ritual of South [[Indian filter coffee]] brewing flourishes in these states, with families procuring small lots of plantation coffee beans ground from neighborhood stores and preparing strong concoctions by pouring hot water over powder lined in a filter. This is mixed with sweetened milk and served in a steel tumbler and dabarah saucer, a set of containers used to cool the beverage. The addition of chicory, a practice encouraged by the [[Coffee Board of India|Coffee Board]] during World War II as a means of rationing supply, has now become tradition. The Coffee Board also started the [[Indian Coffee House]] chain during the 1940s which became a hub for socio-political movements in major cities through the decades after independence. In the 1990s, the Indian cafe chain [[Café Coffee Day]] ushered in an era of social interactions over coffee, introducing a new generation to the beverage with their slogan "A Lot Can Happen Over Coffee". Since then, international chains like Starbucks, along with a slew of artisanal coffee roasters, have further driven consumption in urban India.

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===Oceania===

{{Main|Coffee culture in Australia|Flat white|Long black}}Australia and specifically Sydney and Melbourne are known for their [[coffee culture]]. Initially a few independent Cafes and brands in the first decades of the 20th century, cafe culture blossomed with the arrival of Greek and Italian immigrants. The [[flat white]], a shot of espresso with a larger ratio of froth and steamed milk, first became popular in Australia in the 1990s the invention of the average is claimed by a [[Sydney|Sydneysider]]. The flat white has since become a classis for Sydneysiders. [[Melbourne]] has been called the “coffee capital of the World” thanks to its range of cafes and roasteries.

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==== Papua New Guinea ====

{{Main|Coffee production in Papua New Guinea||}}

Papua New Guinea exports virtually all of the coffee that it grows, mainly in the [[Eastern Highlands Province|Eastern Highland Province]], the [[Western Highlands Province|Western Highland Province]], and [[Chimbu Province|Chimbu]]. Conditions for coffee growing are ideal, with a cool tropical climate in those higher regions. The coffee industry began on plantations, during the colonial era. Most coffee is now produced by small-holders, in areas otherwise dominated by subsistence agriculture. The industry suffers from poor infrastructure and  lack of investment. Another threat to the industry is the age of its existing coffee trees, many of which will need replacement to remain productive.