Blood/ja: Difference between revisions

ローマ・カトリック、[[:en:Eastern Orthodox Church|東方正教会]]、[[:en:Oriental Orthodoxy|東方正教会]]、[[:en:Assyrian Church of the East|東方アッシリア教会]]などのいくつかのキリスト教会は、聖別されたとき、[[:en:Eucharist|聖体拝領]]の葡萄酒は、礼拝者が飲むための[[:en:Blood of Christ|イエスの血]]になると教えている。こうして聖別された葡萄酒において、イエスは霊的かつ物理的に存在するようになる。この教えは、聖書の4つの福音書に書かれている[[:en:the Last Supper|最後の晩餐]]に根ざしており、その中でイエスは[[:en:Twelve Apostles|弟子たち]]に対して、彼らが食べるパンはイエスの体であり、ぶどう酒はイエスの血であると述べた。''"この杯は、あなたがたのために流された私の血による新しい遺言である。"({{sourcecetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=22|verse=20}})''.

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

===Islam===

Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by [[Islamic dietary laws]]. This is derived from the statement in the [[Qur'an]], sura [[Al-Ma'ida]] (5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah."

Blood is considered unclean, hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions apply to [[menstruation]], postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed, hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules.

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

===Jehovah's Witnesses===

{{main|Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), many [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four major components.

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

===Vampirism===

{{main|Vampire}}

[[Vampire]]s are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the '[[Nosferatu]]' legend, a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. [[Ticks]], [[leech]]es, female [[mosquito]]es, [[vampire bat]]s, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are [[New World]] creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths.

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

==Invertebrates==

{{Main|Hemolymph}}

In invertebrates, a body fluid analogous to blood called hemolymph is found, the main difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. Hemolymph may function to carry oxygen, although hemoglobin is not necessarily used. [[Crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s use [[hemocyanin]] instead of hemoglobin. In most insects, their hemolymph does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules because their bodies are small enough for their [[invertebrate trachea|tracheal system]] to suffice for supplying oxygen.

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">

==Other uses==

===Forensic and archaeological===

[[Blood residue]] can help [[forensic]] investigators identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Through [[bloodstain pattern analysis]], forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains.

Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in [[archeology]].