Nutrient/ja: Difference between revisions

[[Ethanol/ja|エタノール]]（C₂H₅OH）は必須栄養素ではないが、1グラムあたりおよそ{{convert|7|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=off}}の食物エネルギーを供給する。蒸留酒（ウォッカ、ジン、ラムなど）の場合、米国での標準的な1杯は{{convert|1+1/2|USfloz|ml|order=flip|abbr=off}}で、40%{{nbsp}}エタノール（80{{nbsp}}プルーフ）では14グラム、{{convert|98|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}となる。50%{nbsp}}アルコールでは、17.5 g、{{convert|122.5|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}となる。ワインとビールには、それぞれ{{convert|5|and|12|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}}一人前の同程度のエタノールが含まれているが、これらの飲料はエタノール以外の成分からも食品エネルギー摂取に寄与している。convert|5|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}}杯のワインは{{convert|100|to|130|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}を含む。convert|12|USfloz|mL|order=flip|abbr=on}}杯のビールには{{convert|95|to|200|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}が含まれる。米国農務省の[[NHANES]]2013-2014年調査によると、20歳以上の女性は1日平均6.8{{nbsp}}グラム、男性は1日平均15.5グラムのアルコールを摂取している。これらの飲料のアルコール以外の寄与を無視すると、1日の食物エネルギー摂取量に対するエタノールの平均寄与はそれぞれ{{convert|48|and|108|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}}である。アルコール飲料は[[エンプティ・カロリー]]食品とみなされるのは、エネルギーを供給する一方で必須栄養素を供給しないからである。

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==Deficiencies and toxicity==

''See [[Vitamin]], [[Mineral (nutrient)]], [[Protein (nutrient)]]''

In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the [[World Health Organization]] and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".

In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for [[vitamin C]], recommended intakes range from 40&nbsp;mg/day in India to 155&nbsp;mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish [[tolerable upper intake levels]], also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date from 1997 to 2004.

! rowspan="2"|Nutrient !! rowspan="2"|U.S. EAR !! rowspan="2"|Highest U.S.<br>RDA or AI !! rowspan="2"|Highest EU<br>PRI or AI!! colspan="3"|Upper limit !! rowspan="2"|Unit

| [[Vitamin A]] || 625 || 900 || 1300 || 3000 || 3000 || 2700 || µg

| [[Vitamin C]] || 75 || 90 || 155 || 2000 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Vitamin D]] || 10 || 15 || 15 || 100 || 100 || 100 || µg

| [[Vitamin K]] || NE || 120 || 70 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Tocopherol|α-tocopherol]] (Vit E) || 12 || 15 || 13 || 1000 || 300 || 650-900 || mg

| [[Thiamin]] (Vit B₁) || 1.0 || 1.2 || 0.1&nbsp;mg/MJ || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Riboflavin]] (Vit B₂) || 1.1 || 1.3 || 2.0 || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Niacin (nutrient)|Niacin]]* (Vit B₃) || 12 || 16 || 1.6&nbsp;mg/MJ || 35 || 10 || 60-85 || mg

| [[Pantothenic acid]] (Vit B₅) || NE || 5 || 7 || ND || ND || ND || mg

| [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B₆]] || 1.1 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 100 || 25 || 40-60 || mg

| [[Biotin]] (Vit B₇) || NE || 30 || 45 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Folate]] (Vit B₉) || 320 || 400 || 600 || 1000 || 1000 || 900-1000 || µg

| [[Cobalamin]] (Vit B₁₂) || 2.0 || 2.4 || 5.0 || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Choline]] || NE || 550 || 520 || 3500 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Calcium]] || 800 || 1000 || 1000 || 2500 || 2500 || 2500 || mg

| [[Chloride]] || NE || 2300 || NE || 3600 || ND || ND || mg

| [[Chromium]] || NE || 35 || NE || ND || ND || ND || µg

| [[Copper]] || 700 || 900 || 1600 || 10000 || 5000 || 10000 || µg

| [[Fluoride]] || NE || 4 || 3.4 || 10 || 7 || ____ || mg

| [[Iodine]] || 95 || 150 || 200 || 1100 || 600 || 3000 || µg

| [[Iron]] || 6 || 18 <small>(females)</small><br>8<small> (males)</small> || 16 <small>(females)</small><br>11<small> (males)</small> || 45 || ND || 40-45 || mg

| [[Magnesium]]* || 350 ||  420 || 350 || 350 || 250 || 350 || mg

| [[Manganese]] || NE || 2.3 || 3.0 || 11 || ND || 11 || mg

| [[Molybdenum]] || 34 || 45 || 65 || 2000 || 600 || 450-550 || µg

| [[Phosphorus]] || 580 || 700 || 640 || 4000 || ND || 3000 || mg

| [[Potassium]] || NE || 4700 || 4000 || ND || ND || 2700-3000 || mg

| [[Selenium]] || 45 || 55 || 70 || 400 || 300 || 330-460 || µg

| [[Sodium]] || NE || 1500 || NE || 2300 || ND || 3000-3600 || mg

| [[Zinc]] || 9.4 || 11 || 16.3 || 40 || 25 || 35-45 || mg

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source.

'''EAR''' U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.

'''RDA''' U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.

'''AI''' U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.

'''PRI''' Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed.

'''Upper Limit''' Tolerable upper intake levels.

'''ND''' ULs have not been determined.

'''NE''' EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).

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==Plant==

{{Main|Plant nutrition|Fertilizer}}

Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and soil in the form of [[carbon dioxide]] and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients; iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]], and [[sulfur]] are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, the "Big Six" are the elemental '''macronutrients''' for all [[biological life|organisms]].

They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example, [[carbon dioxide]], [[water]], [[nitrate]]s, [[phosphate]]s, [[sulfate]]s, and [[diatomic molecule]]s of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic matter ([[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[protein]]s).